A fast second‐order signal separation algorithms with on‐line capabilities

In correlation‐based signal separation algorithms, the received mixed signals are fed to a de‐coupling system designed to minimize the output cross‐correlation functions. If minimizaion is perfect, each of the system's outputs carries only one signal independent of the others. In these algorithms, the computation burden of the output cross‐correlation functions normally slows down the separation algorithm. This paper, describes a computationally efficient method for off‐line pre‐computation of the needed cross‐correlation functions. Explicit formulas have been derived for the output cross‐correlation functions in terms of the received input signals and the de‐coupling system parameters. Then, it is shown that signal separation amounts to the least‐squares solution of a system of linear equations describing these output cross‐correlation functions, evaluated over a batch of lags. Next, a fast RLS‐type adaptive algorithm is devised for on‐line signal separation. In this respect, an algorithm is derived for updating the de‐coupling parameters as data comes in. This update is achieved recursively, along the negative of the steepest descent directions of an objective cost function describing the output cross‐correlation functions over a batch of lags, subject to equal output power constraints. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of time delay difference due to parametric mismatch in matched filter channels

This paper presents an analysis of the time delay difference between the outputs of two matched filter channels, in the presence of parametric mismatch. A theorem for computing the cross‐correlation value between two signals is developed. From the cross‐correlation theorem, expressions are developed that estimate the effect of parametric mismatch in the differential time delay (DTD) for filters of arbitrary type and order and input signals of arbitrary form. The accuracy of these expressions is simulated and then demonstrated experimentally using a carefully designed setup. Filter design considerations that attempt to minimize spurious DTD in high‐precision time delay estimation systems are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signal separation using second‐ and high‐order statistics

This paper presents two methods for signal separation. In either method, the fundamental criterion for separation relies on reducing to zero, or at least minimizing, the output cross‐correlation or cross‐cumulant functions of a decoupling multi‐input–multi‐output system that is fed with mixed signals. In one of the approaches used, the parameters of this system are determined through solving — in a least‐squares sense — a linearized set of equations describing the deviations from zero of either the cross‐correlation or cross‐cumulant functions when evaluated for different lags. An alternative rapidly convergent adaptive algorithm is also described for minimizing the cross‐correlation or cross‐cumulant functions. The paper also considers both FIR and IIR representations of the decoupling system. It shows that using IIR functions in the decoupling system does not offer any merit over the FIR case. Illustrative examples are given to show the performance of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弱导航信号捕获技术仿真分析

捕获是GNSS接收机信号处理的关键部分,在低信噪比条件下普通的捕获算法不能实现理想的捕获效果。介绍了导航信号的特点及低信噪比条件下的捕获思想和方法,分析了相干积分、非相干积分及二者相结合的原理以及各自的优缺点。仿真结果表明,采用相干积分与非相干积分结合的方法提高整体信号强度,避免多普勒现象产生的影响,实现对弱信号的捕获。采用20ms的相干积分时间和5次非相干积分,在没有互相关干扰的情况下,可以接收信噪比为-35dB的弱信号。     

Blind separation of delayed instantaneous mixtures: a cross‐correlation based approach

A cross‐correlation based method is proposed for blind separation of statistically uncorrelated i.i.d. signals. In contrast to much of the existing work in the area, the proposed method allows the separation of more sources than sensors and the sensors are not restricted to have non‐Gaussian distributions. The mixed signals are modelled as a sum of attenuated and delayed source signals. As compared to the delayless mixture model commonly employed in the literature, incorporating delays in the model may offer better fit to practical applications, such as source separation in an anechoic environment. We estimate the delay and attenuation parameters from the peak locations and strengths of the cross‐correlation function, respectively. Using these parameters, we then discuss the use of four methods for the recovery of source signals. These methods are compared and their usage is proposed under different operating conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved islanding detection method based on correlation technique using reactive power variation

This paper presents an improved islanding detection method based on a correlation technique using reactive power variation for a three‐phase grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter system. Using a conventional reactive power variation (RPV) method for anti‐islanding, the reactive power component of PV inverter output varies periodically within a range of fixed magnitude for the inverter output frequency to go beyond the threshold of the over‐frequency relay or under‐frequency relay. While the conventional RPV method depends on the frequency relays, the proposed method uses a correlation factor between the commanded reactive power and the corresponding inverter frequency as an islanding detection indicator without relying on the frequency relays. The correlation factor of the proposed method is based on the fact that the commanded reactive power of a PV has a strong correlation with the frequency of the inverter voltage when islanding occurs. The proposed method has fast islanding detection capability and high power quality. In order to verify the proposed islanding detection method, the anti‐islanding experimental results of a 250‐kW three‐phase PV inverter by IEEE Std. 1547.1‐2005 are provided. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Cross‐correlation‐based trans‐impedance amplifier for current noise measurements

This work proposes a cross‐correlation‐based trans‐impedance amplifier for current noise measurements in the low‐frequency range. The proposed solution is compared with the classical cross‐correlation trans‐impedance amplifier showing a lower background noise. Furthermore, a three‐step measurement method, based on the new trans‐impedance amplifier, is proposed to cancel the residual background noise. SPICE simulations and noise measurements performed on prototype circuits demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modified Walsh‐Hadamard sequences for DS CDMA wireless systems

We propose a simple but efficient method for modifying Walsh–Hadamard sequences to achieve correlation properties suited for asynchronous DS CDMA applications. The proposed method can be used to minimize the mean square value of aperiodic cross‐correlation or the mean square value of aperiodic autocorrelation, the maximum value of aperiodic cross‐correlation functions, merit factor or other properties of the sequence set. The important feature of the method is that it modifies correlation properties of the sequence set, while preserving their orthogonality for the perfect synchronization. The proposed method can be applied to obtain bipolar, quadri‐phase, or general polyphase sequences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel strategy for inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging based on improved compressive sensing

In actual applications of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR), continuous measurements may be impossible or the collection of data during some periods are not valid in a long coherent processing interval (CPI). Hence, it is significant to study the ISAR imaging strategy with a short CPI. Compressive sensing is a recently proposed technique that allows recovering an unknown sparse signal with overwhelming probability from very limited samples. However, the standard compressive sensing framework has been developed for real‐valued signals. One disadvantage of this method is that any prior phase information is not exploited, which may improve the reconstruction quality by applying some extra constraints. In this paper, a new strategy for ISAR imaging based on improved compressive sensing is proposed, which transforms the ISAR imaging problem into a joint optimization problem over the representation of the magnitude and phase of the complex‐valued scatter coefficient. Because of using phase information in the algorithm, the image quality is improved. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Reducing the power envelope fluctuation of OFDM systems using side information supported amplitude clipping approach

OFDM is an important modulation technique currently in development in the field of communications systems. OFDM signals can combat multipath propagation and fading channels and can support large data rates. However, OFDM systems are multicarrier systems and experience problems due to the required summation of sinusoids when the in‐phase subcarriers are combined, which produces high power peaks. The large power envelope fluctuations that occur at the output cause in‐band and out‐of‐band distortions that result in degraded BER performance. The literature contains many qualified approaches to resolving the peak‐to‐average power ratio problem, including selected mapping, partial transmit sequence, and amplitude clipping techniques. The simplest technique is the amplitude clipping technique, and the selected mapping and partial transmit sequence techniques are excessively complicated for real‐time implementation. In this paper, we suggest a modification to the amplitude clipping method to produce a novel clipping technique called the side information supported amplitude clipping (SI‐SAC) method. The SI‐SAC technique involves sending certain bits of extra information so that the receiver can recover all of the clipped data. The SI‐SAC technique does not add computational complexity to the system, and simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to the conventional method. The peak‐to‐average power ratio was reduced by ≈2.5 dB, and the magnitude of the mean squared error vector is the same as that of the original signal that is not clipped. In contrast, the conventional amplitude clipping method produces a mean squared error vector with a large magnitude. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A direct conversion transmitter with digital‐assisted DC offset and I/Q phase calibration

A direct conversion transmitter with auto‐calibration mechanism is presented in this paper. Both the carrier leakage and in‐phase/quadrature (I/Q) phase imbalance are compensated by a proposed calibration algorithm to improve transmitter's single‐sideband performance. The digital‐assisted correction circuits are implemented in a calibration feedback path to reduce the mismatches and variations, which in turn achieves properties of high linearity, high sideband, and carrier suppression ratio. The measured single‐sideband performance with calibration applied to the transmitter demonstrates an over 40 and 50‐dBc rejection on sideband and carrier signals at the desired frequency band, respectively. For linearity performance, the measured output 1‐dB compression point (OP1dB) is 9.1 dBm, while the highest voltage gain is from 4.3 to 6.2 dB. Additionally, the error vector magnitude (EVM) of −37.082 dB (< 1.4%) can be achieved under an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) 64 QAM‐3/4 modulated signal test. The transmitter consumes 112.7 mA under supply voltage of 3.3 V using the TSMC SiGe BiCMOS technology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated frequency and quality‐factor matching method for frequency modulated / rate integrating gyroscope

This paper reports an automated tuning method for a frequency modulated / rate integrating gyroscope (FM/RIG). The frequency and quality factor mismatches in a MEMS resonator cause the mode‐coupling, thus degrade the accuracy of the gyroscope. The X‐Y phase difference and amplitude ratio of driving signals are used as the tuning parameters for the mismatch compensation. An automated tuning method based on the relationship between those tuning parameters and mode‐coupling terms were developed. Using the proposed method, the mode‐coupling effect, which comes from the frequency and quality factor mismatch, could be 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the noncompensated one.     

基于单位脉冲响应法的单端行波故障测距

对故障行波波头的识别方法进行分析和比较,采用互相关函数的改进--单位脉冲响应法对单端行波故障测距的可行性进行了研究.依据相关函数能够反映2个信号所共有的频率成分、能完整地保留相位方面的信息的特性,同时考虑故障行波具有的宽带特征,提出了使用和故障行波具有相同频段的动态参考波与故障行波进行相关.在考虑环境干扰的情况下,处理...     

A new mapping method for phase estimation of single‐phase signals: A new generalization and new realizations of the DFT estimation method

This paper proposes and analyzes a new simple real‐time phase‐estimation method for single‐phase signals, which is based on a vector mapping theory of n‐dimensional to 2‐dimensional vectors. According to the analyses, the proposed mapping method can estimate instantly and properly the true phase of the signals that are contaminated by significant amplitude of noise and harmonics. The mapping method contains the conventional DFT method as a special case. In other words, it can be treated as a generalization of the DFT. Several simple realizations of the mapping method are also newly proposed as a single‐input and two‐output digital mapping filter in both nonrecursive and recursive forms. The recursive realization being able to decrease drastically computing load utilizes the normal form that is robust to finite word length effects. As an application of the proposed mapping method, inverter‐using power control system connected with a single‐phase grid is shown. All analytical results are verified by numerical experiments and the usefulness of the newly proposed mapping method is confirmed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(1): 27–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20263     

Signal injection method without torque ripple based on maximum torque control frame

This paper presents a new signal injection method without torque ripple for sensorless controls of salient‐pole synchronous motors at low speeds. At low speeds, since the back electromotive force (EMF) including position information decreases, additional signals are injected to estimate position information of saliency. The torque ripple caused by the injections of signal currents can be represented by a cross product of a virtual flux and a differential current vector. An f‐axis of maximum torque control frame is defined to the direction of the virtual flux. Therefore, signal injection without torque ripple is realized by using the f‐axis current. In this paper, a signal injection method with f‐axis current is proposed, and the effects of the estimation error are discussed to apply the method for position‐sensor‐less controls. The proposed injection method allows us to flexibly design frequencies of the signal current. The validity of the proposed method and applicability to position estimation are confirmed by experimental tests. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Adaptive‐search template matching technique based on vehicle acceleration for monocular visual odometry system

One of the important tasks of an autonomous mobile vehicle is the reliable and fast estimation of its position over time. This paper presents the development of an adaptive technique to hasten and improve the quality of correlation‐based template matching for monocular visual odometry systems that estimate the relative motion of ground vehicles in low‐textured environments. Moreover, the factors that can affect the maximum permissible vehicle driving speed were determined and the related equations were derived. The developed system uses a single downward‐facing monocular camera installed at an optimum location to avoid the negative effect of directional sunlight and shadows which can disturb the correlation. In addition, the normalized cross‐correlation method is implemented to calculate the pixel displacement between image frames. Although this method is highly effective for template matching because of its invariance to linear brightness and contrast variations, it incurs high computational cost. Thus, the optimal sizes of image template and matching search area are selected and their locations are dynamically changed according to vehicle acceleration, in order to achieve a compromise between the performance and the computational cost of correlation. The proposed technique increases the allowable vehicle driving speed and reduces the probability of template false‐matching. Moreover, compared to traditional full search matching techniques, the adaptive technique demonstrates high efficiency and accuracy and improves the quality and speed of the correlation with more than 87% of reduction in computational cost. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

All‐optical multi‐wavelength header recognition using superimposed Bragg gratings based correlators

We have demonstrated that an optical correlator, based on superimposed Bragg gratings, can be used as all‐optical multi‐wavelength header recognition in optical packet switching networks. The proposed correlator is composed of two superimposed gratings in conjunction with variable delay lines. These superimposed Bragg gratings are used to demultiplex and multiplex the wavelength components of multi‐wavelength header bit patterns. The variable delay lines create a wavelength profile that can be matched with any arbitrary bit patterns. Simulation results for all optical recognition of four‐bit patterns at 10 Gbps are reported. The results show that when the header bit pattern matches the wavelength profile of the correlator, the generated auto‐correlation function will include a high amplitude peak; otherwise, a cross‐correlation function with low amplitude peaks will be generated in the output of the correlator. Considering this idea, multi‐wavelength header is recognized by using all‐optical processing method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The theory of instantaneous power in three‐phase four‐wire systems and its applications

This paper discusses “the p–q theory” and “the cross‐vector theory” in three‐phase four‐wire systems, with the focus on similarities and differences between the two theories. They are perfectly identical if no zero‐sequence voltage is included in a three‐phase three‐wire system. However, they are different in definition of the instantaneous active power and instantaneous reactive power in each phase if a zero‐sequence voltage or current is included in a three‐phase four‐wire system. Based on both theory and computer simulation, this paper leads to the following conclusions: An instantaneous reactive‐power compensator without energy storage components can fully compensate for the neutral current even in a three‐phase four‐wire system including a zero‐sequence voltage or current, when a proposed control strategy based on the p–q theory is applied: However, the compensator cannot compensate for the neutral current fully, when a conventional control strategy based on the cross‐vector theory is applied. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 74–86, 2001     

基于相空间重构的高压断路器振动信号特征分析

在高压断路器运行和操作过程中,其振动信号包含了最丰富的关于操纵机构、机械连接和灭弧室内的触头动作信息,有效的信号处理方法和特征提取手段能够将这些信息反映出来,作为诊断及检修的判据。以提取诊断及检修判据为目的,将相空间重构的方法应用于高压断路器的振动信号处理,从一个新的角度对信号进行了分析,提取信号特征并加以整理。通过对相空间重构获得的相空间图直观定性分析,并进一步利用求解振动信号的关联维数的方法定量判断,提出了一种分辨断路器机械机构运行状态的方法。通过对几种工况下高压断路器的振动信号的处理,结合对各种条件下获得的振动信号的关联维数变化规律的分析,证明了该方法提取的关联维数判据能够有效分辨断路器操动机构的正常与异常状态。这表明该判据可以充当分辨断路器操动机构的工作状态是否异常的重要依据,通过与其他故障诊断方法相结合,具有一定的应用前景。     

GPS软件接收机微弱信号捕获算法研究

捕获是GPS接收机信号处理中的关键部分,在微弱信号情况下,传统方法不能很好地捕获到卫星信号。本文将介绍一种新型捕获方法——批式捕获法来取代传统的FFT相关搜索法,为高灵敏度GPS软件接收机提供理论依据。根据GPS信号的特征,利用软件模拟出各种信噪比数值的数据,分别采用以上2种方法对其进行捕获仿真。仿真结果表明,传统方法仅能捕获到信噪比低至42dB-Hz的信号;而批式捕获法能够在较短时间内捕获到信噪比低至29dB-Hz的微弱信号,并能有效避免由导航数据位翻转造成的误捕获。