热障涂层热冲击试验研究

随着先进发动机的研制和生产,对高温涂层的要求也不断提高。热障涂层（TBCs) 作为一种新型隔热涂层,在发动机涡轮叶片上的应用得到更多的重视。对利用电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）制备的TBCs进行了高温热冲击试验,并对试验前后的TBCs进行了形貌、SEM和XRD分析。     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Gadient Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by EB—PVD

The performances of gradient thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs)produced by EB-PVD were evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic hot corrosion(HTHC) tests.Compared with conventional two-layered TBCs, the GTBCs exhibite better resistance to not only oxidation but also hot-corrosion.Adense Al2O3 layer in the GTBCs effectively prohibites inward diffusion of Oand S and outward diffusion of Al and Cr during the tests.On the other hand ,an “inlaid“ interface ,resulting from oxidation of the Al along the columnar grains of the bond coat,enhances the adherence of Al2O3 layer.Failure of the GTBC finally occurred by cracking at the interface between the bond coat and Al2O3 layer, due to the combined effect of sulfidation of the bond coat and thermal cycling.     

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Gradient Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by EB-PVD

The performances of gradient thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs) produced by EB-PVD were evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic hot corrosion (HTHC) tests. Compared with conventional two-layered TBCs, the GTBCs exhibite better resistance to not only oxidation but also hot-corrosion. A dense Al2O3 layer in the GTBCs effectively prohibites inward diffusion of O and S and outward diffusion of Al and Cr during the tests. On the other hand, an "inlaid" interface, resulting from oxidation of the Al along the columnar grains of the bond coat, enhances the adherence of AI2O3 layer. Failure of the GTBC finally occurred by cracking at the interface between the bond coat and AI2O3 layer, due to the combined effect of sulfidation of the bond coat and thermal cvcling.     

EB-PVD 热障涂层的热循环失效机理

采用电子束物理气相沉积方法(EB—PVD)在NiCrAlY粘结层上沉积Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2陶瓷层。对样品进行了1050C的热循环实验。结果表明，沉积态陶瓷层表面比较致密．其柱状晶粒簇拥成团，晶粒簇间存在间隙。随着热循环不断进行，陶瓷层表面变得疏松，晶粒簇间距增大，相邻较大的间隙互相连接成微裂纹。并逐渐横向及纵向扩展。1050C循环200次，粘结层氧化物是均匀连续的—薄层，主要由Al2O3组成；循环300次后,出现了NiO、尖晶石等氧化物。根据显微结构观察和EDS、XRD分析结果，提出了EB—PVD热障涂层热循环的失效机理。     

Thermal conductivity issues of EB‐PVD thermal barrier coatings

The thermal conductivity of electron‐beam physical vapor deposited (EB‐PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) was investigated by the Laser Flash technique. Sample type and methodology of data analyses as well as atmosphere during the measurement have some influence on the data. A large variation of the thermal conductivity was found by changes in TBC microstructure. Exposure at high temperature caused sintering of the porous microstructure that finally increased thermal conductivity up to 30 %. EB‐PVD TBCs show a distinct thickness dependence of the thermal conductivity due to the anisotropic microstructure in thickness direction. Thin TBCs had a 20 % lower thermal conductivity than thick coatings. New compositions of the ceramic top layer offer the largest potential to lower thermal conductivity. Values down to 0.8W/(mK) have been already demonstrated with virgin coatings of pyrochlore compositions.     

火焰喷涂Al2O3/TiO2-NiCrBSi阶梯热障涂层的热冲击失效分析

研究了氧乙炔火焰喷涂制备的Ａl2O3/TiO2-NiCrBSi阶梯热障涂层在水淬热冲击条件下的失效行为,结果表明,涂层的抗热层冲击能力随梯度成分间隔的减小而增强,其失效是由于涂层层间裂纹和层内裂纹和层内裂纹共同作用的结果,对于成分梯度化较好的涂层,层内裂纹扩展导致网状裂纹是失效的主要原因,层间成分间隔大,失效则是以层间裂 的快速扩展而导致涂层整体剥落的主要原因,当成分间隔介于以下二者时,层内裂纹和层间裂纹共同作用,导致涂层以局部脱或剥形式失效。     

电子束沉积SiC/ZrO2热防护层的结构优化及其抗热震性能

高性能辐射热防护层是高超声速飞行器金属热防护系统的重要组成部分。为获得高性能的热防护层,利用L5 EB-PVD电子束物理气相沉积设备在Haynes 214镍基合金表面沉积了SiC/ZrO2防护层,测试了其在热循环条件下的抗热震性能;通过分析其沉积温度及厚度对残余热应力的影响,确定了热防护层的沉积工艺参数。结果表明:热防护层在800℃和900℃循环80次后未出现明显的宏观裂纹;1000℃循环60次后,SiC表面层应力集中区出现裂纹,在交变热应力作用下,裂纹不断扩展形成网状龟裂纹,最终导致热防护层剥落;热膨胀系数不匹配导致热防护层在急冷急热热震过程中产生热应力是导致其失效的主要原因。     

火焰喷涂Al2O3/TiO2-NiCrBSi梯度热障涂层的微观组织

采用金相显微镜,SEM,EDAX,XRD等手段研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti基体上氧乙炔火焰喷涂制备的AI2O3／TiO2-NiCrBSi梯度热障涂层的微观结构。结果表明,涂层沿厚度方向陶瓷与合金组元较均匀过渡,二者之间结合良好。涂层制备过程中,陶瓷－合金组元之间没有发生化学反应,无新相生成。当两组元含量相差较大,涂层形成以高组元为基体相,低组元为第二相弥散分布的复合结构;当两组元含量相近时,则以带状分布。     

梯度热障涂层的发展和未来应用

综述了梯度热障涂层的发展历史及工艺方法演变，并对其基本设计原理和国内外应用现状与前景作了阐述。     

EB-PVD热障涂层对高温合金基体断裂特征影响的研究

采用EB－PVD方法在K3合金上（包括铸态和经标准热处理两种状态）沉积了由NiCoCrAlY金属粘结层和YSZ涂层顶层组成的双层结构的热障涂层,对未涂层和涂层试样的拉伸性能进行了评估,并分析了涂层的制备和中间处理过程中的基体的微观结构的变化。结果表明,在热障涂层的沉积以及中间处理过程中（真空前处理及后处理）,基体的铸态组织得到改善,产生了析出强化,使得在铸态K3合金基体上沉积热障兴层后基体的拉伸强度由800MPa提高到1050MPa,而在经过标准热处理的合金基体上沉积热障涂层对基体的力学性能几乎没有影响。     

Testing of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Laser Excitation

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to increase the operating temperature of land‐, sea‐, or air‐based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of the lifetime is essential. Most experiments to assess the lifetime or to determine parameters for simulations of the behavior of TBCs are done by burner‐rig‐tests, where the operating conditions are simulated by cyclic heating of the surface and cooling of the backside of a coated sample. In this work a possibility is presented to do comparable experiments by heating the surface with laser irradiation instead of a burner. For this purpose a Nd:YAG‐laser with a maximum output power of 1 kW and a wavelength of 1064 nm is used. The laser spot can be moved by integrated optics across the sample surface to achieve homogeneous heating of the coating. Cooling of the backside is done by air. The temperature of the sample surface is determined by an infrared‐camera which also enables the possibility to detect failures in the coating via thermography. Additionally, acoustic sensors attached to the sample holder are used to detect failures in the sample. The investigated ceramic material (yttria stabilized zirconia) has a very low absorption coefficient at the used laser wavelength. Therefore, a pre‐treatment of the samples was needed to increase the absorption coefficient to be able to heat up the samples. In this paper, the experimental setup and first experimental results are presented.     

热障涂层的研究现状与发展方向

热障涂层(TBCs)是目前最先进的高温防护涂层之一,具有良好的隔热效果和抗高温氧化性能.综述了热障涂层的陶瓷材料、粘结层材料、涂层结构、制备工艺及涂层失效机理等5个方面的研究现状,在此基础上提出了热障涂层的发展方向.     

EB-PVD在热障涂层中的研究及应用

EB-PVD是以高能电子束为热源的一种蒸发镀膜技术.在真空的环境下,高能离子束轰击靶材(金属,陶瓷等),使其融化、升华、蒸发,最后沉积在基片上.由于EB-PVD技术具有蒸发和沉积速率高,涂层致密,化学成分易于精确控制,可得到柱状晶组织,无污染,热效率高,基片与薄膜之间有较强的结合力等诸多优点,已被广泛应用于国防和民用领域.本文介绍了EB-PVD技术在制备热障涂层时优势、不足与改进措施.     

Thermal cycling and isothermal oxidation behavior of quadruple EB‐PVD thermal barrier coatings

Increase of energy efficiency by increasing the turbine inlet temperature is the main driving force for further investigations regarding new thermal barrier coating materials. Today, thermal barrier coatings consisting of yttria stabilized zirconia are state of the art. In this study, thermal barrier coatings consisting of 7 weight percent yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) and pyrochlore lanthanum zirconate (La₂Zr₂O₇) were deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition. Regarding thermal cycling and isothermal oxidation behavior different layer architectures such as mono‐, double‐ and quadruple ceramic layers were investigated. The thermal shock behavior was examined by thermocycle tests at temperatures in the range between T = 50 °C ‐1,150 °C. Additionally, the isothermal oxidation behavior at a temperature of T = 1,150 °C with dwell times of t= 50 h and t = 100 h was studied in the present work. The conducted research concerning the behavior of various thermal barrier coating systems under thermal cycle and isothermal load highlights the potential of multilayer thermal barrier coatings for operating in high temperature areas.     

等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积制备7YSZ热障涂层及其热导率研究

通过等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)技术在3种不同工艺参数下制备7YSZ热障涂层。采用XRD和SEM分析涂层的相结构和微观组织,利用激光脉冲法测量涂层不同温度下的热导率。结果表明:通过调整工艺参数中电流的大小和等离子气体成分,可以制备截面呈柱状、致密层状和柱-颗粒状混合组织结构,表面呈"菜花"状或起伏的多峰状的YSZ热障涂层。涂层的相结构由粉末的单斜相氧化锆(m-ZrO_2)转变为涂层中的四方相氧化锆(t-ZrO_2),并保留至室温。在700~1100℃时,YSZ涂层的热导率随着温度的升高而增大。柱状晶结构涂层因具有较大的孔隙率,可以有效降低涂层的热导率,其热导率为1.0~1.2W·m~(-1)·K~(-1);而层状结构涂层由于比较致密,其热导率相对较高。     

热处理对热障涂层孔隙率及热导率的影响

热障涂层高温使用过程中不可避免发生烧结,引起涂层失效。为探索烧结过程对涂层可靠性的影响,采用等离子喷涂制备氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)涂层,并对其进行1 000,1 100,1 200,1 300℃高温烧结试验,研究其高温烧结过程中的微观结构及热导率演变规律。结果表明:高温热处理引起热障涂层组织结构和热导率均发生变化,稳定状态的孔隙率为12%~14%,在热障涂层服役温度范围内热导率增加到1.25~1.45 W/(m·K)。