超声波技术在单质炸药生产中的应用

超声波技术作为一种物理手段和工具,能够使化学过程产生一些意想不到的效果和奇迹。超声波技术已在民用化工领域取得显著的工业成效,但在含能材料领域的应用尚处于起步阶段。对超声波技术在化学领域中的应用机理进行了阐述,针对超声波技术在单质火炸药生产工艺中的具体应用（如洗涤、结晶、废水处理等单元操作）原理、范围、特点和现状进行了深入探讨,分析了超声波技术在含能材料领域的应用前景。     

火炸药粉体材料的粒度测量

扼要介绍了现代粒度测量技术的进展，阐明了如何建立合适的火炸药粒度测量系统和如何选择粒度仪的观点，回答了粒度测量方面为广大测试工作者所关心的一些疑难问题。     

超细炸药粉体粒度测试条件的优化

采用Brookhaven 90 Plus型激光粒度分析仪,对超细PETN样品的粒度及粒度分布进行了测试,研究了测试样品制备过程中的影响因素.通过实验得出测试样品制备的最佳工艺条件为:以蒸馏水为悬浮载体,六偏磷酸钠为最佳分散剂,最优间隔振荡时间80 s,最适合的质量浓度是220～300 μg/mL.将最佳条件下的测试结果与样品的SEM照片进行对比,二者吻合较好.此方法可以推广到其他超细炸药的测定.     

铝粉粒度和形状对含铝炸药性能的影响

应用含铝炸药的二次反应论和惰性热稀释理论解释了铝粉形状和粒度对炸药爆炸性能的影响机理，其根本原因是由于铝粉比表面积不同造成的。提出了含铝炸药性能的一种优化方向。     

激光粒度分析仪在微细粒级荧光粉粒度测量中的应用

采用激光粒度分析仪对某种微细粒级荧光粉运用不同的样品循环运动速度和加载超声波进行粒度组成与分布的测量。通过正态曲线叠加比较获得:该微细粒级荧光粉颗粒平均直径为4.128μm,中值为3.145μm,标准差为3.930μm,变异系数为95.10%,众数为4.048μm,并测得不同粒径颗粒所占的质量分数。结果表明,该方法是粉末粒度及粒度分布测量的准确方法。     

现代颗粒粒度测量技术

颗粒粒度的测定已成为现代测量学的一个重要分支。介绍了筛分法、显微镜法、沉降分析法、电感应法等传统颗粒粒度测量技术的方法和原理 ,并着重介绍了光散射法、质谱法、基于布朗运动的粒度测量法等近年来发展起来的颗粒粒度测量新方法     

图像沉降法测量颗粒粒度的研究

本文提出了图像沉降法，用于快速测量颗粒的粒度分布．该法采用具有2048个元素的图像传感器，沿着沉降高度测量消光强度，消光图像可显示于屏幕上，因而可以观察和监视颗粒的沉降过程．由液体（例如水）表面至任一给定点之间的高度可用图像技术精确地测量，不必借助移动光来或沉降池等附加机械装置．对于粒度为4.5μm的SiC粉末，本法的测量时间仅为5min；为国外同类仪器测量时间的1／5.本文最后给出了一些测量结果．     

超声波清洗对石英砂粒度和白度影响的研究

利用超声波仪在不同的条件下对凤阳县不同粒度湿法石英砂进行清洗,结果显示所有石英砂的粒度减小、白度增加,其中粒度和白度改变最大的是80～100目石英砂.在清洗过程中,超声波的频率和功率、草酸浓度、石英砂的粒度、清洗时间、清洗温度、搅拌器转速等参数对石英砂的粒度和白度都会产生影响,其中超声波的频率和草酸浓度对试验结果影响最大.利用扫描电子显微镜对清洗前后石英砂的形貌进行了观察和分析,结果显示清洗后的石英砂表面吸附的杂质颗粒比清洗前明显减少,有裂痕的石英砂颗粒都被粉碎,清洗后的石英砂表面出现了“微坑”,说明超声波清洗对石英砂有粉碎作用,从而使石英砂的粒度和白度发生变化,试验数据显示,在超声波频率(20～40 kHz)和功率(180～300 W)一定的条件下,超声波使石英砂粒度减小1.15％-5.69％,白度增加2.01％～6.98％.     

钛白粉的粒度测量和控制

本文探讨了颜料级钛白粉的白度、遮盖力、消色力和分散性同粒度、粒度分布和颗粒形状的关系,介绍了晶种、偏钛酸和成品钛白粉粒度测量的几种方法和测试结果,为工艺控制提供了依据。     

超声波处理矿浆对煤泥粒度的影响

用激光粒度分析仪和小筛分试验测定了原煤样和用超声波处理过的煤样的粒度组成，证实了超声波对煤泥的破碎作用；同时，对各粒级产物的灰分和硫分分别进行了测定，推知超声波的破碎作用可使黄铁矿等杂质从煤中部分解离出来，因而超声波处理矿浆在改变粒度的同时，若选择适当浮选工艺也可增强脱硫效果。因此利用超声波强化脱硫具有一定可行性。     

激光粒度仪在测定纳米碳酸钙粒径中的应用研究

以六偏磷酸钠为分散剂,使用激光粒度仪对自制针形纳米碳酸钙进行了粒径分析。考察了超声分散时间、分散剂浓度、纳米碳酸钙溶液浓度等因素对纳米碳酸钙粒径测定的影响。研究发现,除超声时间、分散剂浓度外,碳酸钙溶液浓度对粒径的测量影响也很大,确定了针形纳米碳酸钙粒径的最佳测定条件。     

颗粒粒度粒形测量的新技术

关于材料的研究和生产过程经常会涉及到颗粒状材料的物理特性，例如粒度大小，比表面积等参数。颗粒的粒度分布以及颗粒的形状对于最终产品的宏观物理性能．例如抗冲击性能、强度、流动性等有着非常重要的影响。此外．面向材料宏观物理性能发展的数学模拟和仿真也要求在数学建模之前得到关于颗粒大小和形状的实际信息．所有这些都要求对颗粒的粒度和粒形进行准确分析。     

Particle Size Modification of Thermally Stable Secondary Explosives for IM Applications

As well as improving the survivability of weapons and platforms, insensitive munitions (IM) reduce both casualty rates and mission losses. Their use also leads to improved safety during storage and transportation. For a munition to fulfil IM criteria, each of its energetic sub‐sections must be IM compliant. The initiator and explosive train are the most critical of these sub‐systems as their safety and reliability are of paramount importance if the weapon is to be suitable for service use, yet they are generally the most difficult part of a weapon to protect from inadvertent initiation. As part of an ongoing study into initiation methods suitable for use in IM systems, an investigation into the behaviour of energetic materials when impacted by laser‐driven flyers was performed. Laser‐based detonators exhibit increased safety characteristics over conventional initiation methods as they can be based on insensitive secondary explosives rather than sensitive primary explosives. Also, they are less susceptible to accidental initiation due to an external hazard threat. Single pulses from a high‐powered Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser were used to launch flyers from substrate‐backed aluminium films to velocities up to 6 km s⁻¹ across a short stand‐off to impact explosive targets. Several novel energetic materials have been selected for investigation as potential candidates for inclusion within flyer‐based initiation systems and explosive train applications. The materials are of interest due to their increased thermal stability and power output over conventional explosives currently in service. Attempts were made to increase the flyer responsiveness of the materials by tuning their particle size using ultrasound. The effect of particle size on the initiation threshold energy was investigated for three materials.     

Effect of Particle Shape on Inline Particle Size Measurement Techniques

The influence of the particle shape on the results of different measuring techniques was investigated. Considered were single‐frequency ultrasound technique, 3D optical reflectance measurement (advanced particle analyzing system with multi capture signal technology), and focused‐beam reflectance measurement probes as techniques which are usable inline and in suspension density ranges usually present in industrial crystallization processes. Advantages and shortcomings of these techniques are compared and discussed.     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。     

Particle Size Measurement of Eight Commercial Pressurized Products

The settling chamber and light-scattering instrument described can provide information about the particle size distribution of particles expelled from a pressure package. This information can provide an indication of how well the product could be performing its function. The range in the particle size distribution of the eight products tested is great and illustrates the utility of this atomization technique for dispensing a material.     

Online Particle Size Measurement in Microgel Particle Suspensions: Principles and Data Analysis

If a gelled system is subjected to shearing or the concentration of reactive components is low, microgel particles are formed. Since labile microgel particles with high water capacities can often be found in food systems, and as they are important for the textural properties, particle size measurement is relevant for fundamental research and control of industrial processes. A chord length measurement system was tested for online particle sizing.     

声波多尺度分析方法在流化床平均粒径检测上的应用

平均粒径是流化床聚合工艺的重要参数,亟需在环保安全、不侵入流场的条件下,快速准确地检测.流化床声信号与平均粒径相关,可对其进行小波(包)分析,提取尺度和频度特征,构建能量模式,用于粒径判别,其判别能力与尺度相关.可选定适当的尺度,采用特征筛选和Bayes方法建立判别模型,预报性能优良,计算量甚小,适于在线检测.用于聚乙烯实例,效果令人满意.