规整填料表面点传质的可视化研究

采用显色化学反应的流体可视化方法研究规整填料表面上的点传质效果。并且用高精度彩色扫描仪进行后处理,把颜色值转化为数字值。通过风洞的标定特性来建立数字值和点传质量之间的关系,进而得到填料表面的点传质系数。由填料表面点传质系数的三维分布图,可清晰地看到在每两片填料交叉形成的任一传质单元当中,存在3个传质高峰。     

用可视化方法实验研究规整填料的局部传质(英文)

A chromochemical reactive mass transfer technique has been employed to study local mass transfer characteristics of structured packing. This technology adopted by experiment is an Ammonia Adsorption Method (AAM) that yields the surface distribution of transferred mass by analyzing the color distribution on a filter paper with the results of the color chemical reaction. A digital image processing technology is applied for data visualiza-tion. The three-dimensional plot of the local mass transfer coefficients shows that there exist three peak values on different positions of a unit cell of structured packing. In order to improve mass transfer efficiency of the structured packing, one piece of baffle is added between packing sheets. As a result, the average mass transfer coefficient in-creases by (10-20)% and the pressure drop decreases by (15-55)%.     

振荡热管内的振荡及传热传质特性

通过分析振荡热管内部气液两相系统的受力和传热传质过程,对振荡热管进行了合理的简化和假设,建立了详细的理论模型.以n型单液塞振荡热管为例,采用显示差分法求解建立的控制方程,并预测传热传质特性和液塞的振荡行为,结果显示：液塞在毛细管路内的运动既有宏观振荡又有局部振荡,振荡的幅度和频率在增大和减小中交替变化,没有固定的周期;液塞两侧气泡间的压差是其振荡的主要驱动力,当振荡热管非水平工作时,需考虑重力的影响,与其他力相比,毛细阻力对液塞振荡的影响可以忽略;液膜短时间内的干涸是诱发新一轮振荡以及强化传热的源动力.     

Friction and heat and mass transfer for turbulent pseudoplastic non-newtonian fluid flows in rough pipes

Friction factor and heat and mass transfer coefficient correlations are developed for turbulent pseudoplastic (purely viscous or inelastic) non-Newtonian fluids flowing through rough pipes. A correlation for friction factor which is applicable in the region of transition from the smooth to the fully-rough regime is proposed. It is obtained by adding the two correlations for the limiting situations, i.e. smooth pipes and fully-rough pipes. The predictions of the proposed correlation are compared with published experimental data and other previous correlations. A model for heat and mass transfer is developed on the basis of the Levich three-zone model. It is found that the proposed model is capable of predicting satisfactorily heat and mass transfer coefficients for Newtonian and pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid flow in rough pipes.     

不同工质回路热管负载功率变化下的质量流量特性

为了进一步提高回路热管仿真精度并丰富回路热管实验研究方法,本文对回路热管瞬态传质进行实验研究。使用高精度质量流量计分别对以丙酮、乙醇、丙烯为工质的回路热管进行不同负载功率下的质量流量测量研究。结果表明:启动阶段,热负载10W时,丙烯回路比丙酮回路热管启动快,且两者的温度稳定均滞后于质量流量;稳定阶段,随着热负载功率增大,不同工质的回路热管的平均质量流量均线性增长,而瞬态质量流量则持续波动,其质量流量波动幅度均呈现先减小后增大的趋势。质量流量波动幅度会受到气体工质的可压缩性与作用在毛细芯内部上的热量的共同影响。通过频谱分析发现,液相质量流量波动还会受到冷凝器两相区的影响。高热负载下,作用在毛细芯内部上的热量占主导地位,质量流量波动加剧,同时出现周期性大幅波动,且其波动频率随着热负载增大而增大。     

Modelling of through-hole electrodeposition Part II: Experimental study

Current distribution measurements in through-hole electrodeposition were made on sectioned copper electrodes in a cylindrical flow channel. Two copper plating solutions with the same copper sulfate concentration but with different sulfuric acid concentrations were used. Experiments were conducted potentiostatically and under steady-state conditions. Results were compared with those from the theoretical model.     

Electrochemical Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using a Modulated Current Method

The use of porous electrodes to remove toxic metals from industrial effluents has been recognized over the years due to its high mass transfer rates resulting in high current efficiencies (CE) and low energy consumption (EC), even at very low metal concentrations. This work addresses the effects of flow velocity and electric current on current efficiency and energy consumption of copper electrodeposition using reticulated vitreous carbon, aiming to optimize the CE and EC by using a modulated current method. First, it was found that a flow velocity of 0.246 m s^?1 maximizes the mass transfer coefficient (k_m). Applying this flow velocity and a modulated current, the electrodeposition process was investigated and compared with that carried out under galvanostatic mode. The results showed that using a current control there is a reduction of average EC due to the improvement of the average CE, but the operational time also increases when compared to that obtained using the galvanostatic mode.     

高剪切力流场下X80管线钢局部腐蚀深坑诱导局部湍流交互机理研究

天然气管道内表面局部腐蚀缺陷会诱发局部流场突变影响局部腐蚀进程,利用高剪切力的冲刷腐蚀实验装置进行流动状态下的电化学腐蚀在线测试,研究了局部腐蚀深坑对局部腐蚀进程的影响。试样在冲刷腐蚀过程中的界面腐蚀电化学信号通过电化学阻抗谱进行分析,腐蚀产物膜的成分及特征通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量衍射谱图（EDS）以及X射线衍射（XRD）表征,并结合计算流体力学（CFD）分析了流场参数对腐蚀传质过程的影响。结果表明,表面缺陷会诱导局部位置流场发生变化,增强局部位置的传质作用,缺陷表面腐蚀产物也因此随着流速的变化而呈现不同的微观形态。在较高强度流场下,局部增强的壁面剪切力会剥离部分致密腐蚀产物膜,导致测试表面形成大阴极小阳极的电化学分布,促进局部位置的腐蚀进程,从而加速局部腐蚀发生。     

板式脉动热管的实验与应用研究进展

板式脉动热管具有结构简单、成本低、适应性好、传热性能极佳、易于微小型化等优点,因此作为微小设备冷却系统更具竞争力,也吸引了众多研究者的关注,但目前仍缺乏有效的设计准则指导工程应用。本文在介绍了脉动热管的工作原理及特点基础上,综述了近年来针对板式结构所开展的研究,以水力直径变化为主线总结了传热性能的研究,包括管内流型和振荡特征、主要参数的影响以及进一步提高传热性能的途径;回顾了有关启动特性的研究,涉及启动条件、启动过程时间与温度的关系及相关理论分析;介绍了目前传热极限发生机理的分析,同时简述了板式脉动热管应用方面的研究进展;最后指出了目前未能解决的关键问题,特别是为充分发挥板式结构微小型化的优势,对影响启动条件的参数研究至关重要。     

Mass transfer and current efficiency for the electrodeposition of silver in fluorosilicic acid solution

The stripping and electrodeposition of silver in fluorosilicic acid solution are irreversible reactions as indicated by cyclic voltammetry. The rate constant for the intrinsic heterogeneous cathodic deposition of silver was obtained as k _C ⁰ =40.77 exp(1.88–29.43 E _C ⁰ ) and the diffusion coefficient of the silver ion in fluorosilicic acid solution as 5.17×10^–5 cm² s^–1. Theoretical calculations of the concentration of silver ion correlated well with experimental data. The relationship between the diffusion layer thickness and the stirring rate was also obtained. Increasing the stirring rate and temperature, and decreasing the current density and concentration of fluorosilicic acid, caused an increase in the current efficiency for silver deposition on graphite.     

Mathematical modeling of gas-liquid mass transfer rate in bubble columns operated in the heterogeneous regime

In this paper, a multi-scale approach is followed to study gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble columns. First, a single bubble of equivalent diameter d is considered. Its morphology and its gas to liquid relative velocity are related to the bubble diameter through the use of known correlations. Then, the gas-liquid mass transfer between the bubble and the surrounding liquid is studied theoretically. An equation describing the transport of the transferred species in the viscous boundary layer around the bubble is solved. In a second step, a bubble column of 6-10 m height is studied experimentally. The gas phase in the column is characterized experimentally by means of a gammametric technique. Finally, the two studies are linked, yielding a 1D mathematical model able to predict the gas-liquid mass transfer rate in a bubble column operated in the heterogeneous regime.     

Effect of particles on Polarization during Electrocodeposition using a Rotating Cylinder Electrode

The influence of suspended submicrometric diameter alumina particles on polarization during electrocodeposition with copper at a rotating cylinder electrode was investigated. Cathodic polarization and mass transfer experiments were conducted as a function of electrode rotational speed and particle loading.     

不同结构下两弯头脉动热管的数值模拟

脉动热管以其独特的换热优势,在电子器件的散热领域取得了卓越的成效。因此提出一种带有锯齿波纹段的两弯头新型脉动热管,并采用数值方法研究了波纹段的布置位置对脉动热管运行性能的影响。结果表明新结构脉动热管的传热性能和启动特性都优于传统结构的脉动热管。此外,当锯齿段布置在热管两端时,具有较短的启动时间,尤其位于冷凝段时锯齿型脉动热管具有更低的温差和最大的换热量。因此可以认为当波纹段位于冷凝段时,新结构脉动热管具有最优的运行特性。     

三相强制浆料环流反应器的局部传质行为

提出了一种新型的强制外循环三相环流反应器结构,根据结构特点及流动状态的不同,将反应器分为6个不同的流动区域. 在f300 mm′1700 mm的实验装置内,采用氧气气提-空气解吸法,详细考察了内环表观气速0.006~0.19 m/s、外循环液速0.03, 0.05 m/s、固含率5%, 10%, 15%时不同流动区域的体积传质系数. 发现外循环液流影响区体积传质系数最大,最高可达0.754 s-1,外环环隙区最小,不超过0.043 s-1,环流反应器整体体积传质系数与气液分离区体积传质系数接近. 适当扩大内、外环截面积比有利于提高环流反应器的传质性能. 环流反应器整体体积传质系数随内环表观气速和外循环液速的增加而增加,随颗粒浓度的增加略有降低.     

Electrochemical mass transfer measurements in a Y‐bifurcation model

A novel technique was used to fabricate nickel flow models of a straight pipe and a Y‐bifurcation. These were used to obtain integral mass transfer coefficients by the electrochemical technique. For the straight pipe, good agreement was obtained with previously reported mass transfer correlations. The use of an upstream anode in addition to the downstream anode led to higher mass transfer at the cathode with laminar flow because of the additional near‐wall ions produced by the upstream anode. With increasing Schmidt number, the effect of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on mass transfer was delayed to progressively higher Reynolds numbers because of the reduced mass transfer boundary layer thickness relative to the viscous sublayer. With the Y‐bifurcation, possible flow separation and the formation of a new mass transfer boundary layer in the daughter branches significantly influence the mass transfer behaviour.     

FORCED CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER IN ANNULI

Mass transfer in annuli has been critically examined for various flow situations. The overall mass transfer rate depends on the hydrodynamic regions prevailing in the annular channel as well as on its dimensions. Theoretically consistent correlations are proposed and recommended for both developed and developing boundary layers under laminar and turbulent flow conditions.     

强制气流作用下溶液蒸发过程的传质规律

针对强制气流作用下溶液的蒸发过程,在分析气液相间力学特性的基础上,根据Levich涡流衰减理论和边界层理论,将气流流动状态与相间传质结合,研究了湍流气流横掠液面过程中气液相间的传质变化规律,分析了雷诺数、气流流道结构及普朗特混合长度对传质的影响,得到了气液相间的湍流质扩散系数的变化规律,湍流气流横掠液面条件下的对流传质准则数Sh=0.221Sc1/3Rex1/2. 结果表明,湍流扩散系数、传质系数与气流的流动状态密切相关,气流流道结构对气液相间的传质有重要影响.     

基于双流体模型的液氢流动沸腾数值模拟

基于双流体模型,建立了液氢管内流动沸腾的数值模型,在液体Reynolds数67000～660000、壁面热通量16300～317800 W/m²、饱和温度22～29 K、入口过冷度0～8 K的范围内,对管径5.95和6.35 mm的圆管内液氢流动沸腾开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行了对比。对比显示,液氢流动沸腾传热系数的模拟结果与试验数据的平均误差（MAE）为7.79%,94%的模拟数据都在±20%误差带范围内。