江陵凹陷地下卤水50 ℃等温蒸发研究

对江陵凹陷地下卤水进行了50 ℃等温蒸发实验。结果表明,江陵地下卤水在50 ℃等温蒸发过程中的析盐顺序为：氯化钠→氯化钠+氯化钾→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵+硼酸,蒸发前期（蒸失率小于83.83%）只析出氯化钠,蒸发中期（蒸失率为83.83%~94.61%）开始析出氯化钾和氯化铵,蒸发末期（蒸失率大于94.61%）开始析出硼酸;微量元素锂、铷、铯、碘和溴高度富集于老卤中,有利于其综合利用。     

江陵凹陷地下卤水75℃等温蒸发析盐规律研究

对江陵凹陷地下卤水进行了75℃等温蒸发实验,以了解卤水在蒸发过程中的化学组成变化,查明卤水的析盐规律和各离子的富集规律,为该卤水的综合利用提供理论依据。实验结果表明,江陵地下卤水在75℃等温蒸发过程中的析盐顺序为:氯化钠→氯化钠+氯化钾→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵→氯化钠+氯化钾+氯化铵+硼酸;微量元素锂、铷、铯、碘和溴高度富集于老卤中,有利于这些元素的提取和综合利用。     

川东达州地区地下卤水75 ℃等温蒸发析盐规律研究

四川东部达州地区地下卤水资源丰富,卤水储量约为8.23×10⁸ m³,富含钠、钾、锂、硼、铷、溴等元素。实验研究了该卤水在75 ℃等温蒸发过程中溶液pH变化规律、各种元素在溶液和固相中的富集规律,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）检测析出矿物的种类,确定了矿物的析出顺序。实验研究结果表明：溶液pH随着蒸失率的增加而降低;氯化钠在整个蒸发过程中大量析出,氯化钾在蒸失率达到77.3%时开始大量析出,蒸发接近末尾时钙、硼都有部分析出;蒸发过程中矿物的析出顺序为氯化钠→氯化钠+氯化钾→氯化钠+氯化钾+硼酸,蒸发过程中的析盐规律与K⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^--H₂O（75 ℃）四元相图吻合。根据蒸发实验数据初步设计出卤水资源利用工艺路线。该研究结果为川东地下卤水的开发和综合利用提供了可靠的基础数据。     

江陵富钾卤水析钾过程中铷流失机理研究

江陵凹陷位于湖北省江汉盆地西南部,赋存有高温高压深层富钾卤水,该地下卤水矿化度约为 336.98 g/L,富含氯化钠、氯化钾及丰富的锂、铷、铯等微量元素资源,其中Rb+质量浓度为80 mg/L,达到工业开采价值。钾、铷为伴生元素,在蒸发浓缩的提钠及冷却结晶析钾过程中,铷会在液相中富集。实验研究发现,冷却析钾时铷与其他微量元素富集不同步,铷富集程度偏低,流失较严重,其流失率达12.28%。针对江陵富钾卤水冷却结晶析钾过程中铷流失机理进行了进一步研究。结果表明,铷流失主要是由铷和钾的类质同象造成的,该部分铷失率达9.66%,其次为包裹体和母液夹带,铷流失率分别为1.71%和0.91%。     

盐湖老卤深度浓缩及硫酸锂提取工艺研究

针对硫酸盐型盐湖含锂卤水的深度蒸发及浓缩提锂过程,进行了蒸发锂盐析盐规律和一水硫酸锂提取技术研究。以东台吉乃尔盐湖老卤为参考卤水,采用常压等温强制蒸发装置,通过多段蒸发浓缩,获得了锂盐的蒸发析出规律和影响锂盐收率的关键因素;通过卤水除硫、多段深度蒸发,获得了锂离子质量分数高达3.14%,镁锂比从24.52降到1.64的高锂浓缩卤水。在此基础上进行了一水硫酸锂提取工艺研究,获得了卤水转化法生产硫酸锂的关键过程数据,其中硫酸锂的单程析出率可以达到78.18%。上述研究成果可为硫酸盐型盐湖卤水锂资源开发及其综合利用提供参考。     

井盐卤水常压沸腾蒸发浓缩规律试验

研究了四川邛崃平落坝四井所产卤水在常压沸腾蒸发过程中蒸发浓缩规律及盐类析出规律,实测了蒸发过程中卤水的组成及质量浓度,并用物料衡算得到了卤水蒸发过程中体积变化、蒸发水量,以及氯化钠、氯化钾和硫酸钙的析出规律。     

盐湖卤水镁锂沉淀分离工艺研究

采用氨水和氢氧化钠作为沉淀剂,对高镁锂比卤水进行镁的二次沉淀分离以及母液蒸发浓缩提锂工艺进行研究。实验结果表明：常温下,采用质量分数为10%的氨水作为沉淀剂,可使卤水除镁率达到88.6%,实现卤水中镁锂的初步分离;在此基础上,采用氢氧化钠溶液作为沉淀剂,控制浓度为8 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液的滴加速度为3 mL/min、反应时间为20 min、溶液终点pH=12.5、搅拌转速为120 r/min,采用漏斗过滤氢氧化镁沉淀,卤水的除镁率可达到99.8%。母液经蒸发浓缩析出氯化铵和氯化钠晶体,使锂得到富集。     

提锂母液有用资源回收利用的方法及相图分析

盐湖提锂后的母液除含有部分未利用的锂之外,还含有大量的钾、镁等资源。提锂母液直接排放一方面会造成有用资源的浪费,另一方面会对整个盐湖系统造成破坏。提出一种盐湖提锂母液有用资源回收利用的方法,即将提锂母液在盐田中摊晒浓缩,然后分别与夏季晶间卤水和冬季冻硝卤水兑卤,在盐田中进一步蒸发浓缩,析出的硫混矿用来生产钾镁肥,析出的钾混矿用来生产氯化钾,液相卤水作为生产碳酸锂的原料卤水,从而实现提锂母液有用资源的回收利用,并在相图上对整个兑卤过程进行分析。该方法所有过程均在盐田中实现,工艺成本低、无污染,符合绿色环保可持续发展的理念,避免了提锂母液大量排放对盐湖系统造成的破坏。     

从江陵凹陷富钾地下卤水中提取硼酸

江陵凹陷地下卤水资源丰富,w（氯化钠）=23.3%、w（氯化钾）=1.4%、ρ（氧化硼）=2.48 g/L,均为工业品位的2倍以上。根据卤水中氯化钠浓度接近饱和的特征,通过蒸发析钠以浓缩富集硼,确定了最佳的浓缩倍数为4.0,氧化硼质量浓度由2.48 g/L富集到9.84 g/L;采用溶剂萃取法分离硼,在最佳条件下,单级萃取率为96.73%,反萃取率为98.81%;富硼反萃液经蒸发浓缩、酸化沉淀制取硼酸产品,其质量达到国家标准GB/T 538—2006《工业硼酸》的一等品指标要求,硼的总收率为82.63%。     

一种高镁锂比盐湖卤水制备氢氧化镁的方法

正本发明涉及无机盐化工领域,公开了一种高镁锂比盐湖卤水制备氢氧化镁的方法。本发明将高镁锂比盐湖卤水浓缩蒸发,析出氯化钠、氯化钾;浓缩卤水加入过量10%~20%的碳酸盐或者碳酸氢盐除钙离子;除杂后浓卤中加入镁沉淀剂,通过控制p H使镁离子完全沉淀,洗涤干燥得到固体氢氧化镁粉末。本发明制备氢氧化镁时先加入弱碱氨水,易于形     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。