Lifetime assessment of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate (BPA-PC) plastic lens,used in LED-based products

In this investigation, the accelerated optical degradation of two different commercial Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate (BPA-PC) grades under elevated temperature stress is studied. The BPA-PC plates are used both in light conversion carriers in LED modules and encapsulants in LED packages. BPA-PC plates are exposed to temperatures in the range of 100–140 °C. Optical properties of the thermally-aged plates were studied using an integrated sphere. The results show that increasing the exposure time leads to degradation of BPA-PC optical properties, i.e. decrease of light transmission and increase in the yellowing index (YI). An exponential luminous decay model and Arrhenius equation are used to predict the lumen depreciation over different time and temperatures. Accelerated thermal stress tests together with the applied reliability model are used to predict the lifetime of plastic lens in LED lamps in real life conditions.     

荧光粉浓度和电流强度对白光LED特性的影响

讨论了荧光粉浓度及驱动电流强度对白光LED特性的影响。采用软件模拟实验和实际封装测试相结合的研究方法进行分析研究。对荧光粉浓度变化对白光LED光通量和相关色温(CCT)的影响进行了三维光线追迹模拟,并且进行了实际的封装验证。另外对白光LED的节温和显色性也做了深入细致的研究。研究结果表明:CCT随着荧光粉浓度的增大而减小,光通量则先上升后下降。同时由荧光粉浓度和驱动电流强度变化所引起的节温升高会降低荧光粉的转换效率。对显色性而言,采用高浓度荧光粉封装的白光LED有相对低的显色指数;并且显色指数随着驱动电流强度的增加而升高,最终趋于稳定。     

Reliability and optical properties of LED lens plates under high temperature stress

In this investigation the thermal degradation mechanisms of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (BPA-PC) plates at the temperature range 100–140 °C are studied. The BPA-PC plates are currently used both in light conversion carriers in LED modules and optical lenses in LED-based products. In this study BPA-PC plates are aged at elevated temperature of 100–140 °C for a period up to 3000 h. Optical and chemical properties of the thermally-aged plates were studied using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR–ATR spectrometer, and integrated sphere. The results show that increasing the thermal ageing time leads to yellowing, loss of optical properties, and decrease of the light transmission and of the relative radiant power value of BPA-PC plates. The results also depict that there is not much discoloration within the first 1500 h of thermal ageing. The rate of yellowing significantly increases at the end of this induction period. Formation of oxidation products is identified as the main mechanism of yellowing. An exponential-based reliability model is also presented to calculate the rate of degradation reaction and to predict the life-time of BPA-PC plates.     

A design and qualification of LED flip Chip-on-Board module with tunable color temperatures

with the increasing requirements on guaranteeing the color uniformity and improving the luminous efficacy and manufacturing efficiency, a wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP) technology has been developed by thermally impressing a thin multiple phosphor film on a LED wafer, then being segmented into individual LED chips. In this paper, a high power white LED Chip-on-Board (COB) module with high color rendering index (CRI, Ra > 93) and tunable correlated color temperatures (CCTs) is prepared by the flip chip technology. In this COB module, the tunable color temperatures are achieved by using two types of white LED CSPs with different target CCTs of 3000 K and 5000 K. The thermal and photochromatic properties and the photochromatic stability of the COB module are studied through both experiments and simulations. The results show that: 1) The measured spectral power distribution (SPD) intensity of the prepared COB module is smaller than the arithmetic sum of SPD intensities of its each series connected CSPs, which may be attribute to the light absorption happened among CSPs; 2) The junction temperature and driven current have the different effects on the photochromatic properties of COB module (i.e. luminous flux, CCT and CRI); 3) The nonlinearity of luminous flux as a function of driven current and junction temperature should be considered in its modeling.     

白光LED荧光粉远场涂覆光学性质

研究了白光LED远场隔离封装中隔离距离对发光效率及相关色温(CCT)的影响。实验结果表明,低电流输入条件下,白光LED的发光效率随芯片表面到荧光粉层距离变化是非线性的,当芯片表面到荧光粉层距离为0.88mm时具有最佳发光效率74lm/W,白光LED相关色温随着距离的增加呈线性下降。这为白光LED的一次光学设计提供了实验依据。     

TiO2掺杂浓度对倒装白光数码管光色性能的影响

采用热压法将TiO₂按一定计量比掺入AB混合胶制备折射胶层,在芯片和荧光粉胶层 间利用甩胶旋 涂工艺添加折射胶层,封装成白光数码管;对样品的光色性能进行了测试和机 理分析。结 果表明,折射层中掺杂TiO₂颗粒浓度为0.3%时,白光数码管单笔段 光通量达到了最高值175 lm,比TiO₂浓度为0%时提高了约为7.5%。在相同测试条件下,掺杂0.3%浓度TiO₂颗粒的倒装白光数码管比传统点胶 白光数码管平均光通量提高了约为6.5%,平均色温下降约为 9.6%,出光一致性更理想。TiO₂颗粒的掺入不 仅提高了器件光通量,降低了色温,同时为白光数码管实现远程荧光粉涂覆工艺提供了一种 有效的途径。     

蓝光LEDs的转换荧光粉发光效率的测量

本文研究了YAG:Ce荧光粉的色点红移的现象.当YAG晶格点阵中的Y被 Gd 激发或添加了Pr作为 Ce 的共同催化剂时就会发生这种现象.测量了在(Y,Gd)AG:Ce和YAG:Ce,Pr荧光粉样品内部的效率,其激发光线的波长为 470 nm.其结果表明这两种荧光粉的发光效率分别随着Gd和Pr聚集而降低.SrGa2S4:Eu.是另外一种常用的转换蓝光 LED 的颜色的荧光粉.室温下,这种荧光粉效率很高,理论上其发光效率比 YAG:Ce 的发光效率高出 33%.对这种荧光粉效率的测量结果表明其制作过程是影响性能的主要因素.将这种荧光粉印刷在放在-个或多个蓝光 LED 前面的屏幕的表面,测得其发光效率高达 364 lm/W.     

Research on lumen depreciation related to LED packages by in-situ measurement method

In this paper, lumen depreciation of LED in reliability experiment was monitored by in-situ measurement method. The partial LED flux on the receiving surface of fiber cable was captured, and it was proportional to the total luminous flux of LED light source when we provided an exact distance. The high temperature operating life test was used to find the weakness elements of LED packages with a limiting maximum temperature stress of 125 °C. Four kinds of packaged samples were constituted with difference components, and the lumen depreciations were presented. Combined with the lumen depreciation data and sampling inspection, the results could be summed up as follows: (i) the luminous flux of LED chip had a steady and slow depreciation, however, that of the samples coated with the phosphor–silicone composites had an initial sharp decline and then reach the stable state. (ii) The samples of only chip encapsulated by silicone and those of commercial white LEDs were carbonized on the center surface between chip and materials of encapsulant. As a conclusion, the silicone as an LED encapsulant could induce flaws, the material properties in larger coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and stronger adhesion should be considered in the package design stage, and the degradation of phosphor–silicone composites led to a fast light energy loss during the initial high temperature aging test, and then reached up to steady.     

三芯片集成高显色指数白光LED的研究

运用基于蒙特卡罗的光线追迹方法,对采用"光转换"兼"多色混合"技术的白光LED的显色指数、相关色温、光通量、光辐射功率、荧光粉颗粒密度和色坐标进行了仿真计算和优化选择。通过改变红、绿、蓝三种LED芯片的组合方式和红、绿、黄三种荧光粉的混合方式及各色荧光粉的密度,在保证有合理的光通量输出的条件下,得到了不同色温区的高显色指数白光LED。从显色指数角度看,冷白、正白和暖白光应分别选择BBB芯片+绿、红色荧光粉、BBB芯片+黄、红色荧光粉和RBB芯片+黄色荧光粉组合。实验上测试了采用这几种组合方式的白光LED光谱、显色指数、色温、光通量和色坐标,实验数据与仿真结果基本吻合。     

梯度结构荧光薄膜片对白光数码管光色性能的影响

利用模具法将荧光粉胶层制成薄膜片,并将薄膜 片黏合于倒置芯片上表面,同时在芯片和薄膜片周 围旋涂掺杂TiO₂颗粒的混合胶层,制备成白光数码管,并对样品进行光色性能的测试和机 理分析。分析结 果表明,凹槽型结构荧光薄膜片制备的白光数码管平均光通量和色温分别 为159.2 lm和4887 K,出光均匀度 为99.2%,相较于平面型结构光通量低了0.93%,色温低了6. 06%,出光均匀度提高了0.5%,出光一致性更 理想。同时通过光强比对,凹槽型结构荧光薄膜片制备的白光数码管可视角度约为113.1° ,法向光强为 3358 mcd。结果表征,荧光粉薄膜片的应用, 能制备出可视角度小、出光一致性高的白光数码管。     

瓦级大功率白光LED光色电特性研究

文章基于瓦级大功率白光LED在照明领域应用的广泛性和重要性,展开了瓦级大功率白光LED光色电特性的研究。采用大功率LED封装设备与紫外-可见光-近紫外光谱分析系统,制备并测量了瓦级大功率白色发光二极管（LED）在不同正向电流IF驱动下的光通量、电功率、发光效率、发射光谱和色品坐标等参数。研究表明,光通量与电功率随耳的增大呈亚线性增长的趋势,而荧光粉转换效率下降是影响其辐射功率的主要原因之一。当电流增大时,白光LED光谱的蓝光峰值出现先蓝移后红移的现象,而黄光部分光谱形状无明显变化。此外,色坐标x、y值均随着IF的增大而降低,主波长减小,色温值升高。     

A General Photo-Electro-Thermal Theory for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Systems

The photometric, electrical, and thermal features of LED systems are highly dependent on one another. By considering all these factors together, it is possible to optimize the design of LED systems. This paper presents a general theory that links the photometric, electrical, and thermal behaviors of an LED system together. The theory shows that the thermal design is an indispensable part of the electrical circuit design and will strongly influence the peak luminous output of LED systems. It can be used to explain why the optimal operating power, at which maximum luminous flux is generated, may not occur at the rated power of the LEDs. This theory can be used to determine the optimal operating point for an LED system so that the maximum luminous flux can be achieved for a given thermal design. The general theory has been verified favorably by experiments using high-brightness LEDs.      

不同粒径YAG荧光粉对LED封装光源的影响研究

挑选国内某知名荧光粉企业的三种YAG荧光粉作为研究对象,三种样品的激发光谱相同,中心粒径(D50分别为9.3、13.6、16.7μ用这三种荧光粉,在相同粉胶质量比,相同点胶量的情况下,使用3014型号支架,制作出白光LED灯珠样品。使用分光分度计分别测量老化前后样品的各项光学参数。试验结果显示:随着荧光粉中心粒径的增大,色温向着高色温方向移动;当色温相同时,随着中心粒径的增大,光通量随之增大,使用100 mA电流加速老化一个星期情况下,随着荧光粉粒径的增大,光衰逐渐减小。     

脉冲LED发光强度的时间特性∕光谱特性测试装置

研制了一种可同时快速测试光源发光强度时间特性和发光强度光谱特性的测试装置。并将其应用于脉冲LED光源特性研究。结果表明，利用这种测试装置不但能有效测试闪光时间、光通量、闪光上升时间、闪光下降时间等时间特性参数。而且能有效测试光谱分布、CIE1931色坐标、CIE1960色坐标、相关色温、显色指数等光谱特性参数。为脉冲LED光源研发和生产中的(现场)质量控制提供了一个先进的技术手段。     

Correlated Color Temperature Tunable Multi-chip Light Emitting Diodes Light Source Design

One of the methods to derive white light from light emitting diodes（LEDs） is the multi-chip white LED technology, which mixes the light from red, green and blue LEDs. Introduced is an optimal algorithm for the spectrum design of the multi-chip white LEDs in this paper. It optimizes the selection of single color LEDs and drive current controlling, so that the multi-chip white LED achieves the target correlated color temperature （CCT）, as well as high luminous efficacy and good color rendering. A CCT tunable LED light source with four high-power LEDs is realized based on the above optimal design. Test results show that it maintains satisfactory color rendering and stable luminous efficacy across the whole CCT tuning range. Finally, discussed are the design improvement and the prospect of the future applications of the CCT tunable LED light source.     

Optical and electrical properties of a spiral LED filament

This paper introduces a new type of spiral white light-emitting diodes (WLED) filament with high luminous efficiency and uniform optical performance.The optical and thermal properties of the flexible filament were investigated at different stretching heights,namely 0,1,2,and 3 cm.The results indicated that the filament showed the best optical characteristics at the stretching height of 2 cm,because of good heat dissipation.In addition,the radiation temperature of the filament was inversely proportional to the output luminous flux.The reliability of the filament at a stretching height of 2 cm was also evaluated after 1000 h of use.The result demonstrated that the luminous flux decay of the bulb was only 0.85％.The flexible spiral WLED filament exhibiting high luminous flux and good reliability could be adapted to promote industrial development in the near future.     

提高基于粉浆法的功率型白光LEDs发光效率的研究

基于水溶性感光胶的自光LEDs平面涂层技术,在蓝光LED芯片表面上得到了可控的荧光粉层．采用降低粉浆中ADC的浓度和提高荧光粉的含量两种措施,减少Cr^3＋在433．6和620nm两处吸收对器件出光效率的影响;新配制的粉浆在暗室中静置3～5h,既可以提高器件的出光效率同时又避免了暗反应带来的影响;在蓝光LED表面上得到粉层后,再涂覆硅胶层,由于硅胶的折射率与粉层的更接近,不但使出光色调偏向蓝光区域而且有更多光子出射,光通量由未加硅胶层时的44．8～59lm提高到了79．4～84．9lm．     

Effect of temperature and moisture on the luminescence properties of silicone filled with YAG phosphor

In order to determine the environmental effects on the luminescence properties of a phosphor layer for high-power light emitting diodes,a high humidity and temperature test(85℃/85%RH) and a thermal aging test (85℃) were performed on silicone/YAG phosphor composites.The luminescence properties of silicone/phosphor composites are monitored by a fluorescence spectrometer.The results show that high temperature could result in an increase in conversion efficiency of composites during the early aging stage and red shift of YAG phosphor;and high humidity could result in a significant decrease in conversion efficiency of composites while having a small influence upon the optimal excitation wavelength of the YAG phosphor.     

多基色白光LED的配色研究

利用基色光混色的方法对三基色和四基色白光LED进行了配色研究。固定相关色温为(5 500±20)K的条件下,在可见光范围内将不同峰值波长、半宽的基色光进行混色,得到显色指数和光视效能与峰值波长和半宽的关系。其中,三、四基色白光LED的显色指数最高分别达到89和96.7,对应的光视效能分别为353lm/W和340lm/W。同时,计算结果表明,增加基色光的数目后,提高了白光LED的显色性及显色稳定性。     

Improvement of lumen efficiency in white light-emitting diodes with air-gap embedded package

In this paper, white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with air-gap embedded package were proposed and fabricated by a simple method including pulsed spray coating. The lumen efficiency of air-gap embedded LED was enhanced by 8.8% at driving current of 350 mA, compared to conventional remote phosphor white LED. This improvement was due to the enhanced utilization of blue and yellow rays, which were confirmed by pulse current-dependent correlated color temperature (CCT). The utilization efficiency of blue rays was enhanced by 12.4% due to the embedded air-gap layer. The simulation results performed by Monte-Carlo ray tracing method agreed with our experiments, which showed enhancement in lumen efficiency and similar CCT. Finally, the electric field intensity versus different thickness for air-gap and no air-gap embedded white LED was calculated to check the incident blue rays trapped in phosphor layer.