脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐生物降解和环境安全性评价

表面活性剂对环境的影响主要表现在生物降解性。简要概述了目前大量使用的表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐（AES）的厌氧、好氧生物降解以及降解途径。阐述了AES在生物机体中的积累对环境、人体和动物的影响,表明AES在给人类生活和工业发展带来帮助的同时,不会对环境和人体健康造成危害。     

表面活性剂生物降解性的研究进展

简述了表面活性剂对生态环境的影响及其对生物体存在的毒害性作用;概括了常用的表面活性剂模拟降解的方法及其检测手段;总结了表面活性剂生物降解的一般规律及新型绿色表面活性剂的生物降解性;介绍了表面活性剂降解性能的影响因素,并对今后表面活性剂生物降解性研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

表面活性剂生物降解性能的研究进展

对表面活性剂的生物降解性能进行了全面概述。着重讨论了表面活性剂的降解性能测试方法、生物降解机理、降解动力学及用于量化分析可生物降解的同位素标记反应运移模型,并对各类表面活性剂结构与降解能力作了评价。最后,指出了我国表面活性剂生物降解度研究的发展方向。     

油溶性表面活性剂生物降解度的测定

对ISO 10634-1995“水质———水介质中用于难溶有机物生物降解性能评价水溶液的制备与处理指南”推荐的方法进行逐一筛选,以期建立油溶性表面活性剂生物降解度测定的标准方法。实验结果表明,将油溶性表面活性剂超声乳化后,制备成粒径200 nm~300 nm乳液后,立即分散于水体系中进行降解,结果重复性较好,并且不影响油溶性表面活性剂生物降解度。用该方法对常见的油溶性表面活性剂的生物降解度进行了测定,结果表明大部分油溶性表面活性剂具有很好的生物降解性能;其降解规律与水溶性表面活性剂类似,疏水链长决定油溶性表面活性剂的生物降解性能,而亲水基团影响其生物降解速度。     

表面活性剂的绿色化及研究进展

简述了表面活性剂对环境的影响及研究进展。着重讨论了表面活性剂的研究方法及表征,各种生物降解过程、降解机理和影响表面活性剂生物降解的因素。并对表面活性剂的安全性及毒性、温和性及对皮肤和黏膜的刺激性进行了简要介绍。     

可生物降解——表面活性剂发展的瓶颈与机遇

介绍了表面活性剂生物降解的定义、分类及其重要性.详述了表面活性剂生物降解的实验方法、表面活性剂结构与生物降解之间的关系和国内外有关表面活性剂生物降解标准与法规的现状及发展趋势.分析了表面活性剂行业面临的问题,提出了促进可持续发展的建议.     

表面活性剂的结构与生物降解性的关系

对表面活性剂的生物降解性进行了全面的概述，着重讨论了表面活性剂的降解性能与结构的关系。表面活性剂的生物降解性主要由疏水基团决定，并随着疏水基线性程度的增加而增加，末端季碳原子会显著降低降解度，疏水链长短也影响降解性；表面活性剂的亲水基性质对生物降解度有次要的影响；乙氧基链长影响非离子表面活性剂的生物降解性；增加磺酸基和疏水基末端之间的距离，烷基苯磺酸盐的初级生物降解度增加（距离原则）。最后指出了我国今后表面活性剂生物降解度研究的发展方向。     

表面活性剂生物降解的标准与法规

表面活性剂对环境的影响引起了各国和地区的关注，纷纷建立标准与法规，引导表面活性剂向着正确的方向发展。表面活性剂对环境的影响主要表现为其生物降解性。简要概述了各组织建立的表面活性剂生物降解测试方法、降解性能要求及各国为表面活性剂建立的一些法规。阐述了我国表面活性剂生物降解标准的现状及发展趋势。     

半连续活性污泥法测定表面活性剂的好氧生物降解度

用半连续活性污泥(SCAS)法测定表面活性剂的生物降解度,考察了表面活性剂分子在活性污泥体系中的吸附-脱附作用所导致的假降解现象,研究了活性污泥浓度对降解性能的影响,并用SCAS法对AEO7、L-64、LAS和AES进行了初级和最终生物降解度的测定,结果表明以上4种表面活性剂的初级生物降解度均>90%、最终生物降解度均>70%,达到了欧盟洗涤剂法规的相关标准,均属易降解表面活性剂。     

表面活性剂最终生物降解试验装置的搭建及可行性研究

搭建了与OECD 301B相适应的表面活性剂最终生物降解装置,通过对样品醋酸钠及阴离子表面活性剂LAS生物降解性测定,表明该装置研究表面活性剂最终生物降解性能的可行性。应用该装置测定APG0810,其最终生物降解率为86.5%。     

Research on Primary Biodegradation of Alkyl Ethoxy Glucoside

This investigation was performed to determine the anaerobic biodegradation of alkyl ethoxy glucoside (AEG) nonionic surfactants using the OECD 311 method. The influence of different initial concentrations of AEG on the primary biodegradation rate was investigated using the anthrone analysis method. The results show that different initial concentrations have similar good biodegradability and the biodegradation rate can reach more than 90 % even at the highest initial concentration of 100 mg/l. Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) surfactants have previously been confirmed as readily biodegradable. The profile of concentration changes over the incubation time of AEG and APG had similar trends. Therefore, AEG are also considered as readily biodegradable. The gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer analytical method was used to identify the metabolites. The content of alcohol ethoxylate (AEO) increased with decrease in the number of AEG at the initial stage of degradation. It was found that AEO with longer EO chains disappeared first. Accordingly, a degradation pathway that accounts for the experiment results was proposed.     

Occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol in the environment

Nonylphenol (NP) is an ultimate degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE) that is primarily used in cleaning and industrial processes. Its widespread use has led to the wide existence of NP in various environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, air and soil. NP can be decreased by biodegradation through the action of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Half-lives of biodegradation ranged from a few days to almost one hundred days. The degradation rate for NP was influenced by temperature, pH and additions of yeast extracts, surfactants, aluminum sulfate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and phthalic acid esters. Although NP is present at low concentrations in the environment, as an endocrine disruptor the risks of long-term exposure to low concentrations remain largely unknown. This paper reviews the occurrence of NP in the environment and its aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation in natural environments and sewage treatment plants, which is essential for assessing the potential risk associated with low level exposure to NP and other endocrine disruptors.     

Effect of surfactants on the soil desorption of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and their anaerobic biodegradation

The extensive utilization of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) such as pesticides generates high environmental pollution levels. Due to their hydrophobicity, this type of compound tends to accumulate in soil organic matter and, thus, soil desorption limits their availability for microbial degradation. The use of surfactants may increase the pollutant's desorption from the soil. One of the pesticides with strong sorption characteristics is hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a mixture of isomers: α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐HCH. In this work, we evaluated the use of three surfactants, Triton X100, Tween 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the HCH desorption from a sandy loam soil. The effects of the addition of these surfactants on anaerobic biodegradation were studied. To attain this purpose, different assays were performed to evaluate both effects. Triton X100 exerted the best desorption of HCH isomers, followed by Tween 80, whereas SDS caused no significant desorption of the isomers. Triton had a strong inhibitory effect on the HCH biodegradation, while Tween 80 did not decrease the degradation rates of the different isomers. Moreover, the degradation rates of β‐ and δ‐HCH were significantly enhanced (around 10%). On the other hand, detrimental effects on the biodegradation rates and yields were due to the ageing of the soil, depending on the period of exposure of the soil to the pollutant. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Combined Use of Ozonation and Biodegradation of Anionic and Non-ionic Surfactants

This study investigated the extent of primary and final biodegradation of anionic and non-ionic surfactants to evaluate the combined use of ozonation and biodegradation in surfactant removal. The surfactants used were alkylpolyglucosides and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates. The anionic surfactant containing a benzene ring on its structure was oxidized faster than was the non-ionic surfactant. Both surfactants showed poor mineralization due to ozonation indicating an ozone attack primarily on carbon bonds. The results indicate that the removal of surfactants and of the total organic carbon is increased by the consecutive use of ozonation and biodegradation.     

表面活性剂降解研究进展

简述了表面活性剂对环境的影响及其降解的发展概况，着重讨论了表面活性剂的各种生物降解的研究方法和特点，降解动力学，结构与降解性能间的关系，影响降解的环境因素及直链烷基苯磺酸盐（LAS），烷基硫酸盐（AS）等几类常见表面活性剂的生物降解机理。并对近年发展起来的表面活性剂光催化降解的研究方法，降解机理及降解动力学作了简要介绍。     

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

The biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) is reviewed. Biodegradation test methods, ranging from laboratory tests to full-scale waste treatment plant studies are described for these surfactants. A comparison is made between primary and ultimate biodegradability criteria and the limitations of the various analytical methods used in these determinations are discussed. The most recently published data suggest sewage bacteria degrade AE by a mechanism which is different from that by which APE degrades. The use of radiolabeled surfactants to elicit more detailed information about the biodegradation mechanisms of AE is described. The role of biodegradation on the impact of surfactants released to the environment is assessed, and future environmental concerns for nonionics are considered.     

表面活性剂对土壤石油污染物微生物降解的影响

选用了四种表面活性剂对辽河油田石油污染土壤微生物降解的影响进行了研究。研究表明，表面活性剂在浓度低于50mg/L时，促进作用和抑制作用都不明显；而当浓度高于100mg/L时，即高浓度时，对微生物除油有显著抑制作用。当添加H2O2和不同氮源时，发现与上述结果相类似。