膨润土对固化淤泥土抗冻融性能的提升效应

为了研究膨润土对固化淤泥土抗冻融性能的提升效应,针对冻融循环过程中不同膨润土掺入量的固化淤泥土,开展了无侧限抗压强度试验、直接剪切试验等宏观试验,以及相应的电镜扫描分析等微细观分析和理论分析.膨润土能够有效的提高固化淤泥土的破坏应变、无侧限抗压强度、粘聚力和内摩擦角等指标,并且能够保证上述指标在冻融循环作用下不发生衰减.膨润土的掺入量,存在一个最优值:该值附近,膨润土对固化淤泥土抗冻融性能的提升效果最好.膨润土对固化淤泥土抗冻融性能的提升,通过内部结构稳定性的强化和冻融循环作用的弱化等双重作用而实现.膨润土的颗粒填充能够减小固化淤泥土的孔隙率,同时膨润土可以参与固化反应生成固化骨架,从而促进固化淤泥土内部结构稳定性的强化.膨润土的吸水作用可以减少参与冻融循环作用的自由水,同时膨润土的湿胀干缩作用可以部分抵消冻胀融缩效应,进而促冻融循环作用的弱化.     

固化淤泥土的干湿循环劣化特征

干湿循环作用将对固化淤泥土造成持续的侵蚀和劣化效应.基于无侧限抗压强度试验和固结试验等宏观试验方法,和电镜扫描分析、压汞孔隙分析和氮吸附孔隙分析等微细观分析手段,探索了干湿循环作用下固化淤泥土的宏观指标衰减规律和微细观侵蚀特征.宏观试验结果表明:经历18次干湿循环作用,固化淤泥土的初始孔隙比降低10％,无侧限抗压强度降低13％,弹性模量降低62％,破坏应变增加1.12倍,压缩模量减小32％.微细观分析结果表明:固化骨架被侵蚀成蜂窝状,固化骨架与填充其间的黏土颗粒发生剥离而产生微裂隙,黏土颗粒发生重组和扩容.固化骨架因为黏土颗粒的剥离和重组而失去支撑,是固化淤泥土干湿循环劣化的主要驱动来源.     

冻融循环下不同龄期水泥土损伤特性和能量耗散

为了研究冻融循环对水泥土损伤特性和能量耗散的影响,通过对饱水状态下不同龄期的水泥土试样进行冻融循环试验,测得了不同冻融循环次数下水泥土的无侧限抗压强度、相对动弹性模量、质量变化率和应变能密度,并建立了无侧限抗压强度、应变能密度与冻融循环次数的衰减方程.试验结果表明:不同龄期下水泥土的无侧限抗压强度和相对动弹性模量均随着冻融循环次数的增加而减小,经历15次冻融循环,水泥土无侧限抗压强度和相对动弹性模量在龄期为7d、28 d、60 d时分别下降了59.79％和54.47％、64.10％和54.89％、59.79％和53.08％,并建立了相关性良好的无侧限抗压强度与冻融循环次数的指数函数表达式;在冻融循环条件下,随着龄期的增长,水泥土质量的变化波动幅度逐渐减小;分析得出了不同龄期下水泥土无侧限抗压强度的损伤量可以近似用动弹性模量的损伤量进行估算;水泥土能量耗散随着冻融循环次数的增加而逐渐降低.     

水泥加固淤泥土力学与抗海水腐蚀性能研究

为了分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律,制备了水泥掺量为4%、8%、12%、16%和20%水泥加固淤泥土试件,分别经历了0、2、5、8、12、18次海水腐蚀干湿循环后,测试试件的单轴抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角,分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,（1）随着水泥掺量的增大,水泥加固淤泥土的单轴抗压强度和内聚力呈线性增大,而内摩擦角呈指数衰减;（2）随着海水干湿循环次数的增加,水泥加固淤泥土的抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角均呈现不断变小的变化规律;（3）水泥掺量的增大能够有效提高加固淤泥土的抗海水腐蚀能力。     

水泥红粘土抗冻性的试验研究

本文模拟了对具有一定掺量水泥土进行了室内冻融循环试验,测试了不同水泥掺量的水泥土在不同冻融循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度,以及掺加Ca(OH)2的情况下水泥土的无侧限抗压强度。分析了在冻融循环条件下,不同水泥掺量及掺加Ca(OH)2对水泥红粘土的抗冻性能的影响。结果表明:经过冻融循环后,对于未经Ca(OH)2改良的水泥红粘土试样,应力-应变曲线峰值明显降低;经Ca(OH)2改良的情况下,应力-应变曲线峰值降低较小。     

干湿循环条件下玄武岩纤维水泥土力学强度试验研究

为保证干湿条件下水泥土工程特性,在水泥土中掺入玄武岩纤维,研究水泥掺量、纤维掺量、干湿循环次数对水泥土力学强度的影响规律。结果表明,干湿条件下,随水泥掺量或纤维掺量的增加,水泥间接抗拉强度提高较抗压强度明显;同一干湿次数下,水泥掺量增加1%,纤维水泥土抗压强度、间接抗拉强度至少分别提高12%、15%;纤维掺量为0.3%的水泥土力学强度达到最大值,纤维掺量≤0.3%时,纤维掺量增加0.1%,抗压强度和间接抗拉强度分别平均提高了18%、26%;纤维水泥土力学强度均随干湿次数增加先增大后减小,干湿次数为5次时,力学强度达到最大值。     

干湿循环条件下水泥固化疏浚淤泥的物理力学特性

结合太湖疏浚淤泥的固化工程,对水泥掺量100 kg/m3、150 kg/m3和200 kg/m3的固化淤泥试样进行干湿循环试验,对经历不同干湿循环次数的固化淤泥试样进行抗剪强度和固结特性试验研究,分析了干湿循环影响机理,并定量评价了干湿循环的影响因素.结果表明:水泥掺量100 kg/m3的固化淤泥试样干湿循环后抗剪强度和屈服应力都出现下降的趋势,而水泥掺量150 kg/m3和200 kg/m3的固化淤泥试样干湿循环后抗剪强度和屈服应力都出现增大的趋势;水泥掺量越高,固化淤泥试样的抗剪强度和结构屈服应力越大.干湿循环对固化淤泥物理力学特性的影响受烘干温度和裂缝的双重作用,其综合影响结果取决于两者所占的比重.     

冻融循环作用下水泥+磷石膏改良湿陷性黄土力学特性试验

利用水泥+磷石膏复合材料对湿陷性黄土进行固化改良,并进行不同冻融循环次数下的力学性能研究,分别探索冻融循环作用下磷石膏-水泥改良湿陷性黄土的强度特征、渗透特性、水稳定性以及动力(抗震)特性.结果表明:随着磷石膏掺量的增加,改良黄土的抗压强度、水稳系数和临界动应力均呈先增加后减小的变化特征,渗透系数则表现为先减小后增大,...     

盐水与冻融耦合作用对玄武岩纤维水泥土性能影响研究

冻融循环作用与外界环境的侵蚀是影响水泥土强度的主要因素,探索如何提高水泥土在寒冷地区盐水侵蚀环境下的强度及其发展规律是一个重要的课题。通过盐冻试验和无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了玄武岩纤维水泥土在不同溶液(3.5%(质量分数,下同)NaCl溶液、3.5%Na₂SO₄溶液、3.5%(NaCl+Na₂SO₄)混合溶液、清水)与冻融循环作用耦合下的力学性质与表观特征,探讨了养护温度、侵蚀溶液类型、冻融循环次数等变量对水泥土性能的影响。在此基础上,采用Logistic生长模型,对不同环境下水泥土试块的强度进行回归分析。研究结果表明:低温养护环境会抑制水泥土强度的发展;随着冻融次数的增加,试块出现了不同程度的质量损失、表面破坏,以及无侧限抗压强度降低的现象;在相同冻融次数下,玄武岩纤维水泥土的破坏程度由强到弱依次为硫酸盐冻＞混合盐冻＞氯盐冻＞水冻;而掺入玄武岩纤维可使水泥土经历更多次的冻融循环,有效降低强度损失率,提高水泥土的抗冻性;通过回归分析,得到不同试验组的强度衰减模型和预期强度。     

掺预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥土的抗剪强度和浸出毒性试验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行水洗和硫酸亚铁预处理,将其掺入水泥固化软土中,通过三轴固结不排水试验和浸出毒性试验研究不同飞灰/水泥配比下所制得试样的抗剪强度和重金属浸出毒性,通过电镜扫描试验分析了掺垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土的微观特性,讨论了垃圾焚烧飞灰作为水泥土外掺剂的可行性.试验结果表明:相同水泥掺量下,随着飞灰含量增加,水泥土的抗剪强度增加,致密性和整体性增强.当水泥和飞灰掺量均为10％时,水泥土抗剪强度提高最显著.掺入垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出浓度符合《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007).研究成果可为垃圾焚烧飞灰的工程应用提供理论依据和参数支持.     

季冻区粉煤灰加固路基土力学性能试验研究

为探究冻融循环作用对粉煤灰加固路基土力学性能影响,对冻融循环次数、含水率、粉煤灰掺量不同的盐渍土开展无侧限抗压试验和三轴剪切试验,研究冻融循环后土体的应力-应变曲线、无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化情况。使用Design-Expert 8.0软件,研究冻融循环次数、粉煤灰掺量、含水率及各因素交互作用对盐渍土力学性质影响的显著性程度。结果表明:多次冻融循环后,盐渍土无侧限抗压强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均有下降,经历1~7次冻融循环时,土体各力学参数下降速率较快;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,盐渍土的内摩擦角、黏聚力、无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度呈现出先升高后下降的变化趋势。基于显著性分析理论,冻融循环次数与含水率的交互作用对盐渍土无侧限抗压强度和黏聚力的影响较为显著,粉煤灰掺量与冻融循环次数的交互作用仅对无侧限抗压强度影响较为显著。为提高路基土强度及抗冻融的能力,加快粉煤灰综合利用进度,根据软件和公式模拟结果,推荐在路基土中依据质量比掺加15%粉煤灰,并将经历7次冻融循环后压实盐渍土的力学指标作为工程设计参考值。     

盐冻融与干湿作用下沥青混凝土的高低温力学性能分析

制备了沥青混凝土样品,并进行了不同次数的盐冻融干湿循环试验。在此基础上,测试了沥青混凝土的高温车辙深度、动稳定度和低温抗弯拉强度,得到了车辙深度、动稳定度和抗弯拉强度随盐冻融干湿循环次和盐浓度的变化规律,研究了盐冻融与干湿作用下沥青混凝土的高低温力学性能。研究结果表明:(1)沥青混凝土60min车辙深度随盐浓度的增加和冻融循环次数的增多而呈线性增长的趋势;(2)沥青混凝土的抗高温变形能力随盐冻融干湿循环次数的增多而逐渐弱化;(3)沥青混凝土的抗弯拉强度经历9次和15次盐冻融干湿循环后分别下降22%~26.4%和42.6%~51.5%;(4)冻融干湿循环次数一定时,沥青混凝土的抗弯拉强度随盐浓度的增加而缓慢下降,并且当盐浓度达到12%时,沥青混凝土的抗弯拉强度减小就很不明显。     

Role of fatigue in damage development of refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity

Refractories insulation of industrial furnaces often fail under repetitive thermal shock. Degradation of silica refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity was studied. The load variation was achieved by utilisation of geometrically similar samples of different dimensions. Finite element method modelling predicted loads developing during the test. Resulting damage was determined by the ultrasound velocity and crack patterns. Tests involving up to 150 cycles demonstrated the role of fatigue in enabling sub-critical crack formation and countering the crack arrest. Repetitive cycles reduce crack wake friction and intensify loading due to crack debris re-location. Damage saturation, sigmoidal and near-exponential damage growth was typical for low, intermediate and high loads, respectively. Similar trends of damage accumulation were observed in mechanical displacement controlled cyclic fatigue tests performed in wedge splitting set-up. Strain and strain energy based criteria of thermal shock intensity seem to have complimentary value in predicting the crack formation and growth. Thermal shock damage after the first cycle seems to be an effective parameter to predict overall resistance to the degradation in the sample. Load reduction due to previous crack formation related to the fatigue potential for subsequent crack development can explain the crack size variation typically observed in refractories after multiple thermal shocks. For thermal shock tests, the variation of sample size, instead of the temperature interval, is a suitable alternative for refractories with strongly temperature dependant material properties.     

Influence of the matrix microstructure on the mechanical properties of CVI-infiltrated carbon fiber felts

The correlation between the matrix microstructure and the mechanical properties of CVI-infiltrated carbon fiber felts was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and three-point bending tests. The results of these investigations show a correlation between (a) the content of highly textured pyrocarbon in the matrix and the quasi-ductile fracture behavior of the samples and (b) the thickness of the low textured pyrocarbon layers beneath the fibers and the measured flexural strengths. Fractographic investigations using SEM showed that toughness increase results from multiple crack deflections at the interface between numerous ‘sublayers’ forming the highly textured pyrocarbon. The increase of flexural strength could be explained by a thicker, so called ‘virtual’ fiber.     

In-situ tensile tests under SEM and X-ray computed micro-tomography aimed at studying a self-healing matrix composite submitted to different thermomechanical cycles

Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) based on SiC fibres and matrix is gradually introduced in aeronautical application, mostly in hottest parts of engines. Three dimensional (3D) structured materials are good candidates for complex parts such as turbine blades. Material is submitted to mechanical stresses at high temperatures in oxidizing and corrosive environments for long durations. During thermomechanical cycles, damage, oxidation and healing-phenomenon occur and develop in the material. X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) and tensile test under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are experimental means to study these phenomenons. These techniques are implemented for the understanding of the behaviour of the oxide (solid or liquid) in the crack of the material. The influence of the oxide in the crack was analyzed during tensile test under SEM or μCT. The observation allows to determine the influence of the oxide on the reclosure of the crack during the unloading.     

Effect of thermal degradation on the mechanical properties of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/1,3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane (DGEBA/1,3-BAC) epoxy resin system

The effect of thermal degradation on the mechanical properties of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/1,3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane (1,3-BAC) epoxy system, cured with two different curing cycles—a short cycle and a long cycle—were studied using tensile and Izod impact experiments and scanning electronic microscopy, SEM, observations. From these experiments it can be noted a loss of mechanical properties of the material cured with both cycles with aging time, although the material cured with the long cycle presents better properties at any aging time. This better behavior can be explained from the time temperature transformation, TTT, diagram of this system. A good correlation was observed between the decrease in the intensity of the peak of β transition in tan δ curve obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA, and the decrease of the Izod impact strength when thermal aging is increasing. Also, a good correlation can be found between the increase in the fragility of the material with aging time and the morphology of fractured surfaces observed by SEM. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1841–1849, 1997     

Damage evaluation and deformation behavior of mine tailing-based Geopolymer under uniaxial cyclic compression

Geopolymerized mine tailings (MTs), as an alternative to reuse the mine wastes, can be used for construction materials (e.g., geopolymer concrete and bricks) depending on their mechanical properties. Their strength values, which can range from a couple of MPa to tens of MPa, are significant evidence for their application in the construction industry. In practice, geopolymers activated with different NaOH molarities can significantly affect the mechanical properties of MTs. The mechanical behavior of geopolymers under monotonic loading also has been widely investigated. However, the potential hazard of the exposure of geopolymer concrete/bricks to cyclic loading has received limited attention. This paper presents a study we conducted on geopolymers made by activation of MTs under cyclic loading to understand their crack and damage behaviors, including the influence of factors such as NaOH molarity and loading patterns. The influence of NaOH molarity on the elastic and plastic strains of the geopolymer specimen at different cycles was explored. A series of unconfined compression tests of cubic specimens with different NaOH molarities as well as microscopic investigations and observations via XRD, FTIR, and SEM were carried out in this study. The Young's modulus of the geopolymer was found to increase followed by a decrease with the cycles for all the selected NaOH molarities. The geopolymers activated with lowest NaOH molarity were first to start damage and activated with the highest NaOH molarity were the last to damage. The damage variable was shown to increase rapidly at the initial cycles and then gradually approached the maximum value.     

Crack Initiation by Indentation Fatigue in Lead Alkali and Soda–Lime Glass

An indentation technique using a conventional Vickers microhardness tester was used to evaluate fatigue properties of lead-alkali and soda-lime silica glasses. The specimens were indented repeatedly at the same point with subcritical loads until radial cracks were initiated. The number of cycles to initiate the cracks at different subcritical loads demonstrated typical fatigue curves for both glasses. The uniqueness of the experiment was that the diagonal lengths of the deformed cavity were observed to increase with the number of cycles. This increase of the deformed cavity for a certain number of cycles prior to the visibility of crack initiation was analyzed, correlating the elastic-plastic phenomenon and the accumulation of the residual stress in each cycle.     

Enhanced fatigue life of carbon nanotube‐reinforced epoxy composites

The effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) inclusion on cyclic fatigue behavior and the residual mechanical properties of epoxy composites after different degrees of fatigue have been studied. Tension–tension cyclic fatigue tests were conducted at various load levels (25–50 MPa) to establish the relationship between stress and the number of cycles to failure (S–N curves). The residual strength and modulus were measured after loading at 30 MPa for 5000, 15,000, and 25,000 cycles. The incorporation of a small amount of CNTs increased the fatigue life of epoxy in the high‐cycle, low‐stress‐amplitude regime by 1550%. Micrographs indicate the key mechanisms for enhancement in fatigue life such as CNT crack‐bridging and pullout. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:1882–1887, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers