烷基糖苷与辛基咪唑啉复配体系的性能研究

用烷基糖苷APG0810与两性离子表面活性剂辛基咪唑啉进行复配,测定了复配体系的表面活性、泡沫性能、润湿力和乳化性能。结果表明,APG0810与辛基咪唑啉的复配体系具有一定的协同增效作用。当m(APG0810)∶m(辛基咪唑啉)=5∶1时,对表面活性的增效作用最好,其临界胶束浓度(cmc)为577.53 mg/L,最低表面张力(γcmc)为28.20 m N/m。同时,通过与APG0810进行复配,辛基咪唑啉的润湿力和乳化性能均得到改善,并且在m(APG0810)∶m(辛基咪唑啉)=5∶1时,效果达到最好。     

2-十一烷基-N-羧甲基-N-羟乙基咪唑啉的合成及性能

以月桂酸、羟乙基乙二胺为原料,合成了十一烷基羟乙基咪唑啉,再与季铵化试剂氯乙酸乙酯反应合成了低盐含量的2-十一烷基-N-羧甲基-N-羟乙基咪唑啉(LSUHCI)。用FT-IR和质谱表征了十一烷基羟乙基咪唑啉中间体结构,并进行了组分定性定量分析,用FT-IR和1H?NMR表征了LSUHCI的结构,研究对比了其与普通型2-十一烷基-N-羧甲基-N-羟乙基咪唑啉(UHCI)的物化性能。结果表明,LSUHCI中NaCl含量为1.3%,是一种低盐型表面活性剂,LSUHCI的平衡表面张力(γcmc)为27.52?mN/m,临界胶束浓度(cmc)、润湿性和乳化性均优于UHCI,发泡性和稳泡性比UHCI差。     

羧酸盐型咪唑啉磷酸酯的合成与结构表征

以脂肪酸、羟乙基乙二胺、丙烯酸乙酯、五氧化二磷和氢氧化钠等为原料合成了一种羧酸盐型咪唑啉磷酸酯两性表面活性剂。研究了反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量对反应的影响,通过IR和HNMR对其结构进行了表征,并采用K12表面(界面)张力仪测定了其水溶液的表面张力。结果表明:最终产品中磷酸酯的含量为84%,该咪唑啉两性表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为17.64 mg/L,最低表面张力(γcmc)可达28.58 mN/m。     

烷基糖苷羟丙基磺酸盐和咪唑啉复配性能研究

研究了烷基糖苷羟丙基磺酸盐阴离子表面活性剂(APGHPS)和咪唑啉两性离子表面活性剂(IMD)复配体系的稳定性、表面活性、泡沫性能、润湿性能和耐硬水性能。结果表明:APGHPS和IMD复配体系稳定性好;复配体系表现出良好的协同增效作用,当n(APGHPS)∶n(IMD)=1∶1时,增效作用最为明显,此时临界胶束浓度cmc=8.81×10~(-5)mol/L,最低表面张力γcmc=26.2 m N/m,均低于单一组分;复配体系的泡沫性能、润湿性能和耐硬水性能都较单一组分表面活性剂有所提高。     

妥尔油酸咪唑啉磺酸盐的合成及性能研究

分别用妥尔油脂肪酸FA1和FA2与羟乙基乙二胺、3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠反应,合成了妥尔油酸咪唑啉磺酸盐TOS-1和TOS-2,测试了物化性能。研究表明,TOS-1的表面张力γ_(cmc)为29.65 mN/m,临界胶束浓度cmc为8.75 mg/L,TOS-2的表面张力γ_(cmc)为29.64 mN/m,临界胶束浓度cmc为23.77 mg/L,TOS-1的临界胶束浓度小于TOS-2,润湿性、乳化性能均优于TOS-2,泡沫低于TOS-2,是一类稳泡性较好的表面活性剂。     

咪唑啉基季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以环氧氯丙烷为连接剂,油酸、二乙烯三胺分别为疏水和亲水基团的初始原料合成了一种咪唑啉基季铵盐型双子表面活性剂,通过IR1、HNMR确证了目标产物结构。研究了其在水溶液中对苯的乳化力、稳泡能力、亲水亲油平衡值、表面张力的影响。动态激光散射法测试了双子咪唑啉基季铵盐乳化制备O/W型乳状液的乳胶粒径尺寸,利用双子表面活性剂作为乳化剂,油酸为分散相。静态失重法评价了双子表面活性剂作为缓蚀剂对Q235钢在质量分数8%溶液中的缓蚀性能。结果表明,所合成的双子咪唑啉基季铵盐具有较好的表面活性,临界胶束浓度CMC约为2×10-4mol/L,γCMC为31.40 mN/m,HLB值为14.2,对苯的乳化能力及稳泡性能良好。该乳液稳定,在25~50℃时,O/W乳液的胶粒尺寸在216~236 nm,是一种性能良好的O/W型乳化剂。失重法测定结果表明,该双子咪唑啉基季铵盐型表面活性剂缓蚀性能优于相应单链咪唑啉季铵盐表面活性剂。     

Bola型非对称阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以α,ω-二溴代烷、丁基咪唑和三丁基膦为原料经过二步反应合成了3种Bola型非对称阳离子表面活性剂。中间体1-(12-溴十二烷基)-3-丁基咪唑溴盐的较佳合成工艺条件为:n(丁基咪唑)∶n(1,12-二溴十二烷)∶n(四丁基碘化铵)=1∶1.5∶0.005,异丙醇作溶剂,反应温度65℃,反应时间6 h;Bola型表面活性剂的合成工艺条件为:n(1-(12-溴十二烷基)-3-丁基咪唑溴盐)∶n(三丁基膦)=1.05∶1,微波辅助反应,反应温度80℃,反应时间12 h。所合成的Bola型表面活性剂表现出了优良的表面活性,30℃时cmc在5.7×10-3~8.7×10-2mol·L-1之间、γcmc在30~36 m N·m-1之间;随着碳链长度的增长,其cmc,γcmc及分子最小横截面积(Amin)逐渐减小,饱和吸附量(Γmax)和吸附效率(pc20)逐渐增大。     

一种三硅氧烷硫酸盐表面活性剂的合成及性能

以1,1,1,3,5,5,5 -七甲基三硅氧烷(TSO)、甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯和氨基磺酸为原料合成了一种三硅氧烷硫酸盐表面活性剂;通过IR和1HNMR对合成的中间体及最终产物的结构进行了表征,并对其表面活性、泡沫性能和渗透性能等进行了测试.结果表明,三硅氧烷硫酸盐表面活性剂的最低表面张力(γcmc)为23.3 mN· m-1,临界胶束浓度(cmc)为3.16×10-2 tmol·L-1;该表面活性剂有较好的渗透性能,但是起泡性和稳泡性不强.     

一种漆脂基季铵盐双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以漆脂、环氧氯丙烷、二乙醇铵、1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,合成了一种漆脂基季铵盐双子表面活性剂。采用红外光谱、核磁共振碳氢谱对其结构进行分析,并对产物的表面性能进行分析。结果表明:合成产物临界胶束浓度(cmc)为5×10-4mol·L-1,表面张力(γ)可达33.6 mN·m-1;当质量分数为0.1%时,分出5 mL水的时间为10 min;表面张力和乳化性能与传统的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)相当。     

表面活性剂/碱/聚合物的乳化降黏实验研究

以辽河油田某区块稠油为主要研究对象,为了便于开采和输送,通过复配表面活性剂,研究其对稠油的降黏效果,选出最优降黏剂配方。采用的表面活性剂有非离子表面活性剂AEO-15、月桂两性离子表面活性剂咪唑啉。结果表明,单独使用AEO-15,质量分数为0.5%时稠油乳状液黏度最低,降黏率达到76.6%,将质量分数为1%的咪唑啉型两性离子表面活性剂与质量分数为0.5%的AEO-15乳化剂溶液按1∶1体积比复配,降黏效果最佳,可使降黏率达到92.7%,将质量分数为0.6%的无机碱碳酸钠溶液按体积比1∶1∶1复配到其中,可使稠油获得更优的降黏效果,降黏率高达95.0%,此外,聚合物HPAM有利于增强乳状液稳定性。表面活性剂可以降低油水界面张力,Na_2CO_3降低界面张力的效果较好,聚合物HPAM不能降低界面张力,自身通过分子链形成空间网状结构,联结周围的油滴,活性剂附着在HPAM分子链上,不利于降低油水界面张力。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.