柴油加氢改质技术研究进展

目前,深加工柴油硫、氮和芳烃含量较高,十六烷值低,工业生产中采用添加十六烷值改进剂和利用催化改质技术提高十六烷值。综述催化改质技术中柴油加氢改质技术的研究进展,介绍近年来国内外用于提高柴油十六烷值的加氢改质工艺。     

催化柴油加氢转化生产高附加值油品工业应用及经济效益分析

催化裂化柴油多环芳烃含量高,十六烷值非常低,属于劣质柴油馏分。采用中国石化大连石油化工研究院开发的"高芳烃含量催化柴油转化"技术,以催化柴油为原料生产高附加值高辛烷值汽油调和组分,很好适应炼油行业油品结构调整的趋势。工业应用结果表明,采用该技术后,装置经济效益显著增加。     

减压蜡油加氢裂化工艺柴油产品十六烷值的分析与预测

考察了现有十六烷指数计算公式对多产中间馏分油型加氢裂化催化剂柴油的适用性,提出了计算多产中间馏分油型加氢裂化催化剂柴油十六烷值与轻油转化率、链烷烃含量、环烷烃含量、芳烃含量和密度的关联式。结果表明:采用常用计算十六烷值公式、石油化工行业标准SH/T0694、国家标准GB11139和ASTM D976-80方法计算得到的十六烷值的偏差分别为0.97、0.91、0.84和0.96,当实测的十六烷值越小时,采用上述方法计算十六烷值的偏差越大,均不能有效预测多产中间馏分油型加氢裂化催化剂柴油的十六烷值;所建关联式能够很好地预测多产中间馏分油型加氢裂化催化剂柴油的十六烷值,计算十六烷值与实测十六烷值偏差不超过5%。     

催化柴油馏分组成及其改质方法综述

随着人们对环境的重视生产清洁柴油成为炼油行业的重要任务。催化柴油(LCO)在柴油池中约占1/3,具有硫含量高、芳烃含量高、密度大、十六烷值低的特点,成为制约柴油质量提高的重要因素。本文介绍了催化柴油的特点和国内外改质LCO的新技术,改质LCO不仅可以生产高辛烷值汽油和超低硫优质柴油,还可以生产轻质芳烃的原料。     

提高催化裂化柴油十六烷值技术探讨及应用

随着柴油质量标准的不断升级,催化裂化柴油因十六烷值低、芳烃含量高等特点,加工难度日趋增大。研究学者针对提高催化裂化柴油十六烷值开发出加氢改质、加氢转化、加氢处理-催化裂化组合、加氢裂化掺炼催化柴油等技术,各类技术在产品结构、产品质量、改造难度等方面各具特色。炼油企业可根据自身的需求选择适宜的技术,以实现柴油质量升级。某企业在应用了加氢裂化掺炼催化柴油技术、加氢处理-催化裂化组合技术后,柴油十六烷值有所提升,车用柴油比例由60%提升至94%,在每月加工1万t外购催化柴油的情况下,车用柴油比例仍维持80%以上。     

重芳烃高效转化生产轻芳烃技术

催化裂化柴油中富集了60%～80%的芳烃,导致催化裂化柴油密度大、十六烷值低,难以通过常规加氢改质技术来生产清洁柴油。本文主要介绍了中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院开发的一种利用富含芳烃的催化裂化柴油来生产轻芳烃的高效加氢转化FD2G新技术。该技术通过对加氢催化剂和工艺技术的组合优化实现了对催化裂化柴油的选择性加氢,可以将催化裂化柴油中富含的重质芳烃高效地转化为轻芳烃等高附加值的产品,为高芳烃含量的催化裂化柴油改质提供了一条经济、有效的加工途径。研究结果表明,应用催化柴油加氢转化FD2G技术加工高芳烃含量的催化柴油,可以生产30％～50％的优质催化重整原料,该馏分中C6～C9芳烃含量超过50%,BTX含量可以达到32%,同时改质柴油质量与原料相比改善幅度较大。     

催化柴油对柴油质量升级的影响及相关措施建议

目前柴油质量升级已成为国内炼油企业迫切需要解决的问题。催化柴油由于芳烃含量高、十六烷值低,是柴油质量升级的难点和重点。文章重点从柴油产品硫含量、十六烷值、密度和颜色等指标研究催化柴油对柴油质量升级的影响,结合当前催化柴油的主要加氢提质技术,针对不同类型炼油企业,综合考虑全厂流程及装置结构,提出相应的加工建议。     

柴油电催化加氢与氧化脱硫的系统集成

柴油中硫和多环芳烃含量要求越来越严,由于二苯并噻吩类硫化物的空间位阻导致传统的催化加氢难以实现以上目标。本文以泡沫铅为阴极,以石墨为阳极,在CH₃CN+EtOH+H₂O+Bu₄NBr电解体系中可以将柴油中多环芳烃的电解加氢和含硫化合物的电解氧化脱除集成。在该电解体系中泡沫铅电极上柴油电解加氢主要是温和的加氢,电解加氢后氢含量增加了1.1%,三环芳烃蒽类和菲类减少3.3%,但是总芳烃含量变化不大,十六烷值增加3.9。在石墨阳极上柴油中硫化物容易电解氧化,氧化产物砜类不能完全由电解体系萃取脱除,进一步通过活性炭吸附可以将柴油硫含量由884 μg·g^-1降低至44 μg·g^-1。     

H2O2-HCOOH-活性炭氧化脱硫体系对柴油组分影响

H2O2-HCOOH-活性炭氧化体系可深度脱除柴油中噻吩类硫化物[1],但是否会破坏柴油中的有效成分,尚未见报道。本文用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定柴油的组分及含量,旨在分析柴油品质的变化。结果表明:该体系可减少柴油中芳烃和烯烃的含量,提高烷烃所占比例,对柴油成分的影响是积极的。     

煤直接液化油多环烷烃择形开环及催化剂研究进展

由于煤直接液化柴油组分中直链烷烃含量低、环烷烃含量高,十六烷值偏低,限制了其作为优质柴油使用,而环烷烃选择性开环技术是提高柴油质量的重要手段。介绍了煤直接液化柴油的组成特性,总结了煤直接液化油双环芳烃、三环芳烃及多环烷烃选择性加氢开环的反应机理,阐述了择形开环催化剂氧化物类载体与分子筛类载体、非贵金属活性组分与贵金属活性组分的优缺点,最后展望了多环烷烃选择性开环催化剂的研究方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。