Performance analysis of an enhanced DQRUMA/MC-CDMA protocol for voice traffic

The original distributed-queueing request update multiple-access (DQRUMA)/multicode code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) protocol was developed as a channel access protocol for wireless packet CDMA networks. This protocol has recently attracted considerable attention. We modify the original protocol, which was designed for data traffic only, to additionally accommodate voice traffic and call it the A-Protocol. We propose a new packet CDMA protocol that enhances the A-Protocol by improving the utilization of receivers in a base station and call it the E-Protocol. In the E-Protocol, an access request is attempted with a randomly chosen code at a request minislot. We analytically evaluate the performance of both protocols and compare analytical results with computer simulation. Analytical results agree well with simulation results.     

An efficient demand-assignment multiple access protocol for wireless packet (ATM) networks

In a wireless packet (ATM) network that supports an integrated mix of multimedia traffic, the channel access protocol needs to be designed such that mobiles share the limited communications bandwidth in an efficient manner: maximizing the utilization of the frequency spectrum and minimizing the delay experienced by mobiles. In this paper, we propose and study an efficient demand-assignment channel access protocol, which we call Distributed-Queueing Request Update Multiple Access (DQRUMA). The protocol can be used for a wide range of applications and geographic distances. Mobiles need to send requests to the base station only for packets that arrive to an empty buffer. For packets that arrive to a non-empty buffer, transmission requests are placed collision-free by piggybacking the requests with packet transmissions. The simulation results show that even with the worst possible traffic characteristics, the delay-throughput performance of DQRUMA is close to the best possible with any access protocol. In addition, explicit slot-by-slot announcement of the transmit permissions gives the base station complete control over the order in which mobiles transmit their packets. This important feature helps the base station satisfy diverse Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements in a wireless ATM network.     

Multi-Rate Access Schemes for MC-CDMA

In order to accommodate different types of traffic in future wirelesscommunications, it is necessary to consider a system, which can operatesatisfactorily at multiple transmission rates. Due to its capability to copewith the hostile frequency selective fading, that limits transmission rate,and its suitability to handle multi-rate data, multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA)has recently drawn considerable attention as a suitable candidate forsupporting multimedia services in wireless communications. Multi-rate accessschemes where users are able to transmit at different data rates on MC-CDMAsystems are presented in this paper. Four multi-rate access schemes: uncodedfixed spreading length (UFSL), coded fixed spreading length (CFSL), multi-codefixed spreading length (MFSL) and variable spreading length (VSL) schemes areproposed. With these schemes, different traffic such as voice, video and highrate data can be transmitted seamlessly through one MC-CDMA infrastructure.A chip-level minimum mean square error combining (MMSEC) technique is employedfor joint energy combining and interference cancellation purpose. Theperformance of these schemes with MMSEC is compared by both theoreticalderivations and simulation results under frequency selective Rayleigh fadingchannels.     

Intercell Radio Interference Studies in Broadband Wireless Access Networks

Capacity has become of primary importance in broadband wireless access (BWA) networks due to the ever-increasing demand for multimedia services and the possibility of providing wireless Internet, leading to their standardization by IEEE (802.16 WirelessMAN) and ETSI (BRAN HIPERACCESS). The major factor limiting capacity in such systems is interference originating from adjacent cells, namely intercell interference. This paper presents a general analysis of intercell interference for a spectrally efficient BWA cellular configuration. It examines the statistical properties of the carrier-to-interference ratio in both downstream and upstream channels. The focus is on the spatial inhomogeneity of rain attenuation over multiple paths, which is the dominant fading mechanism in the frequency range above 20 GHz, especially when two-layered [i.e., line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS] architectures are involved. Besides attenuation from precipitation, various architectural and propagation aspects of local multipoint distribution service systems are investigated through simulations, and worst-case interference scenarios are identified     

Blind channel estimation in multi-rate CDMA systems

Multi-rate CDMA is a potentially attractive multiple access method for future broad-band multimedia wireless networks that must support integrated voice/data traffic. The primary impairment for such multi-rate systems is the multipath nature of radio channels that results in intra-user inter-chip interference (ICI) and multi-user interference (MUI) between different users' symbols. Explicit knowledge of the channel is typically needed for high performance detectors (such as coherent demodulation). We propose a subspace method for channel estimation in multi-rate CDMA systems. A unified signal model that applies to three multi-rate CDMA schemes proposed in the literature is developed. The computational complexity for multi-rate scenarios is large and variable-accordingly, a modified approach is devised that offers performance/complexity trade-offs. Performance analysis is conducted based on a close-form expression for the mean square error of the estimator, supported by simulation results that investigate the effectiveness of our method     

Average block error probability of multicell CDMA packet networks with fast power control under multipath fading

We derive the average block error probability of multicell code-division multiple access (CDMA) packet networks with fast power control under multipath fading. Unlike many previous works, we consider that users are connected to a base station on a minimum attenuation basis. An analytical approach for the calculation of the intracell and intercell statistics is presented. By making use of these expressions, the mean block error probability is analyzed as a function of the number of resolvable paths and the number of base stations to which mobiles can connect.     

Rate, Sub-Carrier, and Power Allocations for Multi-Carrier CDMA with LMMSE Multiuser Detection

Multi-carrier code-division-multiple-access (MC-CDMA) is a promising transmission technique for high-speed wireless multimedia communication in frequency-selective fading channels. In this letter, allocations of physical transmission rate, sub-carrier, and power are proposed for a MC-CDMA system that applies multi-code (MC)/variable-spreading-length (VSL) multi-rate access to minimize total transmitted power, where we consider users have different data rate and BER.requirements and LMMSE multiuser detection is used in the receivers. We derive transmission rate capacity and propose a simple admission control criterion that linearly relates the code length, data rate and BER requests of all users. The proposed iterative allocation algorithm jointly allocates the sub-carrier power of each user and solves the sub-carrier allocation problem     

Optimal location area design to minimize registration signaling traffic in wireless systems

A new scheme is developed for optimal location area design in wireless systems. New algorithms based on intercell traffic prediction and traffic-based cell grouping are used to select the optimal set of cells for location areas (LAs). The expected intercell movement patterns of mobiles are determined by using the new intercell traffic prediction algorithm. Further, the cells are partitioned into LAs by applying the new traffic-based cell grouping algorithm where the cell pairs with higher intercell mobile traffic are grouped into the same LA. Hence, the inter-LA mobile traffic is decreased by increasing the intra-LA mobile traffic. Experimental results show that this cell grouping algorithm reduces the number of location updates by 27 percent to 36 percent on average compared to proximity-based cell grouping schemes.     

A nonpreemptive priority-based access control scheme for broadbandad hoc wireless ATM local area networks

The DQRUMA (distributed-queueing request update multiple access) protocol has been considered as an access protocol for the BAHAMA (broadband ad hoc wireless ATM local area network). However, it cannot support the service discipline of integrated multimedia traffic since it does not include any priority and access control policy. In this paper, we propose a nonpreemptive priority-based access control scheme for the DQRUMA protocol. Under such a scheme, modifying the CSMA/CA protocol in the contention period supports many levels of priorities such that user mobility (handoff) can be supported in BAHAMA. Besides, the proposed transmit-permission policy and adaptive bandwidth allocation scheme provide various QoS (quality-of-service) guarantees while maintaining high bandwidth utilization. Simulations show that it provides a good performance in ad hoc wireless ATM LAN environments     

Extended Performance Evaluation of PRADOS: A Scheduling Algorithm for Traffic Integration in a Wireless ATM Network

The MAC protocol, known as MASCARA (Mobile Access Scheme based on Contention And Reservation for ATM), is an infrastructure-based, adaptive TDMA scheme, which combines reservation- and contention-based access methods to provide multiple access efficiency and Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees to wireless ATM terminal connections that share a common radio channel. Radio channel sharing is performed by the PRADOS (Prioritized Regulated Allocation Delay Oriented Scheduling) algorithm. In this paper we assess the capability of PRADOS to guarantee to voice and data traffic types the QoS they need. The analysis leads to the conclusion that PRADOS cannot avoid the interference between the various types of traffic. A criterion to alleviate this drawback is also outlined at the end of the paper.     

基于多码CDMA系统的综合业务接入控制方案

结合多码CDMA随机接入系统的信道特点，针对上行链路中多速率业务并行传输的问题，提出了一套综合业务接入控制方案。     

A unified framework for the study of wireless packet access in thepresence of slow propagation impairments

The paper introduces a unified analytical framework which allows accurate study of multiple access performance in wireless packet systems. The method is based on the analysis of the interference statistics and takes into account slowly varying shadowing and best base station assignment, as well as the effect of the nonuniform traffic distribution induced transmission failures. As an example of application of the technique, two protocols are considered: (1) the classic slotted ALOHA, for which a comprehensive study in a realistic wireless environment has not yet been presented, despite the many analyses published in the past; and (2) the capture division packet access (CDPA). An important conclusion of our study is that if power control and best cell site assignment are jointly used, the performance loss due to slow shadowing is almost negligible     

Joint interference coordination approach in femtocell networks for QoS performance optimization

Future heterogeneous networks with dense cell deployment may cause high intercell interference. A number of interference coordination (IC) approaches have been proposed to reduce intercell interference. For dense small‐cell deployment with high intercell interference between cells, traditional forward link IC approaches intended to improve edge user throughput for best effort traffic (ie, file transfer protocol download), may not necessarily improve quality of service performance for delay‐sensitive traffic such as voice over long‐term evolution traffic. This study proposes a dynamic, centralized joint IC approach to improve forward link performance for delay‐sensitive traffic on densely deployed enterprise‐wide long‐term evolution femtocell networks. This approach uses a 2‐level scheme: central and femtocell. At the central level, the algorithm aims to maximize network utility (the utility‐based approach) and minimize network outage (the graphic‐based approach) by partitioning the network into clusters and conducting an exhaustive search for optimized resource allocation solutions among femtocells (femto access points) within each cluster. At the femtocell level, in contrast, the algorithm uses existing static approaches, such as conventional frequency reuse (ReUse3) or soft frequency reuse (SFR) to further improve user equipment quality of service performance. This combined approach uses utility‐ and graphic‐based SFR and ReUse3 (USFR/GSFR and UReUse3/GReUse3, respectively). The cell and edge user throughput of best effort traffic and the packet loss rate of voice over long‐term evolution traffic have been characterized and compared using both the proposed and traditional IC approaches.     

Multicell CDMA network design

Traditional design rules for cellular networks are not directly applicable to code division multiple access (CDMA) networks where intercell interference is not mitigated by cell placement and careful frequency planning. For transmission quality requirements, a minimum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) must be achieved. The base-station location, its pilot-signal power (which determines the size of the cell), and the transmission power of the mobiles all affect the received SIR. In addition, because of the need for power control in CDMA networks, large cells can cause a lot of interference to adjacent small cells, posing another constraint to design. In order to maximize the network capacity associated with a design, we develop a methodology to calculate the sensitivity of capacity to base-station location, pilot-signal power, and transmission power of each mobile. To alleviate the problem caused by different cell sizes, we introduce the power compensation factor, by which the nominal power of the mobiles in every cell is adjusted. We then use the calculated sensitivities in an iterative algorithm to determine the optimal locations of the base stations, pilot-signal powers, and power compensation factors in order to maximize the capacity. We show examples of how networks using these design techniques provide higher capacity than those designed using traditional techniques     

High-performance MC-CDMA via carrier interferometry codes

This paper introduces the principles of interferometry to multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA). Specifically, we propose the use of MC-CDMA with novel carrier interferometry (CI) complex spreading codes. The CI/MC-CDMA method, applied to mobile wireless communication systems, offers enhanced performance and flexibility relative to MC-CDMA with conventional spreading codes. Specifically, assuming a frequency selective Rayleigh-fading channel, CI/MC-CDMAs performance matches that of orthogonal MC-CDMA using Hadamard-Walsh codes up to the MC-CDMA N user limit; and, CI/MC-CDMA provides the added flexibility of going beyond N users, adding up to N-1 additional users with pseudo orthogonal positioning. When compared to MC-CDMA schemes capable of supporting greater than N users, CI/MC-CDMAs performance exceeds that of MC-CDMA. Additionally, this new system is analyzed in the presence of phase jitters and frequency offsets and is shown to be robust to both cases     

基于LS码的MC-CDMA系统抗多址干扰分析

LS码是一种具有正交互补性质的多址码,相关性能优良,因此可以用于克服符号间干扰（ISI）和多址干扰（MAI）。它提出了一种克服多载波码分多址（MC-CDMA）系统多址干扰的LS码接入法,并对采用这两种码的MC-CDMA系统进行仿真对比,对比结果表明：相关函数特性好的LS码序列具有较好的正交性更适合于同步的MC-CDMA系统,其克服多址干扰性能较MC-Walsh-CDMA系统强。     

一种CDMA网络多业务的呼叫允许控制算法

现今无线网络中的多媒体业务具有很大需求。该文对多业务CDMA通信系统容量进行分析,引入有效带宽概念,提出一种呼叫允许控制资源分配优化算法(CAC-RA)。此算法将多媒体业务分为实时业务和非实时业务,通过对自适应实时业务采用马尔科夫模型,对非实时业务采用排队模型,将两模型合并生成的的利益函数采用非线性规划,使呼叫允许控制、切换策略和资源分配问题同时得到解决。实验数据显示CAC-RA算法实现了合理的资源利用和最大的利益值,能较好地适应多业务CDMA网络。     

End-to-End Adaptive QoS Provisioning over GPRS Wireless Mobile Network

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offers performance guaranteed packet data services to mobile users over wireless frequency-division duplex links with time division multiple access, and core packet data networks. This paper presents a dynamic adaptive guaranteed Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning scheme over GPRS wireless mobile links by proposing a guaranteed QoS media access control (GQ-MAC) protocol and an accompanying adaptive prioritized-handoff call admission control (AP-CAC) protocol to maintain GPRS QoS guarantees under the effect of mobile handoffs. The GQ-MAC protocol supports bounded channel access delay for delay-sensitive traffic, bounded packet loss probability for loss-sensitive traffic, and dynamic adaptive resource allocation for bursty traffic with peak bandwidth allocation adapted to the current queue length. The AP-CAC protocol provides dynamic adaptive prioritized admission by differentiating handoff requests with higher admission priorities over new calls via a dynamic multiple guard channels scheme, which dynamically adapts the capacity reserved for dealing with handoff requests based on the current traffic conditions in the neighboring radio cells. Integrated services (IntServ) QoS provisioning over the IP/ATM-based GPRS core network is realized over a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) architecture, and mobility is supported over the core network via a novel mobile label-switching tree (MLST) architecture. End-to-end QoS provisioning over the GPRS wireless mobile network is realized by mapping between the IntServ and GPRS QoS requirements, and by extending the AP-CAC protocol from the wireless medium to the core network to provide a unified end-to-end admission control with dynamic adaptive admission priorities.     

Queuing Analysis of HCCA for Multi-Rate Wireless LANs with Truncated ARQ Protocol

In this paper, a novel queuing analytical framework is introduced to analyze the performance of the HCF controlled channel access designed as a medium access mechanism in wireless local area networks. The queuing model defines a multi-rate medium using adaptive modulation and coding which is a key point in wireless networks to increase effective transmission rate. Based on a MAP (Markovian arrival process)/PH (phase type)/1 queue with vacation and time-limited service, the model considers a limited node buffer and non-ideal channel with the automatic repeat request protocol. Using a MAP for traffic arrival process and PH distribution for packet service process, the inclusion of the non-transmission and vacation processes makes our analysis very general and comprehensive to support various types of practical traffic streams. To formulate the model, the powerful matrix-geometric method is employed, and the mutual impacts of some parameters in the MAC and the PHY layers are then evaluated to improve system performance. Finally, optimization of parameter settings to maximize throughput is discussed.