爆炸荷载作用下煤体裂纹扩展机理模型实验研究

为研究煤体在柱状装药爆炸荷载作用下裂纹扩展机理,以Froude比例法为指导,建立煤层预裂爆破的模型实验。得到爆炸波在模型介质中传播的压力波形及模型表面加速度、应变、位移波形。描述模型在爆炸荷载作用下的宏观破坏现象。研究结果表明:模型实验与现场试验结果基本一致;裂纹主要是由压缩波与卸载波共同作用形成的;裂纹扩展方向与炮孔轴线方向垂直。     

冲击压缩下准脆性材料含微裂纹损伤的本构模型

基于准脆性材料中翼型拉伸裂纹的成核准则,运用细观损伤理论推导了翼型裂纹损伤对材料弹性模量的弱化作用.考虑裂纹扩展对材料动态断裂的滞后效应,建立了动态裂纹扩展准则,并给出损伤演化方程,在此基础上建立了准脆性材料单轴冲击压缩下的动态损伤本构模型.结合氧化铝陶瓷材料独特的力学响应和破坏特性,讨论了模型中微裂纹成核参数、微裂纹尺寸对动态断裂强度的影响,并用该模型计算了单轴压缩下氧化铝陶瓷的应力应变曲线,数值结果与实验结果吻合良好.     

冰雹冲击复合材料层合板失效模式分析与数值模拟

针对复合材料层合板结构,建立了冰雹冲击复合材料层合板的有限元模型,在充分考虑冲击过程中冰雹的流体特性下,给出了冰雹和复合材料层合板的材料模型和损伤准则,利用显式有限元分析工具LS-DYNA研究了不同冰雹冲击速度下复合材料层合板的临界破坏速度和破坏形式。结果表明,文中给出的冰雹、复合材料层合板的材料模型和损伤准则能够合理地再现冰雹冲击复合材料板的过程;复合材料层合板(AS4/8552)在冰雹高速冲击下首先发生的是基体开裂,当冰雹速度到达125m/s时,层合板上表面纤维发生断裂,但在整个冰雹冲击过程中层合板没有发生压缩失效     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土动态本构模型的研究

基于混凝土冲击荷载作用下的实验研究,以修正Ottosen四参数破坏准则为屈服法则,引入损伤,构造了一个动态本构模型用于描述混凝土材料的冲击特性。宏观上,假设混凝土材料是一个均匀连续体;而从细观角度来看,混凝土材料内部存在大量随机分布的微裂纹损伤。假设微裂纹均匀分布,且符合理想微裂纹体系统条件,定义含裂纹材料中单位体积内微裂纹所占的比例来表征微裂纹损伤所引起的混凝土材料宏观力学性能的劣化,并给出了损伤的演化方程。通过模型计算模拟结果与实验结果比较发现,模拟曲线与实验曲线拟合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在冲击荷载下的动态特性。     

混凝土材料的动态压缩破坏机理及本构关系

为研究混凝土材料的动态性能,利用直径φ100 mm的SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)装置对骨料尺寸为15 mm～20 mm的混凝土材料试样进行了应变率范围30s(-1)～180s(-1)的动态压缩试验,并借助高速摄影装置获得了试样的变形与破坏过程,结果表明:在动态压缩强度附近应力区,材料表面先出现一条沿试样轴向的可见宏观裂纹,而多条主裂纹的形成与扩展才导致材料的最终破坏;建立了改进的ZWT模型,模型预测结果与试验结果较吻合.     

低速碰撞下复合材料叠层板的微裂纹演化及其对弹性模量的影响

采用双线性特性破坏模型研究了复合材料叠层板各层内部开裂裂纹的演化;通过引入弹性模量的裂纹影响系数表示,推导出裂纹影响系数与应变及应变率之间的微分关系,并得到裂纹耗散功率与裂纹影响系数变化率之间的关系。通过计算不同初始碰撞速度下复合材料叠层板的应变、应变率响应以及裂纹影响系数的演化,得到整个冲击过程中各层内任意点附近裂纹开裂情形及其对弹性模量的影响;通过检查界面各点处的裂纹影响系数是否发生改变,预测了碰撞完成之后复合材料叠层板中各层内微裂纹的分布区域位置与大小;并将该预测结果与其他破坏准则计算结果进行了比较。计算结果表明,在碰撞过程中各层内任意点处的应力值超过其屈服强度后,该点附近的弹性模量开始发生衰减,衰减大小随铁球初始碰撞速度的增大而增大。在四边夹支的边界条件下,复合材料叠层板的裂纹分布区域同样最先出现在碰撞点及边界中点位置,区域面积随初始碰撞速度的增大不断扩大     

基于谱元法的复合材料裂纹梁Lamb波传播特性研究

基于谱元法提出了一种弹簧元来模拟复合材料梁由于横向裂纹导致的轴弯耦合效应,分析复合材料裂纹梁中Lamb波的传播特性。由断裂力学的相关知识求得弹簧元的刚度,建立复合材料裂纹梁的损伤谱元模型。通过模拟复合材料裂纹梁内Lamb波传播,并和传统的有限元结果进行比较,验证了所提出模型的可行性和有效性。推导了频域内Lamb波各模态的能量计算公式,裂纹处的能量守恒证明了所提出模型的正确性,同时计算表明复合材料梁中裂纹处反射与透射的Lamb波各模态能量随着裂纹深度的变化规律具有单调性,结论可以为定量识别复合材料梁裂纹提供实用依据。     

三轴SHPB加载下砂岩力学特性和破坏模式的试验研究

利用改造的三轴SHPB动静组合加载实验装置,对均质砂岩进行了不同围压和不同应变率下的三轴冲击压缩试验,作为对比利用RMT-150C试验机也进行了部分准静态下的三轴压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了围压对砂岩动态冲击性能的影响,并重点讨论了冲击过程中岩石的破坏模式。研究结果表明,在围压一定的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度随应变率的提高而提高;在应变率相同的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度和弹性模量会随着围压的增大而增大。岩石发生破坏的临界入射能,随着围压的增大而增大。岩石单位体积吸收能与应变率之间呈线性递增关系,而且递增的程度随着围压的增加而增加。三轴冲击加载下,应变率较低时岩石内部形成压剪破裂面但整体不失稳,应变率很大时岩石破碎形成锥形块体形式。     

隧道围岩爆破冲击损伤防护的轻气炮试验及数值模拟

为减小爆破对隧道围岩的损伤破坏,在传统光面爆破装药结构基础上,设计一种在炮孔一侧安放PVC-U材料来保护隧道围岩的装药结构,并分析了该装药结构爆破过程中对隧道围岩损伤防护的机理。为进一步验证PVC-U管的防护效果,利用57mm口径的一级轻气炮装置和LS-DYNA软件进行了岩石冲击损伤破坏分析。结果表明：保护层能够降低岩石试件冲击面上的应力波峰值和减小试件的损伤程度;在相同冲击速度下,岩石试件冲击面上的应力波峰值随保护层厚度的增加而不断下降。加有4mm保护层材料的岩石试件的损伤度较无保护层时降低了21.1%。对岩石试件的冲击过程进行的数值模拟验证了理论分析和试验结果的正确性。说明放置在炮孔内的PVC-U管能够对岩石的爆破损伤破坏起到一定的防护作用。     

弹载加速度记录仪在冲击环境下的失效研究

在弹体侵彻过程中,首先分析高g值冲击对弹载加速度记录仪的影响,得出应力波作用下加载到弹体内记录仪的加速度值,并研究了加速度记录仪壳体、缓冲材料及电路板的动态结构响应,进而提出可能出现的失效模式：壳体结构的失效、缓冲材料缓冲性能的不足、芯片与PCB板相对运动导致芯片的裂纹。针对各失效模式,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对记录仪各防护单元进行了数值模拟仿真,得出各防护单元失效的临界冲击加速度值: 电路板失效的临界冲击加速度为1.93×104g,当加载冲击加速度为1.63×105g时,壳体发生屈曲;增大冲击加速度至5.63×106g时,缓冲材料失效。经过实弹侵彻试验,得出记录仪在1.5×105g的冲击加速度下失效。该实验结果对后续弹体实际侵彻弹载记录仪的设计及优化提供数据支撑。     

Kinematics of failure waves in glasses

A new method for observation of the failure waves in glasses is proposed which allows this phenomenon to be reliably and reproducibly monitored, the failure wave propagation velocity to be measured, and an increase in the longitudinal stress to be determined. Using this method, the stresses produced by an elastic shock compression pulse propagating from the entrance of a stack of glass plates to the exit from this stack were experimentally measured. The compression wave exhibits splitting at each interface between adjacent glass plates in the stack, which leads to the formation of transmitted and reflected failure waves and is accompanied by decreasing stress in the leading elastic wave.     

冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中的延迟破坏实验研究

利用轻气炮对不同厚度的氧化铝陶瓷试件进行了平板冲击实验,并借助激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测试了试件的自由面速度历程。实验结果显示,自由面速度曲线上存在表征破坏波出现的二次压缩信号。根据实验结果计算获得了破坏波穿过试件的运动进程,并确定了试件中破坏波的运动轨迹近似为一条直线,得出在冲击压力为7.16GPa时试件内破坏波波速约为5.051km/s,破坏延迟时间约为0.105μs。最后简单分析了该现象产生的物理机制。     

MODELING FAILURE WAVES IN GLASS

Failure waves in glass were first observed in planar impact tests in 1991. Since then they have been further investigated for various glasses and at different laboratories. Kanel et al. introduced a failure wave in a wave code by assuming its existence and propagation from the outset. We propose a model in which the failure wave forms and propagates as part of the overall dynamics. Our model includes two main components:

• •An equation that relates damage accumulation rate to the damage parameter gradient.
• •Degradation of the shear modulus as damage accumulates.

We incorporated the model in a special purpose 1D plane Lagrange wave code and reproduced data obtained at the Cambridge Impact Laboratory for soda-lime and borosilicate glasses. The agreement we get is quite good.     

An evaluation of the MPM for simulating dynamic failure with damage diffusion

For dynamic brittle failure, conventional mesh-based methods, such as the finite element method and finite difference method, are handicapped when localized large deformations and subsequent transitions from continuous to discontinuous failure modes occur. To evaluate the potential of the material point method (MPM) in simulating dynamic brittle failure involving different failure modes, the essential features of the MPM are explored for wave and impact problems, and combined wave and diffusion problems are then solved by using the MPM. Through the comparison with the experimental, analytical and numerical data available, it appears that the MPM is a robust tool to simulate multi-physics problems such as dynamic failure under impact.     

Photochromic glasses: Properties and applications

Photochromic materials are those which react reversibly to light. Photochromism is therefore distinguished from the familiar photographic processes, which, because of the chemical development of the image, are essentially irreversible. Many organic materials, and a few inorganic ones, show this phenomenon. Their general properties are described, with particular emphasis on those of a system of photochromic glasses. The behaviour of these glasses results from reaction of light with silver halide crystals deliberately formed in the glass during its manufacture. The mechanism of the photolytic reactions is postulated, and compared with the theory of the photographic process for silver halides. Reversibility of photochromism in these glasses is explained by prevention of diffusion of the products of photolysis from the original crystal site within the glass structure, and their subsequent recombination when the activating light is removed. These glasses show large ranges in all their photochromic properties resulting from ranges in composition, and in size and number of the included crystals. The behaviour of typical glasses, in both sunlight and under artificial sources, is reported in this paper, and some applications for these glasses are suggested.     

The shock properties of a La<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> filled silicate glass

A survey of the shock properties of the silicate glass, LACA has been carried out using manganin stress gauges. The principal Hugoniot has been measured and found to have significantly higher values than for other common silicate glasses. Gauges mounted on the rear of the target (supported with a block of polymethylmethacrylate) show reloading signals superimposed on the main compressive shock pulse. This has been interpreted as evidence of dynamic compressive failure (the failure wave or front). Manganin gauges mounted so as to be sensitive to the lateral component of stress support this hypothesis. Finally, failure front velocities, measured using known lateral gauge separations increase with increasing shock stress, tending towards the shear wave speed.     

自由飞行杆撞击过程中的二次撞击区

应用瞬态波效应法,研究了自由飞行杆与固支杆共轴多次撞击问题.采用瞬态波传播理论研究撞击瞬态波的传播,应用撞击接触面内力求解撞击力响应,给出了杆多次撞击瞬态问题的理论解.通过分析杆的瞬态变形和撞击力,发现自由飞行杆与固支杆共轴撞击最多会发生二次撞击,并发现二次撞击现象并非偶然.对发生二次撞击现象的条件以及分布规律进行了研究,数值计算表明,二次撞击相当规则地分布于时间-杆长比平面内.在一定条件下,二次撞击过程具有与单次撞击过程相当的撞击力幅值,因此,对杆二次撞击问题的研究具有重要的价值.     

激波作用非晶态合金FeCuNbSiB的物理冶金效应研究

本工作介绍了非晶态合金FeCuNbSiB在激波冲击作用下转变成具有纳米尺寸的多晶相材料这一新的物理冶金应,并用XRD,TEM,DSC技术对实验结果进行了研究.结果表明,尽管激波晶化时间极短,却具有极高的转变速率,晶化时间仅为退火晶化时间的10-6～10-9,晶化度却接近100%.和退火晶化相比,这些结果很难用传统的固态扩散相变理论解释.激波纳米晶化这种新的物理冶金效应可能进一步改进和完善传统的晶化理论.     

Meyer–Neldel rule in chalcogenide glasses: Recent observations and their consequences

The phenomenon of Meyer–Neldel rule (MNR) can occur in any situation which involves an activated process. However, the rule is still most commonly referred to in connection with diffusion and electrical conduction phenomena. As the rule still tends to exist in an indeterminate state between fully accepted physical law and unexplained correlation, this review presents a survey of relevant work done in this direction. The main objective of the review is to highlight the recent observations of MNR in chalcogenide glasses for different types of thermally activated phenomena and their consequences.