坑道内爆炸冲击波传播规律的研究

摘 要：炸药在坑道内爆炸将产生沿坑道传播的空气冲击波,冲击波与坑道壁相互作用,使得坑道内冲击波的传播规律明显不同于自由大气中冲击波的传播规律。使用有限元计算软件LS-DYNA对已有的坑道试验进行了数值模拟,通过数值模拟结果与试验结果数据比较,验证了有限元计算中所使用的计算模型和参数取值的合理性。利用数值模拟的计算结果,使用量纲分析理论,拟合了距离爆炸中心点一定距离处爆炸冲击波超压峰值的计算公式,并与试验结果进行对比,分析了该公式的适用性,为坑道中爆炸冲击波的传播规律研究提供了参考。
     

空气隔层对水下爆炸冲击波的缓冲效应

由于水下爆炸对结构的破坏能力比空中爆炸要强得多,因此针对水下结构的防护越来越受到重视。根据一维应力波在不同介质交界面的透射反射理论,从理论上分析了低波阻抗介质(如空气)对水下爆炸冲击波传播的影响。通过建立含空气隔层的水下爆炸全耦合模型,考虑水下爆炸冲击波与空气隔层及爆轰产物的动态相互作用,研究了空气隔层对水下爆炸冲击波的缓冲效应,揭示了空气隔层的运动发展过程。同时分析了空气隔层厚度及位置对水下爆炸冲击波缓冲效应的影响。结果表明:空气隔层距防护对象越近,防护效果越佳,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

冲击波叠加效应对组合式多爆炸成型弹丸成形的影响研究

为探明组合式多爆炸成形弹丸（MEFP）弹丸的成形机理、研究形成良好弹丸的关键因素,运用LS-DYNA显式动力学软件对同时起爆和时差起爆条件下组合式MEFP成形过程进行了数值模拟计算,并对多个子装药爆轰场冲击波叠加效应进行了理论分析。研究表明：导致中心弹丸易于断裂、速度较快,周边弹丸形状不对称的主要原因是侧壁和罩顶反射冲击波的叠加作用;选用低密度吸能效果较好的填充介质可以减小反射波的强度从而减弱其叠加效应;当起爆时差超过5µs,中心子装药的药型罩会出现过度压垮的现象,不利于弹丸的成形。研究成果为战斗部填充介质的选取、合理装药间距的确定、多点起爆器材精度的确定等关键技术提供了理论依据     

外接触爆炸荷载作用下大口径钢管变形与破坏效应的数值模拟

摘 要：基于动力有限元程序LS-DYNA及Lagrangian-Eulerian耦合方法,对大口径钢管在凝聚态炸药外接触爆炸载荷作用下的非线性动态响应过程进行数值模拟,描述了管道的变形情况、破坏过程以及管道内部应力的发展过程,分析了炸药质量、管道壁厚等因素对钢管破坏效应的影响。并在相同的条件下进行了实验研究,计算结果与实验数据具有较好的一致性。研究表明,小质量炸药爆炸后在装药与钢管接触处产生凹坑、鼓包及层裂等破坏效应;而较大质量炸药爆炸后在其爆破部位发生剪切破坏产生类似弹丸的破片,破片具有较大的动能,能够击穿另一侧管壁。研究结果可应用于管道结构在接触爆炸作用下的毁伤或防护方面的预测,从而为管道的安全防护设计提供理论依据。     

室内爆炸与火灾联合作用下约束钢柱损伤评估

结构体系提供的约束刚度和附加质量会显著影响钢柱在爆炸下的动力响应,同时火灾下结构对热膨胀的约束会导致钢柱内产生附加轴力,受力特性与无约束柱明显不同。采用引入损伤的Johnson-Cock强度模型分析了约束钢柱在室内爆炸荷载作用下的损伤情况,建立了评估约束钢柱在爆炸与火灾联合作用下破坏情况的压力-冲量-时间曲面图及表达式。为了说明结构约束的影响,将计算结果与无约束钢柱在爆炸与火灾联合作用下的破坏时间进行对比,并进一步分析了超压时程曲线形状、约束刚度及钢柱几何尺寸对P-I-t曲面图的影响。结果表明,当爆炸荷载强度较小时,约束钢柱的破坏时间早于无约束钢柱,当爆炸荷载强度较大时,约束钢柱的破坏时间晚于无约束钢柱;超压时程曲线形状参数越大,约束钢柱在爆炸作用下越易破坏;约束刚度对钢柱在爆炸与火灾联合作用下的破坏时间基本无影响;当爆炸损伤较小时,钢柱壁厚对破坏时间影响很小,当爆炸损伤较大时,钢柱壁厚度越大,钢柱越易破坏,但在压力-冲量-时间空间中,仍为壁厚越小、柱高越高的钢柱越易破坏。     

隧道内爆炸冲击波传播特性及爆炸荷载分布规律研究

隧道内爆炸产生复杂的爆炸冲击波流场,作用于隧道衬砌上的冲击波荷载分析十分困难.采用三维有限元计算方法,对带端墙隧道内爆炸空气冲击波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,给出了内爆炸产生的隧道内冲击波流场,并与双向开口隧道内爆炸流场进行了对比,分析了炸药装药形状、炸药引爆位置对爆炸荷载分布的影响,研究了作用于隧道衬砌上的反射冲击波荷载峰值分布规律,给出了估计衬砌上反射超压峰值的公式.     

砖墙抗爆炸冲击震动效应模型试验研究

为研究砖墙在爆炸冲击震动作用下的破坏模式及阈值,据工程内砖墙实际情况建立简化的底部固定、周边无约束砖墙模型,在模拟爆炸震动冲击试验台上进行三方向单独作用的冲击试验,研究砖墙模型的动态响应及破坏时加速度峰值、作用时间。结果表明,遭水平向冲击时模型均表现为水平通缝破坏。破坏主要由受拉而非剪切所致。通过对试验结果分析,获得三个冲击方向独立作用下的破坏阈值。     

近断层地震作用下曲线桥碰撞效应及影响试验研究

为明晰近断层地震动作用下曲线梁桥碰撞效应及其影响,以某小半径带坡匝道桥为对象,设计制作1/10缩尺模型及可调式碰撞测试装置,选取同次地震中近断层和远场地震动输入,完成了单向和双向激励条件下试验模型桥的振动台试验。结果表明:与远场地震动相比,近断层地震动作用下曲线梁桥的碰撞效应(碰撞次数和碰撞力)有较为显著的增加,而碰撞效应的增大会增大支座的位移响应,进而增加支座失效或落梁风险,且双向地震动影响更大;碰撞对边墩和中墩沿碰撞力方向的切向位移峰值增加显著,对碰撞力方向上试验模型桥的墩顶有效均方根位移响应均有放大作用,碰撞会增加试验模型桥桥墩的破坏风险。曲线桥抗震设计中应考虑近断层地震动诱发的碰撞效应影响。     

水中爆炸实验装置结构设计与冲击波防护措施研究

建设相对条件固定的水中爆炸实验装置,为开展水中工程结构和装备进行抗爆性能实验研究提供了重要保证。本文设计和建设了具有多种功能的水中爆炸大型实验装置,该装置由爆炸水池、轻钢滑动提升装置、储气加压装置、筛网架、水中爆炸压力测试系统与测试室等组成。根据一维弹性平面波理论,对该装置爆炸水池结构设计的主要问题和抗爆隔震性能进行了分析,研究了纵波入射时水池结构内部不同介质应力波传播情况和破坏模式。并运用气泡帷幕防护技术,对降低水中爆炸冲击波防护措施可行性进行了初步试验研究和探讨,验证了该水中爆炸实验装置结构设计的合理性和降低水中冲击波防护措施的有效性。     

冲击波作用下巷道破坏规律相似模拟研究

利用爆炸加载的方式,采用相似材料模拟试验方法,借助数字散斑观测手段(DSCM),研究不同炮孔位置和装药量条件下巷道变形破坏规律。试验结果表明,微量炸药引爆后,冲击应力波以巷道方向传递为主,巷道顶板附近形成裂纹、破碎或坍塌区;当装药量足够大时,冲击波对上部岩体破坏力明显增大,冲击能是影响巷道破坏程度的主要因素。试验结果还表明,高速冲击载荷作用下巷道围岩体破坏过程可分为拉剪裂缝、重复拉剪破碎和破坏三个阶段。其中,当炮孔距离巷道为450mm,装药量为6.0g时,巷道顶板附近出现裂缝,属于拉剪裂缝阶段;当炮孔距离巷道为300mm,装药量为6.0g时,巷道顶板附近裂缝较为发育,且巷道顶层出现部分塌落,属于重复拉剪破坏阶段;当炮孔距离巷道为200mm,装药量为8.0g时,巷道顶板出现塌落,且四周破坏,属于破坏阶段。研究结果为冲击地压巷道破坏预测和防治提供了有力参考。     

刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播规律的影响

为研究刚性地面对爆炸冲击波传播特性的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后的整个过程进行了数值分析,得到了刚性地面工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数,并将其与自由空气工况下爆炸冲击波的传播规律以及特征参数进行了对比分析。建立了TNT炸药在刚性地面工况下起爆后,比例距离在0.5 m/kg^1/3≤Z≤3 m/kg^1/3之间时的冲击波超压峰值简便计算公式,分析了起爆高度对刚性地面附近冲击波的影响规律,并得到了刚性地面反射增强效应作用范围的判别公式。数值分析所得结果可为结构或构件在刚性地面上发生爆炸时荷载的初步确定提供一定的参考。     

不同连接方式对钢梁钢柱节点抗爆性能的影响

研究爆炸荷载作用下钢梁钢柱节点的动力学性能,对有效预防整体结构的连续性倒塌具有重要意义。先利用有限元分析软件ANASYS/LS-DYNA对爆炸荷载作用下的钢梁进行数值模拟,并与Amr的实验结果进行对比以验证模型和所用材料参数的合理性;然后研究采用不同连接方式(狗骨式连接和端板螺栓式连接)对钢框架梁、柱节点抗爆性能的影响。研究表明:与端板螺栓式连接相比,在相同爆炸荷载作用下,狗骨式连接时节点的最大应力较小,梁跨中节点的最大挠度最大。由于狗骨式连接在梁的上、下翼缘处进行了一定的削弱处理,使得较长的梁段能同时进入塑性阶段,可有效保护节点。在相同爆炸荷载作用下,端板螺栓式连接时,节点的承载能力和抗塑性变形能力要优于狗骨式连接。     

Numerical study on damage mechanism of RC beams under close-in blast loading

RC structures have been widely used in civil engineering, and are vulnerable under blast loading. Improved understanding of damage mechanism of RC components helps advances the damage evaluation of RC structures under blast loading. In this paper, damage mechanisms of RC beam under close-in blast loading are investigated numerically. The FE model is validated through the experimental data reported by other researchers. A comprehensive investigation is carried out to investigate the damage mechanisms of RC beam, including the propagation of the main cracks, spallation at the bottom and the exfoliation of the side-cover concrete.     

Numerical investigation of similarity laws for blast simulation: Open-field propagation and interaction with a biomechanical model

In a military context, blast loadings are encountered, with more or less severe consequences on structures in interaction with a shock wave, which travels in a field. With a need of protecting the fighter, the understanding of this physical dynamic phenomenon is of extreme importance to avoid body trauma induced by the primary blast. In this context, this study explores simulations of blast loading, and its interaction with a human torso biomechanical model previously developed, based on referenced experiments from the literature. The concept of similarities is also studied (peak pressure equivalence for long distance and large explosive mass and short distance and small explosive mass). Validations of numerical results are conducted using experimental data from the literature in terms of pressure peak as a function of scaled distance, and also in terms of pressure time history in the biomechanical model. Good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental peak pressure is achieved.     

Prediction of blast wave effects on a developed site

The guidelines for protecting against and mitigating explosion hazards require knowledge and either the experimental or theoretical evaluation of blast wave parameters. To this end, this article proposes a numerical method for simulating blast wave propagation in complex geometries. This method permits an on-the-ground TNT-like explosion and the subsequent blast wave to be simulated, with the possibility of modifying the ground topology by adding a number of obstacles. The numerical model is explored from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view by comparing it to experimental data, with a correct determination of the wave amplitude and phase signature at different key-positions. The pressure and Mach number distributions deduced from simulations in complex congested areas highlight various fluid–solid interactions, such as regular reflections and diffractions. The iso-damage diagrams of different obstacle layouts are also presented and discussed.     

应力波作用下岩石声发射实验研究

在霍普金森（SHPB）冲击系统上进行了应力波作用下岩石声发射实验,获得了该加载条件下岩石破裂的声发射规律。实验结果表明,应力波下,声发射峰值能量之前所出现的声发射信号相当匮乏;而且其能量规律呈现出两种明显不同的特征：I型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量迅速衰减,到了加载的末期,能量出现了一定的回升,产生了“拐点”;II型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量衰减相对I型较慢,且不出现“拐点”。研究结果表明,声发射的能量特征与岩石破碎的程度密切相关;冲击载荷作用下岩石的声发射不仅仅是裂纹信息的反映,其中也包含了对应力波信号的反映。     

模拟破片杀伤战斗部空爆冲击波与高速破片群联合作用的等效试验方法

破片杀伤战斗部空爆冲击波与高速破片群联合毁伤作用下目标结构的毁伤特性、防护效能等是当前防护领域的热点和难点,但目前的试验研究手段和方法存在不足,为此,提出采用等效缩比战斗部(其原理为炸药爆炸驱动预制破片分散)来模拟破片杀伤战斗部,可作为进行空爆冲击波与高速破片群对防护结构的联合毁伤作用的实验方法。在确定防御目标战斗部、防御目标弹丸和几何缩尺比的基础上,根据爆炸力学相关经验公式,提出了求解等效缩比战斗部的装药和预制破片的相关参数的等效计算方法。该等效试验方法考虑了多破片侵彻的增强效应以及与爆炸冲击波的联合毁伤增强效应,且等效计算方法参数较少、简单实用。     

The effects of explosive blast load variability on safety hazard and damage risks for monolithic window glazing

Although the modelling of built infrastructure subject to blast loading has been well developed, considerable uncertainty remains with respect to explosive loading parameters and structural response. This paper focuses on facade glazing – as this poses significant safety hazards when affected by explosive blast loads. A structural reliability analysis is used to calculate probabilities of glazing damage and safety hazards conditional on given threat scenarios. The analysis considers the variability of explosive blast loading; in particular, from variations in explosive weight, explosion effects in terms of pressure, stand-off distance, inherent blast load variability and model error. Uncertainties in structural response (including the variability in glazing stress limits, situational geometry, fragment drag coefficients and modelling error) are then considered in the analysis. This allows the prediction of likelihood and extent of damage and casualties. It was found that damage and safety hazard risks are very sensitive to the accuracy of the blast loading prediction model and the inherent variability of blast loading.     

Experimental investigation into the response of chopped-strand mat glassfibre laminates to blast loading

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the response of glassfibre chopped-strand mat laminates to air pressure blasts. Experiments were conducted with a variety of monolithic and layered targets of laminates with differing areal densities. Results of the post-impact visual inspection show three distinct damage modes: matrix cracking, delamination/debonding, and penetration as final damage. The analysis focuses on resistance to damage of these modes, damage propagation with increasing blast impulse, damage distribution in the thickness direction of the targets, and the influence of blast attenuation and large-area support on the target response.     

Performance of mild steel perforated plates as a blast wave mitigation technique: Experimental and numerical investigation

This article presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation into the influence of hole size and thickness on the performance of mild steel perforated plates as a blast wave mitigation technique. Results of the blast tests showed that the perforated plates with small hole sizes reduced the damage imparted to the target plate by reducing the target plate mid-point deflection and increasing the tearing threshold impulse. Ansys Autodyn was used to model the experiments and the perforated plate hole diameter was varied during the simulations. The impulse imparted to the pendulum, target plate and perforated plate deflections compared favourably to the experimental results. The modelling simulations also gave further insight into the interaction between the blast wave and the plates. The simulations showed that the impulse imparted to the target plate was higher than the impulse measured from the experimental pendulum swing and that the difference increased with increasing blockage ratio. The simulations also showed that the total load duration was much longer than the response time of the plate, indicating that a proportion of the impulse does not contribute to the deformation of the target plate. The response time was shown to increase with increasing blockage ratio and decrease with increasing impulse.