硫酸钠/氧化硅复合定形相变材料的溶胶凝胶法制备和表征简

A sodium sulfate （NaeSO4）/silica （SiO2） composite was prepared as a shape-stabilized solid-liquid phase change material by a sol-gel procedure using Na2SiO3 as the silica source. Na2SO4 in the composite acts as a latent heat storage substance for solid-liquid phase change, while SiO2 acts as a support material to provide structural strength and prevent leakage of melted NazSO4. The microstructure and composition of the prepared composite were characterized by the N2 adsorption, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the prepared Na2SOJSiO2 composite is a nanostructured hybrid of NazSO4 and SiO2 without new substances produced during the phase change. The macroscopic shape of the NazSO4/SiO2 composite after the melting and freezing cycles does not change and there is no leakage of Na2SO4. Determined by differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） analysis, the values of phase change latent heat of melting and freezing of the prepared NazSO4/SiO2 （50%, by mass） composite are 82.3 kJ.kg i and 83.7 kJ.kg-1, and temperatures of melting and freezing are 886.0 ℃ and 880.6 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the Na2SOJSiO2 composite maintains good thermal energy storage and release ability even after 100 cycles of melting and freezing. The satisfactory thermal storage performance renders this composite a versatile tool for high-temperature thermal energy storage.     

应用于低温加热的肉豆蔻酸和硬脂酸共熔混合物的储热特性

Stearic acid （67.83℃） and myristic acid （52.32℃） have high melting temperatures that can limit their use as phase change material （PCM） in low temperature solar heating applications such as solar space and greenhouse heating in regard to climatic requirements. However, their melting temperatures can be adjusted to a suitable value by preparing a eutectic mixture of the myristic acid （MA） and the stearic acid （SA）. In the present study, the thermal analysis based on differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） technique shows that the mixture of myristic acid （MA） and stearic acid （SA） in the respective composition （by mass） of 64% and 36% forms a eutectic mixture having melting temperature of 44.13℃ and the latent heat of fusion of 182.4J.g^-1. The thermal energy storage characteristics of the MA-SA eutectic mixture filled in the annulus of two concentric pipes were also experimentally established. The heat recovery rate and heat charging/discharging fractions were determined with respect to the change in the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid. Based on the results obtained by DSC analysis and by the heat charging/discharging processes of the PCM, it can be concluded that the MA-SA eutectic mixture is a potential material for low temperature thermal energy storage applications in terms of its thermo-physical and thermal characteristics.     

己内酰胺类离子液体的热力学性质(英文)

A series of caprolactam ionic liquids(ILs) containing incorporated halide anions were synthesized.Their physical properties,such as melting points,heats of fusion and heat capacities,were measured by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC).The results indicate that these ionic liquids exhibit proper melting points,high value of heats of fusion,and satisfying heat capacities which are suitable for thermal energy storage applications.     

制备负载无机纳米颗粒的形状规整的微囊

A facile and efficient method has been developed for microencapsulation of metal oxide nanoparticles in polyurea via interfacial polymerization of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and H20 through the atomizing emulsification approach. The resultant microcapsules were well-shaped and uniform sphere with diameter ranging from 2 to 6 um. Thermogravimetry （TG） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） curves revealed that the microcapsules showed good thermal stability （no decomposition observed under 245℃）. Besides, the microencapsulated TiC2 has been used as an efficient catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. Furthermore, the photocatalysis of immobilized TiC2 could be enhanced by introducing UV absorbing agent to the wall of microcapsules.     

Controlled release and enhanced antibacterial activity of salicylic acid by hydrogen bonding with chitosan☆

Microcapsules of salicylic acid(SA)with chitosan were prepared by spray drying method.Various analytical methods were used to characterize the nature of microcapsules.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)confirmed the presence of intermolecular interactions between chitosan and SA.Particle size analysis showed that the average size of microcapsules ranged from 2 to 20 μm.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)studies indicated that the microspheres were spherical and had a relatively smooth surface.Microbiological assay of antibacterial activity for SA and its microcapsules was measured using different bacterial strains.It was found that the antibacterial activity of SA was improved after the formation of microcapsules.The in vitro release profile showed that the microcapsules could control SA release from 1 h to 4 h.Kinetic studies revealed that the release pattern follows Korsmeyer–Peppas mechanism.Enhanced antibacterial activity of the SA microcapsules was attributed to the synergistic effects of intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions N–H?O and O–H?O_C between SA and chitosan.It was also confirmed by quantum chemical calculation.     

Al-Zn-Mg／Fe复合粉体降解水体中氯代有机物污染的研究

Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe composite powders (MAF) with high reactivity and good storage properties were prepared by reducing iron onto the surface of AI-Zn-Mg alloy powders. Experimental results show that MAF as advanced zero-valent iron are highly effective for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. The efficiency of degradation for carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene is higher than 99% within a period of 2 h. The efficiency of degradation for trichloroethylene by MAF after storing for one month is equivalent to that by freshly prepared nano-size zero-valent iron particles.     

Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds by Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe Powders as Advanced Zero-valent Iron

Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe composite powders (MAF) with high reactivity and good storage properties were prepared by reducing iron onto the surface of Al-Zn-Mg alloy powders. Experimental results show that MAF as advanced zero-valent iron are highly effective for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. The efficiency of degradation for carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene is higher than 99% within a period of 2 h. The efficiency of degradation for trichloroethylene by MAF after storing for one month is equivalent to that by freshly prepared nano-size zero-valent iron particles.     

The study on the mechanical properties of PU/MF double shell selfhealing microcapsules

The self-healing microcapsules can be buried in the coating to improve the anticorrosive ability. In this paper,self-healing microcapsules of polyurea(PU)/melamine resin(MF) double shell were prepared by in-situ polymerization and interfacial polymerization with isocyanate as the core material. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microcapsule morphology. The structures of microcapsules prepared with different chain extenders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The micromanipulation system was used to loading–holding, loading–unloading and loading to rupture individual microcapsules, so as to explore the mechanical properties of microcapsules. The Young's modulus corresponding to microcapsules was calculated by mathematical model fitting. The self-healing properties of microcapsule coating were characterized by optical microscope. The experimental results showed that the microcapsule shell prepared under optimized conditions had a complete morphology and good mechanical properties. The microcapsule was in the elastic deformation stage under small deformation, and the plastic deformation stage under large deformation. The Young's modulus range of microcapsules was 9.29–14.51 MPa, and the corresponding Young's modulus could be prepared by adjusting the process. The surface crack of the coating containing microcapsule could heal itself after48 h in a humid environment.     

低破损率和尺寸可控制备固定化氯化镍的空心聚脲微球

Polyurea microcapsules containing NiCl2 were prepared by interracial polymerization between diisocyanate and water with triethylamine as a catalyst in water-in-oil emulsion system. The influence of preparation conditions such as the dosage and feed mode of the catalyst, concentration of the encapsulated NiCl2, and concentration and structure of diisocyanates on the breakage of the microcapsules have been evaluated. The results show thatbreakage is strongly dependent on the rate of polymerization and stability of initial emulsion. The improved microcapsules with low breakage have been produced under the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the obtained microcapsules capsules immobilizing NiCl2 as a recyclable catalyst is successfully used in benzaldehyde reduction.     

Ceramic Supported PDMS and PEGDA Composite Membranes for CO2 Separation

Composite membranes have attracted increasing attentions owing to their potential applications for CO2 separation. In this work, ceramic supported polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） and poly （ethylene glycol） diacrylate （PEGDA） composite membranes were prepared. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the compos- ite membranes were characterized. Preparation conditions were systematically optimized. The gas separation performance of the as-prepared membranes was studied by pure gas and binary gas permeation measurement of CO〉 N2 and H〉 Experiments showed that PDMS, as silicone rubber, exhibited larger permeance and lower separation factors. Conversely, PEGDA composite membrane presented smaller gas permeance but higher ideal selectivity for CO2/N2. Compared to the performance of those membranes using polymeric supports or freestanding membranes, the two kinds of ceramic supported composite membranes exhibited higher gas permeance and acceptable selectivity. Therefore, the ceramic supported composite membrane can be expected as a candidate for CO2 separation from light gases.     

ZSM-5填充PDMS复合膜渗透蒸发分离乙醛水溶液(英文)

Hydrophobic ZSM-5 zeolite filled polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) composite membranes with Nylon micro-filtration membrane as the support layer were prepared to separate acetaldehyde from its aqueous solution.The composite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.Their structural morphology and thermal stability were also examined.The swelling study showed that the composite membranes presented higher degree of swelling in aqueous solution of acetaldehyde than in pure water at 25 C,suggesting that the membranes have stronger sorption capacity in acetaldehyde solution.The effects of ZSM-5 filling content and acetaldehyde concentration on pervaporation performance of composite membranes were investigated.The permeation experiments at different temperatures showed that both selectivity and permeation flux of composite membranes increased with temperature.With 5%ZSM-5-PDMS/Nylon membrane at acetaldehyde mass concentration of 8% and 25℃,the separation factor of acetaldehyde/water achieved 35 and the permeation flux was 233.3 g·m-2·h-1.     

一个封闭的潜热热能存储系统的第一与第二定律分析

First and Second Law analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of a closed latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system employing calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2-6H2O).The First and the Second Laws of thermodynamics were applied to the system from viewpoint of energy and exergy analyses,respectively. The energy storage tank in the system is neither fully mixed nor fully stratified. It may be considered as semithermal stratified. Experiments that include both charging and discharging periods were performed on sunny winter days in 1996. The energy and exergy variations and the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the closed LHTES system were calculated for the complete charging and discharging cycle of the selected fifteen clear-sky winter days. Mean energy and exergy efficiencies were found to be 55.20% and 34.83%, respectively.     

A direct electrochemical route from oxides to TiMn2 hydrogen storage alloy☆

This study is for investigating the direct electro-deoxidation of mixed TiO2–MnO2 powder to prepare TiMn2 al oy in molten calcium chloride. The influences of process parameters, such as sintering temperature, cell voltage, and electrolysis time, on the electrolysis process were examined to investigate the mechanism of al oy formation. The composition and morphology of the products were analyzed by XRD and SEM, respectively. The electrochemical property of TiMn2 al oy was investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results show that pure TiMn2 can be prepared by direct electrochemical reduction of mixed TiO2/MnO2 pellets at a voltage of 3.1 V in molten calcium chloride of 900 °C for 7 h. The electro-deoxidation proceeds from the reduction of manganese oxides to Mn, which is reduced by TiO2 or CaTiO3 to form TiMn2 al oy. The cyclic voltammetry measurements using pow-der microelectrode show that the prepared TiMn2 al oy has good electrochemical hydrogen storage property. ? 2015 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. Al rights reserved.     

Preparation of PVC/PVP composite polymer membranes via phase inversion process for water treatment purposes

In this work, new composite membranes were successfully prepared via phase inversion technique using polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) as polymers and tetrahydrofuran(THF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) as solvents. The prepared membranes have been characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), and fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The scanning electron microscope results prove that the prepared membranes are smooth and their pores are distributed throughout the whole surface and bulk body of the membrane without any visible cracks. The stress–strain mechanical test showed an excellent mechanical behavior enhanced by the presence of PVP in the prepared membranes. The membranes performance results showed that the salt rejection reached 98% with a high flux. This, in turn, makes the prepared membranes can be applied for sea and brackish water treatment through membrane distillation technology.     

Thermal conductivity of PVDF/PANI-nanofiber composite membrane aligned in an electric field

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer with excellent thermal stability,electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance, which has been widely studied and applied in industrial nonmetallic heat exchanger and piezoelectric-film sensor. In this study, polyaniline(PANI) nanofibers were synthesized using dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as the surfactant. The obtained PANI nanofibers were blended in PVDF matrix to enhance thermal conductivity and tensile strength of composite materials. Electric field was applied for the orientation of membrane structure during membrane formation. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) images exhibited that the PANI nanofibers were well-dispersed in the composite membranes. The structure of composite membranes was more orderly after alignment. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) indicated that the content of PANI nanofibers contributed to the transformation of PVDF from α-phase to β-phase. Both the tensile strength and thermal conductivity of composite membranes were significantly improved. This tendency was further enhanced by the application of electric field. The maximum tensile strength was obtained when the content of PANI nanofibers was 3 wt%, which was 46.44% higher than that of pure PVDF membrane. The maximum thermal conductivity of composite membranes after alignment was 84.5% greater than that of pure PVDF membrane when the content of PANI nanofibers was 50 wt%. The composite membrane is a promising new potential material in heat transfer field and the mechanism explored in this study would be informative for further development of similar thermal conductive polymeric materials.     

Behavior of phenol adsorption on thermal modified activated carbon

Adsorption process is acknowledged as an effective option for phenolic wastewater treatment. In this work, the activated carbon(AC) samples after thermal modification were prepared by using muffle furnace. The phenol adsorption kinetics and equilibrium measurements were carried out under static conditions at temperature ranging from 25 to 55 °C. The test results show that the thermal modification can enhance phenol adsorption on AC samples. The porous structure and surface chemistry analyses indicate that the decay in pore morphology and decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups are found for the thermal modified AC samples. Thus, it can be further inferred that the decrease of total oxygen-containing functional groups on the modified AC samples is the main reason for the enhanced phenol adsorption capacity. For both the raw sample and the optimum modified AC sample at 900 °C, the pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir models are found to fit the experimental data very well. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity of the optimum modified AC sample can reach144.93 mg·g-1which is higher than that of the raw sample, i.e. 119.53 mg·g-1. Adsorption thermodynamics analysis confirms that the phenol adsorption on the optimum modified AC sample is an exothermic process and mainly via physical adsorption.     

CO2通过合成聚合物膜的促进传递

Two kinds of fixed carrier membrane materials containing secondary amine and carboxyl groups which can be used as carriers of CO2 were prepared. One was poly(N-vinyl-7-sodium aminobutyrate)(PVSA), which was obtained through the hydrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) synthesized with N-vinylpyrrolidone(NVP) by radical polymerization. The other was poly(N-vinyl-7-sodium aminobutyrate-co-sodium acrylate)(VSA-SA), which was obtained through the hydrolysis of copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and acrylamide(AAm) (NVP-AAm). The composite membranes were developed with PVSA or VSA-SA as active layer and polysulfone (PS) as support membranes. The permeation rates of pure CO2 and CH4 gas as well as binary mixtures of CO2/CH4 through the composite membranes were measured. The results show that the composite membranes present better CO2 permeation rates than other fixed carrier membranes do reported in literature. For example, at 26℃, 1330 Pa of CO2 pressure, the PVSA/PS composite membrane displays a CO2 permeation     

Replacement of Flake Graphite in Aluminacarbon Refractories by Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Three kinds of composite alumina refractories were prepared with tabular alumina （3-1 and 1-0 mm） as aggregates,tabular alumina powder,α-Al2 O3 micropowder,and Si powder as matrix,adding 3 mass％ hexagonal boron nitride （h-BN）,3 mass％ flake graphite and 10 mass％ flake graphite,respectively.Cold physical properties,hot modulus of rupture,oxidation resistance,thermal shock resistance and slag corrosion resistance of the specimens were compared.The results show that：（1） physical properties and hot modulus of rupture of Al2 O3-h-BN refractories are slightly different from those of low carbon Al2 O3-C refractories,but better than those of traditional Al2 O3-C refractories with 10 mass％ graphite ; （2） Al2 O3-h-BN refractories have better thermal shock resistance and oxidation resistance than the carbon containing refractories,while similar slag resistance with low carbon Al2 O3-C refractories ; （3） h-BN can replace flake graphite as a starting material for the preparation of composite alumina refractories,considering the overall properties of the material.     

Development of barium@alginate adsorbents for sulfate removal in lithium refining

The demand for lithium has been steadily growing in recent years due to the boom of electric cars.High purity lithium is commonly used in the manufacture of battery grade lithium electrolyte.Sulfate residuals originating from acid leaching of lithium ores must be limited to below 20 mg·L^?1 during refining.There are methods to remove sulfate such as membrane processing and chemical precipitation using barium salts.However,membrane separation is unable to achieve the required purity while chemical precipitation often causes secondary contamination with barium and requires extra filtration processes that lead to increased processing costs.In this study,we developed a polymeric matrix entrapped with barium ions as a novel adsorbent to selectively adsorb sulfate in aqueous solutions.The adsorbent was prepared by dropwise injection method where alginate droplets were crosslinked with barium to form hydrogel microcapsules.In a typical scenario,the microcapsules had a diameter of 3 mm and contained 5 wt-%alginate.The microcapsules could successfully reduce sulfate concentration in a solution from 100 to 16 mg·L^?1,exceeding the removal target.However,the microcapsules were mechanically unstable in the presence of an excess amount of sulfate.Hence,calcium ions were added as a secondary crosslinking agent to improve the integrity of the microcapsules.The two-step Ca/Ba@alginate microcapsules showed an exceptional adsorption performance,reducing the sulfate concentration to as low as 0.02 mg·L^?1.Since the sulfate selective microcapsules can be easily removed from the aqueous system and do not result in secondary barium contamination,these Ca/Ba@alginate adsorbents will find applications in ultra-refining of lithium in industry.     

Preparation and Performance of Zirconia Ceramic Ring for Slide Plate

The zirconia ceramic ring was prepared using fused monoclinic zirconia as main starting material, adopting composite stabilizer of magnesia, yttria and calcium nitrate, and applying recombination technology of traditional refractories and ceramics. Effect of the preparation process on material properties was comparatively studied, and the microstructure and phase composition were analyzed. The results show that adopting the high-speed mixing granulation process and the appropriate heat treatment can realize the control on the phase composition and microstructure, the zirconia ceramic ring with good thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties can be prepared.