Flow and heat transfer characteristics of finned tube with internal and external fins in air cooler for waste heat recovery of gas-fired boiler system

In this present study, attempts were made to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of finned tube with internal fins and external fins by experiment and numerical simulation. The test finned tube was installed in a single smooth tube and formed a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The experiments were conducted in heat transfer test system with hot air in the tube side and cold air in the shell side. Overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated and heat transfer coefficients in the tube side were determined. Three-dimension computation was performed to predict the flow and heat transfer performance in the finned tube. The effects of external fin height and pitch of the finned tube on shell-side flow and heat transfer were studied by numerical simulation. The numerical results agree well with the measurements. The maximum differences between the present numerical results and the experimental data are approximately 6.9% for heat transfer coefficient and 4.7% for friction factor, respectively. The velocity and temperature fields are obtained to discern the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement. Numerical results indicate that the steady and spatially periodic growth and disruption of vortices occur in external fin to fin region.     

换热管内置螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性的实验研究

为了研究螺旋形扭带阻力与传热特性,选取了不同宽度（6、7和8 mm）的3种扭率（2.0、3.0、4.0）、3种螺距比（1.5、2.0、2.5）的参数组合下共27根螺旋形扭带插入换热管内进行实验.实验结果表明,插入螺旋形扭带后换热管内流动阻力和传热效果都有明显提高.通过对实验数据的多元线性回归分析,建立了相应的阻力系数和努赛尔数关联式.并且由强化传热综合性能评价分析,在实验雷诺数范围内得出强化传热综合性能评价因子φ=1.063～1.587,证明了实验研究的扭带具有强化传热的应用价值.     

垂直上升内螺纹管内流动沸腾传热特性

在压力9～22 MPa,质量流速450～2000 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷200～700 kW·m^-2的参数范围内,试验研究了用于1000 MW超超临界锅炉φ28.6 mm×5.8 mm垂直上升内螺纹水冷壁管内汽水流动沸腾传热。研究表明：内螺纹管内壁螺纹的漩流作用可抑制偏离核态沸腾（DNB）传热恶化,内螺纹管在高干度区发生蒸干型（DO）传热恶化。增大质量流速可推迟壁温飞升,壁温飞升幅度随质量流速增大而降低。热负荷越大管壁温越高,随热负荷增大管壁壁温飞升提前,且传热恶化后壁温飞升值增大。随着压力增加,壁温飞升发生干度值减小。内螺纹管汽水流动沸腾传热系数呈π形分布,传热系数峰值出现在汽水沸腾区。文中还给出了亚临界压力区内螺纹管单相区和汽水沸腾区的传热系数试验关联式。     

换热管内置开边槽扭带的阻力与传热特性研究＊

将21种不同结构参数的铝制扭带分别置入换热管进行冷态和热态实验,研究并分析了换热管内置开三角形边槽扭带的阻力和传热特性。实验结果表明,插入开边槽扭带后管内的流动阻力和传热系数都有较大的提高。通过多元线性回归分析,得到了相应的阻力系数关联式和换热系数关联式。由强化传热性能评价分析,得到评价因子φ=1．05～1．35,证明了所研究的扭带具有强化传热的应用价值。     

管壳式换热器流体流动与耦合传热的数值模拟

结合化工行业中使用的某型号管壳式换热器的结构图和工艺参数,对换热器的结构进行了合理的简化,利用ANSYS参数化建模方法建立了管壳式换热器的参数化模型。在ANSYS FLUENT14.0数值模拟软件中对换热器的流体流动以及耦合传热进行了数值模拟,得到管程和壳程流体的流速分布、压降情况、温度场变化的细节信息。该工作对于设计传热效率高、流体阻力小的换热器进行了有益探索。     

螺旋扭曲扁管换热器传热与流阻性能试验研究

对4种不同结构的螺旋扭曲扁管换热器的管程和壳程传热与流阻性能进行了试验研究,并和采用圆管作为换热管的弓形折流板换热器进行了比较,根据试验数据回归出反映螺旋扭曲扁管换热器管程和壳程传热与流阻特性的关联式。研究结果表明,螺旋扭曲扁管换热器管程与壳程都有较好的强化传热性能,螺旋扭曲扁管的几何尺寸和流体Re对其管、壳程传热与流阻性能有重要影响。     

蒸发温度对水平正反齿压花齿型肋管池沸腾换热的影响

随着节能减排的大力推广,管外沸腾强化传热技术得到了广泛的研究和发展。设计建立了水平双侧强化管管外沸腾试验系统,以R134a为循环工质试验研究了不同热通量工况下,蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型三维肋管池沸腾换热特性影响,并结合试验结果分析探讨了其理论描述方法。结果表明:蒸发传热系数随蒸发温度变化趋势线的斜率随热通量呈现非线性变化;在同一蒸发温度下,管表面传热系数均随热通量单调递增,但增长率随热通量增加而逐步降低;回归分析获得不同热通量下蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数影响的统一表达式;等热通量工况强化传热因子在热通量超过10kW·m^-2后升至2以上,在热通量接近20kW·m^-2时达到极大值2.588,但在热通量接近5kW·m^-2时接近1;蒸发温度及其与热通量合同对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数的作用机理与理论描述方法有待进一步深入研究。     

梯形纵肋管束换热器传热及流阻特性研究

本文对纵肋管束换热器的传热、阻力特性进行了试验研究，得出传热特性和阻力特性关系式，并着重分析梯形纵肋管束换热器的特性。进一步探讨了管束节距、肋片高度对传热及流阻的影响情况。与相同结构的光管管束比较，换热增加１０％－３５％，而流阻最高增加４８％，最低情况下，低于光管。文中指出具有梯形纵肋的管束呈现出一种特殊的传热及流阻规律，它不但可获得较低的流动阻力，而且传热得以进一步强化。     

Pressure drop and heat transfer study in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger

In the present work attempts were made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments were carried out in counter current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and cold fluid in the annulus area. The outer tube was fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. Overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated and heat transfer coefficients in the inner and outer tube were determined using Wilson plots. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics package [FLUENT User's Guide, release 6.0, Fluent Inc., Lebnon, NH, 1994] was used to predict the flow and thermal development in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes were compared with the experimental data collected in the present study as well as reported in the literature. The CFD simulations were in agreement with the present experimental data. In case of literature data a reasonable comparison was found even though the boundary conditions in the present work were different.     

弯曲内肋换热管综合换热性能的数值模拟

基于纵向涡强化换热理论提出了新型的强化换热管--弯曲内肋强化换热管。运用数值计算的方法,在Re=500～40000研究了新型强化换热管结构参数肋宽a、导程p、肋深e和Re数对Nu、f及换热性能评价指标PEC的影响,并拟合出换热管Nu、f的量纲为1关联式。结果表明:由于内肋的作用,在换热管的近壁面区域能够有效诱导产生沿纵向的涡旋结构,破坏壁面边界层,实现强化换热;导程p和肋深e对综合换热性能影响较大,肋宽a对综合换热性能影响较小,在Re=500～40000范围内,新型换热管较优的结构参数为p=10mm、e=0.6mm、a=1.8mm;与普通平滑圆管相比,当Re<2300,其换热性能Nu可达到普通圆管的2.9～7.0倍,沿程阻力系数f约为普通圆管的1.4～3.6倍;当500< Re <2300,其综合换热评价指标PEC可以达到2.6～4.6;当2300 <Re <40000时,其PEC可以达到1.2～2.3。     

基于椭圆管束菱形受热面的流动与传热性能分析

圆形管束菱形受热面在流动与传热方面表现出传热能力强、流动阻力大、吹灰方便等特点。以此为基础,提出了一种基于椭圆管束的菱形受热面。椭圆管束菱形受热面保持了圆形管束菱形受热面传热能力强和吹灰方便的特点,同时显著降低了烟气侧流动阻力。采用数值模拟方法,分析了叉排椭圆管束不同迎风角下的流动传热特性,与叉排圆形管束进行了对比,给出了各特征参数随Reynolds数的变化规律。模拟结果表明,迎风角为0°的叉排椭圆管束菱形受热面较圆形管束传热效果好,流动阻力小,综合性能高。     

一种新型变截面换热管强化传热性能

针对工程中广泛存在的管内层流换热传热系数低的问题进行了强化传热研究,并在传热强化理论的指导下,开发了一种新型变截面换热管。分别建立不同参数下的新型变截面换热管和普通圆管模型,采用大型CFD分析软件FLUENT借助数值模拟的方法,研究新型变截面换热管结构对管内层流换热的影响。研究结果表明,该新型变截面换热管在层流情况下可较大程度地强化管内换热,而其流阻增加较小,具有良好的综合强化传热性能。在本文研究的范围内,变截面换热管的Nu和η均随L₁/d_i或L₂/d_i的减小而增大,且η>2.22。计算结果为强化管内层流换热提供了一定的指导和理论依据。     

Heat transfer and pressure drop in a ZrB2 microchannel heat sink: A numerical approach

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) resulted in the fabrication of electronic and optic devices which generate high amounts of heat in a small space. Microchannel heat sinks are a new type of heat exchangers which are capable to absorb such ultrahigh heat fluxes and ensure the proper function of such devices. In the present work, a microchannel heat sink made of ZrB₂ ceramic is investigated numerically to evaluate its feasibility to operate at such harsh conditions. The governing equations of the liquid domain (water) and solid domain (ZrB₂) were solved by the finite element method. The obtained results showed a considerable heat transfer rate from the heated surface. For example, at an ultra-high heat flux of 3.6 MW/m², the maximum temperature didn't exceed ~360 K. The high heat transfer area per volume of the applied microchannel, as well as the remarkable thermal conductivity of ZrB₂, are the main reasons for such a high heat transfer rate.     

网纹内管双套管双管板安全型换热器的传热性能

以网纹内管型双套管双管板安全型换热器为研究对象,采用内外管接触面积当量法,将网纹内管与外管内壁的接触面积当量成对应接触面积的直槽管;借助计算流体力学（CFD）软件采用数值模拟的方法对内管为当量的直槽管换热器传热性能进行了研究,换热器管壳两侧的介质均为水,分别将空气和水两种介质填充至隔绝腔内,模拟不同入口流量条件下传热特性;引入接触修正系数,在传统传热系数经验公式的基础上,结合网纹管模型特点,获得网纹内管安全型换热器传热系数计算公式,并对不同工况下换热器的传热系数进行理论计算;建立网纹内管安全型换热器传热特性评价实验台。结果表明：内外管接触面积当量法在处理网纹内管安全型换热器传热特性时具有可行性,基于接触修正系数的传热系数工程经验公式计算结果可靠;数值模拟结果、理论计算结果及实验结果具有较好的吻合趋势;隔绝腔介质分别为水及空气时,网纹内管的传热效率比内管为光管分别提高约24%和40%。     

Effect of annular fins on heat transfer of a horizontal immersed tube in bubbling fluidized beds

Experiments were conducted in a bubbling air-fluidized bed to investigate the effect of annular fins of constant thickness on heat transfer. Steady state time averaged local heat transfer coefficient measurements were made by the local thermal simulation technique in a cold bubbling fluidized bed (90 mm ID, 260 mm tall) with horizontally immersed tube initially with no fin and then with three fixed annular fins of constant thickness. Silica sand of mean particle diameter 307 μm and 200 μm were used as the bed materials. The superficial velocity of air was from minimum fluidization conditions, u_mf, to approximately 3 × u_mf. The results indicate that, although the heat transfer coefficient falls with the use of fins, the total heat transfer rises as a result of the greater surface area. Increasing the particle diameter reduces the heat transfer coefficient not only for unfinned horizontal tube but also for annular finned horizontal tube at the same conditions of fluidized bed. Based on the experimental data, correlations are proposed for predicting heat transfer coefficient from fluidized bed to horizontally immersed tubes with and without fins.     

管壳式换热器壳程流动与传热的数值模拟与验证

针对目前管壳式换热器中微小流路建模和分析的缺失,采用“分段建模,整体综合”的模拟方法成功地开发了小间隙流路A和E的建模技术,建立了既包含主体流路（B、C）,也包含微小泄漏流道（A、E）的全流路管壳式换热器流动与传热模型,得到了与实际换热器相适应的几何模型。通过应用CFD软件Fluent进行分段模型的流动与传热研究,对各流道在折流空间中对传热和流动的影响进行了分析讨论。同时,采用整体综合技术,将数值模拟获得的局部流动与传热数据综合整理得到了换热器传热和阻力系数的整体法关联式。并将模拟结果与几种著名的壳程计算方法（Donohue、Kern和Bell-Delaware,流路分析）进行了对比,结果发现数值模拟与Bell-Delaware法和流路分析法的结果吻合良好,最大偏差小于20%。     

Study of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop in a vertical heated spirally internally ribbed tube

Experiments of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop of upward flow boiling in a smooth tube and in a spirally internally ribbed tube were conducted, respectively. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. The test tubes were vertically installed and uniformly heated by electricity to achieve flow boiling test conditions. The available heated length of both test tubes is 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental pressure is 6 bar for flow boiling of water and 3 bar for flow boiling of kerosene. The exit vapor quality of the test sections is about 0.3. The two-phase Reynolds number ranges from 8000 to 28,000. The experimental two-phase frictional pressure drops in the smooth tube are compared with the predicted results by the two-phase flow homogeneous model and the Friedel formula (Friedel, 1979. Improved friction pressure drop correlation for horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow. European Two-phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy), respectively. It shows that the experimental results agree with the Friedel formula better than the two-phase flow homogenous model. By comparison, the two-phase frictional pressure drops in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6-2.7 times greater than that in the smooth tube. A physical explanation of the increase of the two-phase frictional pressure drop in the spirally internally ribbed tube is given. According to the two-phase flow homogeneous model, a correlation of two-phase friction factor is proposed for the spirally internally ribbed tube and it is applicable to pressures up to 6 bar.     

管壳式换热器强化传热的数值模拟分析

阐述了换热器管程强化传热强化管和管内插入物2种结构及其性能特点,并用场协同原理和数值模拟方法分析了其强化传热机理。模拟分析的结果为:光滑管内,速度矢量与温度矢量二者之间的夹角接近90℃,传热效果较差;在管内插入物情况下:两者之间的夹角小于90℃,流场和温度场的协同性更好:从而实现了强化传热。     

Coiled flow inverter as a heat exchanger

In the present work attempts are made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat-transfer characteristics of a coiled flow inverter (CFI) as heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments are carried out in counter-current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and cold fluid in the shell side. Experimental study is made over a range of Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 16,000 using water in the tube side of the heat exchanger. The shell side fluids used are either cooling water or ambient air. The coiled flow inverter is made up of coils and 90^° bends and inserted in a closed shell. The shell side is fitted with three types of baffles to provide high turbulence and avoid channeling in the shell side. The bulk mean temperatures at various downstream positions are reported for different flow rate on tube side, as well as the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger is also reported. Pressure drop and overall heat-transfer coefficient is calculated at various tube and shell side process conditions. The outer and inner heat-transfer coefficients are determined using Wilson plot technique. The results show that at low Reynolds numbers, heat-transfer is 25% higher as compared to coiled tubes. At high Reynolds numbers, the configuration has less influence on heat transfer. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the coiled flow inverter.