Effect of spoiler columns on heat transfer performance of aluminum nitride-based microchannel heat sink

Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) are among the most effective solutions for high-power heating elements; aluminium nitride (AlN) is widely used in various heat sinks owing to its high thermal conductivity. The study aims to investigate the effect of the spoiler column shape, number of rows, and position of the inlet/outlet on the temperature and pressure drop of AlN-based microchannel heat sink using a thermal fluid structure coupling simulation. The results showed that the circular spoiler column had the best dredging effect on the eddy current, which greatly improved the local Nusselt number and heat transfer efficiency. The maximum temperature of the heat sink with circular spoiler columns was 6.53 K lower than that without the spoiler column. The average flow velocity and heat transfer efficiency increased with an increase in the number of spoiler columns and the convective heat transfer area. However, the flow resistance and pressure drop between the inlet and outlet raised. When the inlet and outlet were arranged at the centreline, the flow velocity distribution in the heat sink is more uniform, and the maximum temperature was 160.78 K lower than that on the upper side. Heat transfer experiments were carried out by using three kinds of AlN-based microchannel heat sinks, which was machined by the pickling-assisted laser method. The heat transfer experiments showed that the error between simulation results and test data was less than 0.1%.     

壁面润湿性对微细通道内R141b流动沸腾不稳定性的影响

为了探究壁面润湿性对制冷剂R141b流动沸腾不稳定性的影响，设计微细通道流动沸腾实验平台，制备3种不同润湿性的矩形微细通道，其壁面接触角分别为62.3°、接近0°和158.7°。以R141b为实验工质，在截面宽×高为1mm×2mm的矩形微细通道内进行流动沸腾换热实验，研究了沿程测点压力波动情况以及影响进出口总压降波动的因素，最后对总压降波动信号进行Hurst指数分析，结果表明：微细通道沿程测点波动方差最大的位置正处于沸腾起始点（ONB）附近，热流密度的减小以及质量通量的增大均会使沸腾起始点推后；进出口总压降波动受热流密度、质量通量和壁面润湿性的影响，相同工况下，热流密度增大和质量通量的减小都会引起系统不稳定性增强，超疏水表面微细通道的总压降波动方差均比其他两种表面的大，是波动方差最小的超亲水表面的1.35～1.84倍；利用Hurst指数分析，表明系统具有混沌现象，超疏水表面微细通道的Hurst指数最大，表现出更强烈的不稳定性。     

铜基正弦波微通道内流动沸腾传热特性试验研究

基于超快激光技术加工铜基正弦波弯曲型微通道,以去离子水为流动工质,在不同质量流量和热通量条件下,对弯曲型微通道内流动沸腾特性进行试验研究。基于温度/压力数据和流动可视化结果,发现通道传热系数随出口干度增大,呈迅速增大后减小并趋于稳定趋势,正弦波微通道相较直微通道具有更好的换热性能,传热系数最大提高127.7%,压降仅增加14.4%。波状通道结构能明显抑制流动沸腾中不稳定现象发生。通过可视化试验发现,随热通量增大,流型经历泡状流-弹状流-环状流的转变,换热主导机制由核态沸腾逐渐过渡到薄液膜蒸发。     

Non-isothermal laminar channel flow

This article deals with the non-isothermal, laminar flow of a power-law fluid between parallel plates with a constant plate temperature. The fluids are assumed to be incompressible and to have constant physical properties except for the consistency-index, which latter quantity is assumed to vary exponentially with temperature. Calculations are performed on the “non-isoviscous” hydrodynamics and heat transfer rate. The results are presented as logarithmic mean Nusselt-numbers and dimensionless velocity distributions and pressure drops as a function of the dimensionless axial length in the channel and as a function of a quantity Q which measures the deviation of “isoviscous” fluid behaviour.The heat transfer rate appears to be a unique function of the velocity gradient at the wall, independent of the fluid rheology.All results have been summarized in a few practical approximations and are verified experimentally with pressure drop and heat transfer measurements of laminar, newtonian channel flow. It turns out that the results may be applied to flow between rectangular ducts up to aspect ratios H/B = 0·25.     

Improved Design of Microchannel Plate Geometry for Uniform Flow Distribution

The need to achieve high throughput in micro devices leads to high velocities through the microchannels leading to high pressure drops. Due to the nature of the microchannel plate geometry, the highest pressure drop may get localized to cause uneven flows along the microchannels leading to performance reduction. To maintain uniform flow distribution even under high throughput conditions, a two‐dimensional model has been constructed to study the flow distribution along the microchannels for various plate geometries of a micro heat exchanger. A novel micro heat exchanger configuration to achieve uniform flow distribution under all operating conditions has been proposed, modelled and tested. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the plate geometry with inlet and outlet valves inline with the microchannels along with two inlets and four outlets (for possible counter‐current heat exchange operation) provides uniform flow distribution under a wide range of flow conditions.     

Non-isothermal laminar pipe flow — II. Experimental

In a previous article [1] theoretical predictions of velocity distributions, pressure drops and mean Nusselt-numbers are given for non-isothermal pipe flow of power-law fluids having a temperature dependent consistency-index. In the present investigation these solutions are checked for Newtonian fluids with extensive experimental data.A flow visualization technique was used for measuring the non-isothermal, laminar velocity profiles of glycerol in a round tube. Furthermore, accurate pressure drop measurements were carried out for non-isothermal tube flow of a viscous. Newtonian liquid. Finally logarithmic mean heat transfer coefficients were measured in laminar flow heat transfer.The experimental velocity profiles, pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients show a good agreement with those predicted theoretically.     

小曲率蛇形微通道弯头处弹状流流动及传质特性的数值研究

采用CLSVOF（coupled level set and volume of fluid）方法,以空气和水为工作流体对小曲率矩形截面蛇形微通道内气液两相流动进行模拟研究。验证模型的合理性后,研究了曲率对弯通道内压降的影响,曲率及气相速度对弹状流气泡及液塞长度的综合影响;同时深入分析了弯管内气液两相流动的传质特性,包括不同曲率下气泡长度的变化,弯管内液侧体积传质系数与液膜体积传质系数的比较,曲率及气相速度对液相体积传质系数的影响。同时,对比了回转弯道与直微通道传质系数的差异,发现弯微通道可以强化传质。     

基于两相流流型的平行流冷凝器整体仿真模型与实验验证

引言平行流冷凝器作为一种新颖的换热器加之其不同于传统翅片管换热器的结构,因此其传热流动性能尚处研究之中。尤其是平行流冷凝器制冷剂侧微通道两相流机制及其转变不同于常规的管子,以往关于平行流冷凝器整体仿真模型的研究中,微通道两相流数值模拟大都采用传统大管径模型或者修正     

三叶孔板换热器壳程流动及传热数值模拟

三叶孔板换热器是一种新型纵流换热器,广泛应用于核电装备领域。针对目前使用较多的壳程“单元流道”模型的局限性,建立了三叶孔板换热器壳程整体模型,包括进出口接管。采用商用软件FLUENT14.0及RNG k-ε湍流模型对壳程流体流动与传热进行了数值研究,分析了三叶孔板换热器壳程流动与传热特性。结果表明：流经第一块支撑板后,流体已充分发展,并且随着壳程结构周期性变化,传热与压降也呈现周期性变化。在支撑板附近,流体流速变大,形成射流,并且由于支撑板阻挡,在支撑板前面和尾部产生二次流,能有效冲刷管壁,减薄流动边界层,起到强化传热作用。     

Simulation Analysis of the Heat Transfer Performance of an N-type Microchannel Heat Exchanger

A microchannel heat exchanger with a triangular wave and symmetrical triangular wave structure was proposed in this paper. In addition, a new N-type microchannel heat exchanger was developed to balance the heat transfer performance and pressure drop. The relationship between different configurations of the N structure of the microchannel and the heat transfer performance was analyzed. The results showed that, at a high inlet flow rate, the symmetrical triangular wave microchannel had the best heat transfer performance, followed by the triangular wave microchannel and the straight channel. At the same flow rate, the degree of disturbance of the fluid was highest in the symmetrical N-structure microchannel, and an excellent heat transfer effect was observed.     

波纹板填料的流体力学性能

应用商用Fluent软件,采用RNG k-?湍流模型,对波纹板填料内三维气相流场进行了数值模拟研究。结果发现,气体从填料底部进入后,大部分气体流入波纹板波谷,并沿波纹板倾角方向流动,此时气体流速较大,压降较小;小部分气体在波纹板波锋区域流动,方向曲折向上,气体流速较小,压降也较大;不同气体动能因子下填料的干板压降模拟值与Billet模型预测值、文献实验数据吻合较好;在理想波纹板填料模型中,气体沿波纹板倾角方向流动碰到塔壁时,转向相邻板片波纹倾角的方向流动,实际应用中容易出现壁流现象。本研究对波纹板填料结构改型及应用具有重要指导意义。     

Mixed convection flow of a power-law fluid in horizontal ducts

The laminar mixed convection heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid modelled by a power-law constitutive equation is studied. The equations of motion subject to the Boussinesq approximation and an axially uniform heat flux and peripherally uniform wall temperature condition are discretized by finite difference approximation and are solved by the successive relaxation method. Dual solutions with two-cell and four-cell patterns have been observed in certain regions of the parameter space. The secondary flow caused by the buoyancy force has a shear thinning effect for pseudoplastic fluids. The Nusselt number, however, always increases with increasing Grashof number.     

方形微通道热沉的耗散优化分析

基于CFD软件建立了两种不同结构的方形微通道热沉,并对其进行数值计算,模拟得到热沉的温度场和压力场。在此基础上,研究了不同微通道分布方式、不同质量流率和不同热通量对热沉的温度、压降的影响,同时基于耗散理论对比分析来获得方形微通道热沉换热效果较好的优化方案,在固定边界热流条件下,耗散越小,换热效果越好。计算结果表明：随着质量流率的增大,热沉温度逐渐降低,进出口压差逐渐增大,PEC逐渐增大,耗散逐渐减小;随着热通量的增大,热沉温度逐渐升高,进出口压差逐渐降低,PEC逐渐增大,耗散逐渐减小。微通道分布方式为上层内切圆半径-下层外接圆半径分布时热沉的温度更低,PEC更大,耗散更小,传热效率更高。     

Entransy dissipation theory optimization analysis of square microchannel heat sink

Two kinds of square microchannel heat sinks with different structures were established based on CFD software, and numerical calculations were carried out to simulate the temperature field and pressure field of the heat sink. On this basis, the effects of different microchannel distribution patterns, different mass flow rates and different heat fluxes on the temperature and pressure drop of the heat sink are studied. At the same time, based on the comparison analysis of the entransy dissipation theory, a better optimization scheme of heat sink in square microchannel is obtained. A better optimization scheme, under the fixed boundary heat flow condition, the smaller the entransy dissipation, the better the heat exchange effect. The calculation results show that with the increase of mass flow rate, the heat sink temperature gradually decreases, the pressure drop increases gradually, the PEC gradually increases, and the entransy dissipation decreases; as the heat flux density increases, the heat sink temperature gradually increases, the pressure drop gradually decreases, the PEC gradually increases, and the entransy dissipation gradually decreases. The microchannel distribution pattern is the upper inscribed circle radius-lower layer circumcircle radius distribution, the temperature of the heat sink is lower, the PEC is larger, the entransy dissipation is smaller, and the heat transfer efficiency is higher.     

MOMENTUM INTEGRAL METHOD FOR FORCED CONVECTION IN THERMAL NONEQUILIBRIUM POWER-LAW FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

Forced convection heat transfer for power-law fluid flow in porous media was studied analytically. The analytical solutions were obtained based on the Brinkman-extended Darcy model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for forced convection heat transfer. As a closed-form exact velocity profile is unobtainable for the general power-law index, an approximate velocity profile based on the parabolic model is proposed by subscribing to the momentum boundary layer integral method. Heat transfer analysis is based on the two-equation model by considering local thermal nonequilibrium between fluid and solid phases and constant heat flux boundary conditions. The velocity and temperature distributions obtained based on the parabolic model were verified to be reasonably accurate and improvement is justified compared to the linear model. The expression for the overall Nusselt number was derived based on the proposed parabolic model. The effects of the governing parameters of engineering importance such as Darcy number, power-law index, nondimensional interfacial heat transfer coefficient, and effective thermal conductivity ratio on the convective heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media are analyzed and discussed.     

Laminar flow of power-law fluids in the entrance region of a pipe

The study is concerned with developing laminar flow of a power-law fluid in a circular tube. The analysis extends the filled-region concept, used previously to study Newtonian fluid flow, to the more general class of power-law fluids. Flow is analyzed in both the inlet and filled regions using an integral boundary layer method. Results obtained provide the lengths of the entrance, inlet and filled regions as a function of the generalized Reynolds number and the power-law fluid index. In addition, the variations of the local friction factor, the pressure drop and the centerline velocity along the axial coordinate are also provided. The available models are compared with the present one on the basis of experimental data. The present results are found to reach asymptotically the fully developed values, and also to be in good agreement with all available experimental data.     

内置螺旋弹簧换热管内流动与传热三维数值模拟

为研究内置螺旋弹簧换热管单管强化传热原理,采用Fluent软件对内置螺旋弹簧换热管内流体流动与传热特性进行数值模拟,考察了弹簧的应用对管内流场、压降和换热性能的影响,并分别取螺旋弹簧节距p分别为2 mm、4 mm、5 mm初步研究了弹簧的节距对强化传热效果的影响。模拟结果显示：弹簧管内流体呈螺旋流动状态,管壁附近流体切向速度和径向速度有一定程度的提高,从而加剧了管内流体的混合及边界层的扰动,充分换热,弹簧管进出口温度差较光管有所增加,最高增加了0.9 ℃;相同雷诺数条件下,内置螺旋弹簧换热管Nu数均高于光管,而压降和阻力系数相比光管有明显增加,随着弹簧节距减小换热增强而摩擦阻力系数增加。     

Investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop between parallel channels with pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids

Central to the problem of heat exchangers design is the prediction of pressure drop and heat transfer in the noncircular exchanger duct passages such as parallel channels. Numerical solutions for laminar fully developed flow are presented for the pressure drop (friction factor times Reynolds number) and heat transfer (Nusselt numbers) with thermal boundary conditions [constant heat flux (CHF) and constant wall temperature (CWT) ] for a pseudoplastic and dilatant non‐Newtonian fluid flowing between infinite parallel channels. A shear rate parameter could be used for the prediction of the shear rate range for a specified set of operating conditions that has Newtonian behavior at low shear rates, power law behavior at high shear rates, and a transition region in between. Numerical results of the Nusselt number [constant heat flux (CHF) and constant wall temperature (CWT) ] and the product of the friction factor and Reynolds number for the Newtonian region were compared with the literature values showing agreement within 0.36% in the Newtonian region. For pseudoplastic and dilatant non‐Newtonian fluids, the modified power law model is recommended to use because the fluid properties have big discrepancies between the power law model and the actual values in low and medium range of shear rates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3601–3608, 2003     

Conjugate transport in polymer melt flow through extrusion dies

A numerical study is carried out on the conjugate thermal transport in polymer and food melts flowing through extrusion dies. The simulation is performed to determine the influence of conduction through the die wall and of the thermal boundary conditions on the transport in the fluid and on the conditions at the outlet. An extrusion die with a uniform temperature or heat transfer coefficient specified at the outer surface is considered. It is found that, because of conduction in the solid wall, important physical variables such as centerline velocity, pressure drop, bulk temperature of the fluid and shear experienced by the fluid are strongly affected by the boundary conditions, as well as by the wall thermal conductivity and thickness. Channels of different geometries are used for the study. The flow in a circular straight tube with constant wall thickness is studied first. Flow and thermal transport in different, constricted, channels are studied next. Different wall materials are also considered. Comparisons with some experimental results are presented, indicating good agreement. The fluids considered in this study are highly viscous, polymer melts. Due to high viscous dissipation and temperature-dependent viscosity, the flow and heat transfer are coupled and the problem is quite complicated. The results show that, for some operating conditions, the bulk temperature can be high enough to cause significant heat transfer from the fluid to the wall. The downstream variation in the pressure and temperature are calculated. The thermal boundary conditions are found to have a strong influence on the temperature field and thus on the flow. The general dependence of pressure drop on temperature, flow rate, and geometry is investigated. Several other basic aspects of this problem are also discussed.     

Gas-liquid two-phase flow in serpentine microchannel with different wall wettability

Gas-liquid flow in serpentine microchannel with different surface properties exhibits drastically different flow behavior.With water and air as working fluids,the method of numerical simulation was adopted in this paper based on CLSVOF (coupled level set and volume of fluid method) multiphase model.After verifing the reasonability of the model through experiment,by changing wall properties and Re number (Re ＜ 1500),the influences of contact angle and surface roughness on flow regime and Po number were discussed.Moreover,the difference of pressure drop between curve and straight microchannel was also calculated.Beyond that,the combined effect of curve channel and wall properties on flow resistance was analyzed.This paper finds that wall properties have great influence on gasliquid flow in microchannels not only on flow regime but also flow characteristics.Meanwhile,the pressure drop in curve microchannels is larger than straight.It is more beneficial for fluid flowing when the straight part of microchannel is hydrophilic smooth wall and curve part is hydrophobic with large roughness.