碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水制乙烯性能

对两种不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,制备介-微孔复合HZSM-5分子筛,研究乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能,并考察碱溶液浓度和处理温度对HZSM-5分子筛孔结构和表面酸性的影响。结果表明,适宜的碱处理条件有利于分子筛发生骨架脱硅和脱铝,从而形成介孔。碱处理对硅铝比低的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质影响明显,而硅铝比高的HZSM-5分子筛在碱处理过程中酸性质变化不明显,更易发生脱硅和脱铝而形成更多介孔。碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂使乙醇脱水制乙烯催化性能得到改善,尤其低温催化活性提高,这主要归功于碱处理中介孔的形成和表面酸性的调变。     

A novel method for enhancing on-stream stability of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline hydro-upgrading catalyst: Post-treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite by combined steaming and citric acid leaching

This article describes a novel modification method consisting of steaming and subsequent citric acid leaching to finely tune acidity and pore structure of HZSM-5 zeolite and thereby to enhance the on-stream stability of the zeolite derived fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline hydro-upgrading catalyst. A series of dealuminated HZSM-5 zeolites and their derived catalysts were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), ²⁷Al MAS NMR, nitrogen adsorption, temperature programmed desorption of ammonium (NH₃-TPD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy of chemisorbed pyridine. The results showed that the citric acid leaching could preferentially remove the extra-framework Al (EFAl) species formed by steaming treatment and thus reopen the EFAl-blocked pore channels of the steamed zeolite. The steaming treatment at a suitable temperature and subsequent citric acid leaching not only decreased the strength of acid sites to a desirable degree but also increased the ratio of medium and strong Lewis acidity to medium and strong Brönsted acidity, both of which conferred the resulting catalyst with superior selectivity to aromatics, good hydroisomerization activity and gasoline research octane number (RON) preservability, as well as enhanced on-stream stability. The results fully demonstrated that the treatments by steaming and followed citric acid leaching can serve as an important method for adjusting the physicochemical properties of HZSM-5 zeolite.     

硅烷化和有机弱碱改性Mo/HZSM-5对甲烷无氧芳构化催化性能的影响

催化剂的形态及晶粒的组装对其催化性能有重要影响,采用硅烷化处理对Mo基催化剂表面酸性进行毒化制备了核壳型（Mo基催化剂@Silicalite-1）复合材料;采用四丙基氢氧化铵或正丁胺有机弱碱对Mo/HZSM-5进行刻蚀,然后经过脱硅再结晶分别制备了表面富硅型中空结构Mo/HZSM-5微球和表面富硅、核内含有多级孔道的Mo/HZSM-5微球。采用XRD、TEM、N₂等温吸脱附和NH₃-TPD对催化剂结构进行表征,并考察了三种不同后处理方法对Mo基催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中催化性能的影响。硅烷化和有机碱处理均能够调变Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的表面酸性,而经有机碱处理以后,催化剂结晶度、介孔比表面积和孔容均具有不同程度的增加,三种不同后处理方法均能改善Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的反应稳定性,对产物的分布也产生了显著影响。     

生物质/塑料共催化热解过程中HZSM-5失活分析

利用管式炉热解装置进行HZSM-5在线共催化热解玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯过程中的循环和再生利用实验,对玉米秸秆进行酸洗预处理,考察原料酸洗预处理对HZSM-5催化性能的影响。采用GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对生物油的化学组成进行分析,并对反应前、反应后以及再生催化剂进行TG（热重分析）、ICP-MS（电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪）、SEM/EDS（场发射扫描电镜）、BET、NH₃-TPD（程序升温脱附技术）等表征分析。研究表明,HZSM-5催化玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯热解的主要产物为芳烃,随着催化剂重复利用次数的增加,芳烃含量逐渐降低,催化剂的比表面积、孔容、酸性等也随之降低,说明催化剂的活性逐渐降低;原料经酸洗预处理后有利于热解中间体的生成,加速了催化剂的结焦失活速率;催化热解酸洗玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯的催化剂经焙烧再生后其活性基本恢复至原有水平,而催化热解未处理玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯的催化剂再生后其活性有所降低,碱/碱土金属在HZSM-5催化剂上发生累积,从而引起酸性位点“中毒”失活,而原料经酸洗预处理后可有效降低催化剂上碱/碱土金属的累积量,有利于延长催化剂的使用寿命。     

碱处理改性对Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能的影响

以不同浓度的NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理改性后所得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛作为活性组分制备甲醇制芳烃催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD和N2吸-脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,分别考察了碱处理改性对分子筛催化剂骨架结构、酸性质、孔结构以及催化性能的影响.结果表明,通过合适浓度的NaOH碱溶液处理后,HZSM-5分子筛在保持微孔骨架结构的同时,可以调变其晶内介孔孔道结构分布以及酸性质.随着NaOH碱溶液浓度升高,HZSM-5分子筛的酸量、介孔孔容、介孔表面积都增加、孔容分布变宽,催化剂的活性和稳定性等催化性能得以改善.HZSM-5分子筛碱处理改性适宜的NaOH溶液浓度为0.4 mol/L,改性后的催化剂芳烃收率由25.07％增加到32.22％,使用寿命由8d增加到16d,但NaOH溶液浓度超过0.6 mol/L后会严重破坏HZSM-5分子筛骨架结构,催化活性下降较快.     

甲基萘烷基化催化剂上积炭的表征

研究了HZSM—5沸石催化甲基萘与甲醇的烷基化反应。采用热重分析、红外光谱分析、元素分析和色—质联机分析等手段，对甲基萘与甲醇烷基化失活催化剂上积炭的二氯甲烷溶解炭(焦炭前身物)和不溶解炭物进行了表征。实验结果表明：焦炭前身物主要由三环取代芳香化合物组成，并有芳醚类化合物存在。HZSM—5沸石催化剂失活的原因可能是由甲醇自身反应生成的烃类化合物进一步与萘环反应形成多环芳香化合物引起的。     

改性HZSM-5对甲醇制汽油反应性能的影响

对HZSM-5分子筛改性是提高甲醇制汽油反应催化性能的有效方式,分别用非金属、稀土金属及水热处理对HZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行改性,考察改性方法对HZSM-5分子筛酸性、孔径和比表面积等性质的影响,同时对改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化甲醇制汽油的汽油收率和芳烃含量等指标进行比较。结果表明,经La改性的催化剂可明显提高汽油收率,水热处理的催化剂反应产物汽油中的均四甲苯含量大幅增加。改性催化剂对反应的影响可一定程度验证相关理论。     

碱处理HZSM-5分子筛对神东煤热解产物分布的影响

使用NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行处理,利用粉-粒流化床快速热解实验装置,考察了经过不同时间碱处理的HZSM-5分子筛对神东煤热解产物分布的影响。结果表明：适当的碱处理能够在不破坏HZSM-5分子筛晶相结构的情况下在晶体内部引入介孔,且随着碱处理时间的延长,分子筛的介孔孔容、介孔比表面积增加,孔径分布变宽,总酸量先增大后减小。碱处理0.5h的HZSM-5分子筛催化时焦油中苯、甲苯含量最大,较原煤热解分别增加了268%、296%;碱处理2h的HZSM-5分子筛催化下热解气体总含量达到最大,较原煤热解增加了24.8%;碱处理4h的HZSM-5催化时焦油中萘及萘的同系物、多环芳烃（除萘类）含量最大,分别较原煤增加了92%、192%。     

固体酸对二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚催化剂性能的影响

以Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂作为甲醇合成组分,以不同固体酸作为脱水组分,制备了一系列CO2加氢合成二甲醚的复合催化剂。研究表明CO2的转化率与固体酸的酸性无关,而取决于Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂上甲醇的合成速率;二甲醚的选择性取决于固体酸的酸量和酸强度,脱水速率与固体酸的中/强酸有关。HZSM-5分子筛作为复合催化剂脱水组分时,二甲醚的收率最高;硅铝比对CO2转化率无影响,但可显著地影响二甲醚选择性;低硅铝比的HZSM-5更适合作为CO2加氢合成二甲醚复合催化剂的脱水组分。     

The acidity and catalytic behavior of Mg-ZSM-5 prepared via a solid-state reaction

A series of Mg-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with different content of magnesium were prepared via a solid-state reaction of HZSM-5 with magnesium chloride at 327°C. X-ray determinations demonstrated that the structure and crystallinity of the catalysts were not changed as compared with HZSM-5 zeolite. The acidity of the catalysts was characterized by temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and infrared spectra of pyridine adsorption. The studies indicated that their Brønsted acid sites decreased and Lewis acid sites slightly increased with increasing magnesium amount in the zeolites. The catalytic properties of the catalysts have been examined by choosing the alkylation of toluene with methanol as probe reaction. The results showed that the modified zeolite catalysts significantly improved the initial activity and lifetime. Para-selectivity also increases to a level of 80–90%. These results indicate that the solid-state reaction is an effective and convenient route for modification of the zeolite.     

苯与合成气在ZnAlCrO x &HZSM-5双功能催化剂上一步法制甲苯/二甲苯

与传统的甲醇和苯烷基化反应相比,合成气和苯一步法制甲苯/二甲苯具有苯转化率高,催化剂稳定性好,经济性高等优点。本研究将系列Zn基的金属氧化物与H-ZSM-5分子筛组成双功能催化剂,实现了合成气与苯高效转化为甲苯/二甲苯,并筛选出最优的双功能催化剂为ZnAlCrO _x &H-ZSM-5。原位红外实验发现,单独的合成气在催化剂上的转化较弱,但加入苯之后,苯与甲氧基等中间体的烷基化反应可以有效拉动合成气的转化。这表明,双功能催化剂中金属组分和分子筛组分间的协同作用拉动了该反应的高效进行。通过Zn、Mg、Ga等元素改性H-ZSM-5分子筛,使得分子筛B酸酸量与L酸酸量的比值降低,发现比值的降低有助于苯的转化。其中Zn改性后B酸与L酸的比值降低最为显著,苯转化率增加的也最多。调变反应温度、原料空速、合成气氢碳比可以控制苯的烷基化程度,调节苯烷基化各产物的选择性。ZnAlCrO _x &H-ZSM-5双功能催化剂在压力3MPa、温度400℃的反应条件下,兼具高的苯转化率（90.6%）和甲苯/二甲苯选择性（74.3%）,同时CO有效利用率为33.7%。     

Effect of nickel incorporation on the acidity and stability of HZSM-5 zeolite in the MTO process

A study has been carried on the effect of Ni incorporation on the acidity (acid strength distribution and total acidity), on the hydrothermal stability of a HZSM-5 zeolite and on the kinetic performance of this catalyst in the MTO process at high temperature (up to 500 °C, in order to increase selectivity to olefins) and when there is a high water content in the feed (in order to minimise deactivation by coke). The incorporation of Ni in the HZSM-5 zeolite implies a decrease in the total acidity and in the acid strength of the zeolite and, consequently, the activity of the catalyst decreases. Nevertheless, the catalysts with Ni are hydrothermally more stable than the parent zeolite catalyst. A Ni content around 1 wt% is the optimum, as it allows for uninterrupted operation in reaction–regeneration cycles, with water contents higher than 50 wt% in the medium, without irreversible deactivation, whereas a higher Ni content produces an unnecessary loss of initial activity.     

Alkaline modification of ZSM-5 catalysts for methanol aromatization: The effect of the alkaline concentration

The effects of alkaline treatment on the physical properties of ZSM-5 catalysts and on their activities for methanol to aromatics conversion have been investigated. A mild alkaline treatment (0.2 and 0.3 mol/L NaOH) created mesopores in the parent zeolite with no obvious effect on acidity. The presence of mesopores gives the catalyst a longer lifetime and higher selectivity for aromatics. Treatment with 0.4 mol/L NaOH decreased the number of Brønsted acid sites due to dealumination and desilication, which resulted in a lower deactivation rate. In addition, more mesopores were produced than with the mild alkaline treatment. As a result, the lifetime of the sample treated with 0.4 mol/L NaOH was almost five times that of the parent ZSM-5. Treatment with a higher alkaline concentration (0.5 mol/L) greatly reduced the number of Brønsted acid sites and the number of micropores resulting in incomplete methanol conversion. When the alkaline-treated catalysts were washed with acid, some of the porosity was restored and a slight increase in selectivity for aromatics was obtained.     

Realumination of dealuminated HZSM-5 zeolite by citric acid treatment and its application in preparing FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading catalyst

This article describes a novel citric acid treatment method for realuminating dealuminated HZSM-5 zeolite and its application in enhancing the performance of the zeolite derived FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading catalysts. A series of modified HZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by streaming and/or acid treatments and the influences of the different modification methods on the acidity, pore structure and catalytic performance of the modified HZSM-5 zeolite supported catalysts were compared in the present investigation. The results showed that compared with the single HCl or citric acid treatment, the steaming treatment, and the steaming/HCl treatments, the citric acid treatment after steaming exclusively increased the amount of framework Al species due to its realumination effect on the steamed HZSM-5 zeolite. This realumination effect of the citric acid treatment could optimize the ratio of framework Al to extra-framework Al in the steamed HZSM-5 zeolite and thus greatly improve the acidity distribution and pore structure of the corresponding catalyst. The catalytic performance assessments of the different zeolite supported catalysts for FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading revealed that the catalyst supported on the steaming/citric acid treated HZSM-5 zeolite had balanced initial and long-term activities in hydrodesulfurization, hydroisomerization and aromatization, high liquid yield and improved gasoline road octane number. The superior catalytic performance of the catalyst could be closely related to its suitable ratio of framework Al to extra-framework Al achieved by the combinational use of the steaming dealumination and the citric acid realumination, fully demonstrating the effectiveness of the steaming and citric acid treatments in optimizing the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolite supported catalysts.     

Creating Mesopores in ZSM-5 Zeolite by Alkali Treatment: A New Way to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of Methane Dehydroaromatization on Mo/HZSM-5 Catalysts

Well-controlled treatment with alkali solution causes the etching of HZSM-5 framework, which results in the formation of the new porosity and channel structure with the coexistence of micropores and mesopores, as evidenced by nitrogen adsorption experiments. The dissolution of the zeolite framework, as revealed by the investigation of solid-state NMR, begins from the crystalline site with Si–O–Si linkages. The inertness of the alkali treatment toward Si–O–Al bond in the framework preserves the specific Brønsted acid site that is defined to be the bridging OH species over Si–O–Al units in zeolite. The Mo-modified catalysts derived from the alkali treatments showed a very high catalytic performance in the conversion of methane to aromatics (MDA) when compared with the conventional Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst. The unique selectivity to aromatics and stability of the catalysts derived from the alkali-treated ZSM-5 are attributed to the coexistence of mesopores and inherent micropores in the zeolites, which optimizes an environment for catalytic reaction and mass transfers. The channel with mainly 3–5?nm in diameters in the zeolites serves as the “aisle” to enhance the diffusion of molecules, especially the aromatics molecules, while the micropores have been identified to be the active cavities for the aromatics formation.     

焙烧温度对HZSM-5分子筛催化1-丁烯齐聚性能的影响

考察焙烧温度对HZSM-5分子筛催化剂结构及1-丁烯齐聚性能的影响,采用XRD、SEM和NH3-TPD对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,升高焙烧温度,对HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的晶相和晶粒尺寸没有影响,催化剂中弱酸与强酸的酸强度和酸量均随焙烧温度的升高逐渐减弱。在催化剂晶粒尺寸一定条件下,催化剂酸性对催化剂的齐聚性能有较大影响,焙烧温度500℃时,C5+收率和C10+选择性最佳。     

Beta分子筛改性对催化苯和乙烯烷基化反应的影响

苯和乙烯烷基化反应是重要的乙苯生产途径,Beta分子筛是该过程的重要催化剂。苯和乙烯烷基化反应是一个酸中心催化过程,因此Beta分子筛的表面酸性与催化反应性能之间有密切联系。对工业Beta分子筛进行浸Mg、高温水蒸汽处理和高温焙烧等改性处理,考察改性方法对Beta分子筛酸性及催化苯和乙烯烷基化性能的影响,结果表明,浸Mg改性能增加分子筛总酸量,但酸强度降低,导致催化活性降低,苯和乙烯烷基化反应主要发生在分子筛强酸中心;高温水蒸汽处理后,分子筛酸强度分布基本不变,但总酸量降低,导致乙烯转化率降低;高温焙烧处理导致分子筛结晶度下降,催化活性下降。     

Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with radial mesopores: Preparation,formation mechanism and application for benzene alkylation

Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with radial mesopores is controllably synthesized using piperidine in a NaOH solution. The piperidine molecules enter the zeolite micropores and protect the zeolite framework from extensive desilication. The areas containing fewer aluminum atoms contain fewer piperidine protectant molecules and so they dissolve first. Small amounts of mesopores are then gradually generated in areas with more aluminum atoms and more piperidine protectant. In this manner, radial mesopores are formed in the ZSM-5 zeolite with a maximal preservation of the micropores and active sites. The optimal hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite, prepared with a molar ratio of piperidine to zeolite of 0.03, had a mesopore surface area of 136 m²·g⁻¹ and a solid yield of 80%. The incorporation of the radial mesopores results in micropores that are interconnected which shortened the average diffusion path length. Compared to the parent zeolite, the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite possesses more accessible acid sites and has a higher catalytic activity and a longer lifetime for the alkylation of benzene.     

铌改性HZSM-5分子筛催化环己烯水合反应研究

采用草酸铌氨为改性剂,研究了担载不同铌含量的Nb/HZSM-5分子筛的表面酸性以及环己烯水合反应的催化活性和选择性。XRD和BET分析表明：Nb₂O₅在HZSM-5呈高度分散状态,适宜负载量时,改性Nb/HZSM-5分子筛保持较好的结构特征; Py-TPD分析表明：铌组元的引入,避免了脱羟基作用使沸石分子筛的酸性降低,增加了分子筛的骨架稳定性。 结果表明,在Nb₂O₅负载量6% (质量分数,下同), 450 ℃焙烧4 h 的条件下,催化剂活性最高,环己烯转化率达到14.7%,环己醇选择性为99.7%。     

柠檬酸处理对FCC干气与苯烷基化催化剂的影响

采用ZSM-5/ZSM-11共结晶分子筛催化剂,在固定床反应装置上对催化裂化干气与苯制乙苯进行考察。 NH₃-TPD结果表明,随着水热处理条件的苛刻, 催化剂的酸量和酸强度均下降, 虽然这些催化剂上干气中乙烯转化率变化不明显, 但产物中二甲苯含量大幅度下降。 柠檬酸对分子筛催化剂进行改性处理后, 可明显降低催化裂化干气与苯制乙苯中二甲苯杂质含量, 原因可能为催化剂大的比表面积和孔容改善了原料的传质能力, 从而抑制了二甲苯的生成。