碳纳米管对聚丙烯基复合材料结晶的影响研究

采用熔融共混法制备了多壁碳纳米管/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯/聚丙烯复合材料。利用差示扫描量热仪测试复合材料的非等温结晶过程,并对热分析结果进行拟合计算;采用偏光显微镜观察复合材料的晶粒形貌及测量晶粒度。结果表明:多壁碳纳米管的加入提高了复合材料的结晶温度,加快了结晶速率,细化了晶粒,并且使晶粒尺寸更加均匀。     

粉煤灰/聚丙烯复合材料的非等温结晶动力学行为

采用差示扫描量热仪研究了粉煤灰/聚丙烯(FA/PP)复合材料的非等温结晶行为,并探讨了基于Jeziorny法和莫志深法的结晶动力学,最后利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa方程计算了纯PP和复合材料的结晶活化能。结果表明:在PP中加入FA后,复合材料的结晶起始温度To、结晶峰值温度Tp、Avrami指数n、半结晶时间t1/2和冷却速率F(T)均增大,结晶速率常数Zc降低;当FA的质量分数为15%时,复合材料的t1/2、活化能以及F(T)最小,Zc最大;FA/PP复合材料的结晶活化能均高于纯PP的。     

成核剂对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的结晶行为影响

在HAAKE转矩流变仪中进行了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和不同类型成核剂的熔融共混,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了不同粘度纯PET、纯PBT及添加小分子成核剂、高分子成核剂、复合成核剂的PET非等温结晶过程。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、热台偏光显微镜(POM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对添加成核剂前后PET的结晶形貌进行对比分析。结果表明低粘度PET的结晶能力较中粘度和高粘度的PET结晶能力强,添加成核剂后PET的结晶峰温移向高温、半结晶时间缩短、结晶速率常数增大。其中高分子成核剂、复合成核剂对PET结晶行为改善效果更好,其成核机理为化学成核,但高分子成核剂不会造成PET分子链的降解。     

振动力场作用下聚合物熔体流场的理论研究

介绍了聚合物电磁动态成型加工的特点，推导出振动力场作用下简单剪切流动中聚合物熔体的速度、剪切速率和剪切应力的计算公式，通过对动态流场的理论计算与分析表明，振动力场对于提高聚合物成型加工的综合性能具有显著效果。     

高级偏光显微镜的调焦机构

本文介绍了偏光显微镜的粗、微动调焦机构的同轴式装置。蜗轮蜗杆行星齿轮传动系统的格值计算及其精度测量。     

光学和光学仪器──显微镜 偏光显微镜 参考系统

光学和光学仪器──显微镜偏光显微镜参考系统ＩＳＯ／ＤＩＳ８５７６１适用范围本国际标准规定涉及到显微镜及其附件的旋转方向和位移测试的参考系统，旨在使所有测试程序能够统一，本标准的重点在于偏光参数和测试附件，如显微镜旋转工作台，偏光元件及补偿器。２原理在...     

首届全国光学和光学仪器标准化技术委员会显微镜分技术委员会第四次会议在安徽召开

根据全国光学和光学仪器标准化技术委员会显微镜分技术委员会第三次会议的精神，以及机电部机电科（1993）382号文下达的标准制、修订计划，显微镜分技术委员会于1994年10月22～27日在安徽省黄山市召开显微镜分技术委员会第四次会议，审查由上海光学仪器研究所负责组织制订的《偏光显微镜》和《偏光显微镜参考系统》两项行业标准（计划编号为93470303）。参加会议的有显分委9名委员，全国光标委18名委员，其他代表8名。会议首先由秘书长魏统龄高工汇报了显微镜分技术委员会的前阶段工作，然后对《偏光显微镜》和《偏光显微镜参考系统》二项…     

加工工艺对HDPE/CaCO_3共混体系性能的研究

采用偏光显微镜研究了4种不同加工工艺对改性HDPE结晶结构的影响,并且通过SEM分析方法研究了纳米CaCO_3在HDPE基体中的分散特性。研究结果表明:在HDPE/Ca CO_3共混体系配方不变的情况下,加工工艺d更有利于提高纳米CaCO_3粒子在HDPE基体中的最终分散性和HDPE/CaCO_3共混体系的力学性能。     

信息之窗

XP5、XP4偏光显微镜由贵阳新天精密光学仪器公司承担的“六·五”攻关项目XP5型研究用偏光显微镜和机械部新产品研制项目XP4型煤岩偏光显微镜,通过部级鉴定。XP5是引进联邦德国莱茨公司生产技术,经消化吸收后制成,国产化率达90%以上经现场测试,其主要技术指标均接近(部分达到)莱茨公司同类产品的技术水平,是广泛用于地质、冶金、石油、化工、煤矿、医药、纺织等部门进行实验研究的重要工具。XP4是吸收国外先进技术,在引进生产的XP3C型显微镜的基础上派生,特别适合于类似煤岩等这样的低对比度矿物的光性测定还可对透明     

WFW1型显微分光光度计

显微分光光度计是偏光显微镜与分光光度计结合的产品,制造难度大,测定精度高,我们在引进消化吸收了德国 Leitz 公司偏光显微镜的设计制造技术的基础上,研制成功WFW1型显微光光度计。一、主要结构与功能     

Al-1.04Mg-0.85Si-0.01Cu铝合金的热压缩变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机对Al-1.04Mg-0.85Si-0.01Cu铝合金进行热压缩试验,研究了其在300～500℃和0.001～1.0s-1应变速率下的热变形行为,并利用光学显微镜分析了其不同条件变形后的显微组织。结果表明:该合金的热变形行为可用双曲正弦形式的本构方程来描述;应变速率小于1.0s-1时,随温度升高和应变速率增加,合金的变形激活能提高,应变速率为1.0s-1时,变形激活能有所下降;计算得到该合金的热变形激活能为193.029kJ·mol-1,低于6061合金的变形激活能;该合金的热加工性能优良。     

Study of energy transfer from excited TPD to Alq in organic electroluminescent devices by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy using a scanning near-field optical atomic force microscope

We demonstrate the direct measurement of molecular diffusion at organic/organic interfaces of organic electroluminescence devices by use of a scanning near-field optical atomic force microscope. Our preliminary study shows that the degradation of an electroluminescence device is partly caused by crystallization of the organic layers. Because the initial stage of degradation cannot be observed by microscopic methods, nanoscale optical properties of the interface in multilayer systems are currently receiving a great deal of attention. Defects of organic electroluminescence devices were investigated using a scanning near-field optical atomic force microscope. This instrument is capable of measuring both a topographic and a fluorescence image at the same time. The defect area and other areas are clearly observed and time-resolved near-field fluorescence spectra demonstrate emission of the different species. These results suggest that defects occur at the organic solid interface, and that energy transfer occurs from excited TPD, as donor, to Alq, as acceptor.     

热冲压硼钢B1500HS高温本构方程的研究

硼钢的高温本构方程是热冲压数值模拟不可缺少的数学模型,它反映了流动应力与应变、应变速度以及温度之间的依赖关系。为了研究热冲压硼钢B1500HS高温时的流变力学行为,采用Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机,在600～900℃温度区间,分别以0.01 s–1、0.1 s–1、1.0 s–1、10 s–1的应变速度对硼钢B1500HS试样进行等温单向拉伸试验,计算得到各相应测试条件下的正应力—应变曲线。采用包含变形激活能和变形温度的双曲正弦形式修正的Arrhenius关系来描述硼钢奥氏体组织的热激活变形行为。通过对试验数据进行拟合回归分析,得到与应变量相关的各材料参数,以及与应变速度、变形温度相关的流变应力关系式。试验结果显示,流动应力随着变形温度的降低而增大,随着形变速度的升高而增大。计算结果表明:流变应力关系式的计算结果与试验数据的吻合度较好。     

Relationships Between Surface Thermal Gradients and Disc Distortion During Stop-Braking with High Energy Dissipation

This paper focuses on the study of the relationships between brake disc surface temperatures and disc distortion for various high-energy stop-braking conditions. An original thermal metrology method combining an infrared camera and a fibre-optic two-colour pyrometer was used to record the spatial and temporal variation in disc surface temperature during braking. Disc distortion was investigated in situ by means of a high-frequency displacement sensor. In addition, an optical trigger kept track of disc revolutions and enabled the synchronization of the IR camera, two-colour pyrometer and displacement sensor measurements. This experimental set-up was successfully used to determine the surface temperature and investigate thermal localization and waviness distortion during braking. The results were correlated with each other in relation to the level of energy dissipation. It was shown that the highest temperature was reached in the hot spot regions at an early stage of stop-braking. By contrast, the greatest disc distortion appeared much later, during the last stage of stop-braking.     

Study of the focused laser spots generated by various polarized laser beam conditions

In this work, three‐dimensional near‐field imaging of the focused laser spot was studied theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical simulation, we use the electromagnetic equivalent of the vectorial Kirchhoff diffraction integral to calculate the intensity distribution of the focal region, and a high depolarization is found in high numerical aperture systems (NA = 0.85). The experimental set‐up is based on a near‐field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) system. A high‐NA objective lens is used to focus incident light of various polarizations, and a tapered near‐field optical fibre probe of the NSOM system is used to determine the intensity of the focal field. The results show an asymmetric distribution of the focused intensity with the linear polarized laser beam.     

聚丙烯（PP）热压变形行为研究

从技术上分析了结晶型PP在Tg-Tm（Tf）温度区间变形的相（结构）-（凝聚）态意义,使用黄金分割法在其Tg~Tm（Tf）温度区间划分低温和高温双相热固态变形温度区域,同时设计3种热压实验温度,并沿用冷压变形研究的镦粗变形模式和试样对PP进行4种变形速度和3种变形程度的热压变形实验。实验结果表明,提高PP热压变形温度和变形速度可以产生温度软化和速度粘化效应以及速度缩减回弹效果,从而大幅度降低冷压PP的变形回弹并改善其定形性,并有可能使PP高速热锻技术实现实用目标。     

Oxide scale characterization of ferritic stainless steel and its deformation and friction in hot rolling

The oxidation kinetics of ferritic stainless steel 430 was studied in dry and humid air at 1090 °C by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Different atmospheres and heating times were adopted for reheating to obtain different compositions and thickness of the oxide scale. Hot rolling was performed on a 2-high Hille 100 experimental rolling mill at various reductions. Oxide scale thickness and composition were analysed with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface profiles were examined by a digital microscope, and the topographic features of the thin oxide scale surface were examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) before and after rolling. The oxide scale surface and steel/oxide interface roughness were measured after rolling. Inverse calculation of the coefficient of friction was employed to analyse and the effect of oxide scale on friction in hot rolling. The coefficient of friction depends not only on the thickness of the oxide scale, but also on its composition and surface topography before hot rolling.     

Near-field optical excitation as a dipole-dipole energy transfer process

The process of fluorescence excitation in the scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) is considered as a dipole-dipole resonance energy transfer process between a molecule under study and a SNOM aperture, which can be treated as a magnetic-type point dipole. It is shown that such an approach satisfactorily describes the conditions of the usual SNOM fluorescence experiments. Fluorescence excitation dependence on the polarization of the incident light and medium refraction index have been obtained. The equation to calculate the resonance dipole-dipole energy transfer radius (which is a natural unit of a SNOM's longitudinal resolution) is derived. Those cases where such a radius is of the order of the SNOM aperture, and thus single dipole, can strongly influence the radiation conditions are discussed briefly.     

Laser scanning gradient index optics microscope: submicrometre scale spectroscopy and imaging at cryogenic temperatures

A laser scanning far-field optical microscope for low-temperature imaging and spectroscopy based on gradient index optics is presented. A rod-shaped gradient index microlens is used as a zero-working-distance solid immersion objective lens. The obtained lateral resolution is 310 nm of the FWHM at a wavelength of 545 nm. A laser scanning mechanism located outside an optical cryostat enables one to achieve large scanning ranges independent of temperature. The use of the microscope for submicrometre-scale spectroscopy and low-temperature photochemistry performed on molecular J aggregates in thin polymer films is presented.     

A multipass incremental sheet forming strategy of a car taillight bracket

In order to characterize quantificationally the wear topography of the brazed polycrystalline cBN (PcBN) grains during grinding, the reconstruction model of grain topography is established through the photographs grasped with three-dimensional (3D) optical video microscope. The relationship between 3D fractal dimension and the complicated topography change of the PcBN grains is investigated based on fractal theory. The results obtained show that it is reasonable to calculate 3D fractal dimension according to the protrusion height of the abrasive grain. The fractal dimension of the grain wear topography formed due to microfracture is higher than that formed due to large fracture and attritious wear. The fractal dimension range of the wear topography of the brazed PcBN grains is limited to 2.0325–2.0475 with a concentrated value of 2.04 under the present experimental condition.