Deposition and characterization of indium oxide and indium tin oxide semiconducting thin films by reactive thermal deposition technique

In this paper, the deposition conditions and the characterization properties of the indium oxide (10) and indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited by a reactive thermal deposition technique using the indium, indium-tin alloy sources are reported. The actively involved parameters during deposition have been identified for various substrate temperatures. The effect of oxygen partial pressure in evaporation has been identified. The indium-tin alloy source which was used in this work was prepared by hot zone diffusion technique. The structural, optical, and electrical properties have been characterized using optical microscope, x-ray diffractometer, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and Hall effect measurement setup. The uniformity of the deposited films and the uniformity of the substrate surface effect on the deposited thin films were analyzed through sheet resistance measurements. The depositions were carried out on glass and quartz substrates. Good optical transmittance (99%) was achieved for 740 nm wavelength and above. The absorbance spectrum exhibit a value of 2% absorbance for IO/quartz structures. Large area (5.0 × 3.8 cm) film with unique optical properties is also reported here.     

高压高功率VHF-PECVD的微晶硅薄膜高速沉积

采用高压高功率(hphP)甚高频等离子体强强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)法对微晶硅(μc-Si:H)进行高速沉积,在最优沉积条件参数下对hphP和低压低功率(lplP)两组样品沉积速率、光电导、暗电导及光敏性等性能参数进行测试,得到了1.58 nm/s的较高沉积速率、光电性能优秀和更适合薄膜太阳能电池的μc-Si...     

应用高压高功率的微晶硅薄膜高速沉积

应用高压高功率(hphP)甚高频等离子增强化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)法对微晶硅(μc-Si:H)进行高速沉积,确定了hphP VHF-PECVD法沉积μc-Si:H的最优条件参数,在此参数下对hphP和低压低功率(IplP)两组样品沉积速率、光电导、暗电导及光敏性等性能参数进行测试,得到了1.58 nm的较高沉...     

非晶硅薄膜的LF-PECVD制备及椭偏表征

以SiH4为先驱气体,采用低频等离子体增强化学气相沉积（LF-PECVD）方法在Si衬底上制备了氢化非晶硅（a-Si∶H）薄膜。在薄膜沉积过程中,工艺参数将会影响非晶硅薄膜的沉积速率和光学性能。通过反射式椭圆偏振光谱仪（SE）研究了SiH4气体流量、工作压强和衬底温度等条件对氢化非晶硅沉积速率和光学性质的影响。实验结果表明,氢化非晶硅沉积速率随着SiH4流量、工作压强和衬底温度的改变而规律地变化。相比于SiH4流量和工作压强,衬底温度对折射率、吸收系数和折射率的影响更大。各工艺条件下所制备的非晶硅薄膜光学禁带宽度在1.61～1.77eV。     

RF—HFCVD生长高质量纳米金刚石薄膜

采用射频等离子体增强的热丝化学气相沉积 (RF HFCVD)技术在石英玻璃衬底上制备了高质量的纳米金刚石薄膜 .研究了衬底温度、反应气压及射频功率对金刚石膜的结晶习性和光学性质的影响 ,其最佳值分别为70 0℃、2× 133Pa和 2 0 0W .在该条件下金刚石成核密度达 10 11cm-2 ,经 1h生长即获得连续薄膜 ,其平均晶粒尺寸为 2 5nm ,表面粗糙度仅为 5 5 ,在近红外区域 (80 0nm处 )的光透过率达 90 % .     

Effects of deposition pressure on the properties of transparent conductive ZnO:Ga films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering

Gallium (Ga)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) transparent conductive films were deposited on glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Effects of deposition pressure on the structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO:Ga films were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that the films are highly oriented with their crystallographic c-axis perpendicular to the substrate almost independent of the deposition pressure. The morphology of the film is sensitive to the deposition pressure. The transmittance of the ZnO:Ga thin films is over 90% in the visible range and the lowest resistivity of ZnO:Ga films is 4.48×10⁻⁴ Ω cm.     

Deposition,opto-electronic and structural characterization of polymorphous silicon thin films to be applied in a solar cell structure

In this study we analyze the optoelectronic properties and structural characterization of hydrogenated polymorphous silicon thin films as a function of the deposition parameters. The films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a gas mixture of argon (Ar), hydrogen (H₂) and dichlorosilane (SiH₂Cl₂). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and Raman measurements confirmed the existence of very different internal structures (crystalline fractions from 12% to 54%) depending on the growth parameters. Variations of as much as one order of magnitude were observed in both the photoconductivity and effective absorption coefficient between the samples deposited with different dichlorosilane/hydrogen flow rate ratios. The optical and transport properties of these films depend strongly on their structural characteristics, in particular the average size and densities of silicon nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous silicon matrix. From these results we propose an intrinsic polymorphous silicon bandgap grading thin film to be applied in a p–i–n junction solar cell structure. The different parts of the solar cell structure were proposed based on the experimental optoelectronic properties of the pm-Si:H thin films studied in this work.     

A nanostructured copper telluride thin film grown at room temperature by an electrodeposition method

Copper telluride onion flower like microstructures,constructed by quantum dots with various diameters,were obtained by a potentiostatic electrodeposition method at room temperature.The structural,optic...     

激光重复频率对ZnO薄膜发光特性的影响

在不同激光重复频率下用脉冲激光沉积方法(PLD)在Si (111)衬底上生长了ZnO薄膜, 以325 nm He-Cd激光器为激发源获得了薄膜的荧光光谱以研究其发光特性, 用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了薄膜的晶体结构和表面形貌, 结果表明, 在激光重复频率为5 Hz时薄膜不仅具有良好的结晶质量, 同时也具有优异的紫外发光特性。对于相同的生长时间, 通过分析薄膜的厚度和激光脉冲频率的关系发现：每一个激光脉冲并不对应于薄膜的一个生长瞬间, 而是能够在较长的时间内维持薄膜生长的必要成分和分压。     

Preparation of Indium Tin Oxide films deposited by reactive evaporation at different substrate-temperature and the properties

The Indium Tin Oxide films have been prepared at different substrate-temperature on glass substrates by reactive evapora- tion of In-Sn alloy with an oxygen pressure of 1.3 ×10-1 Pa and a deposition rate of 10-2 nm/s. The best ITO films obtained have an electrical resistivity of 4.35 × 10-4 ??cm , a carrier concentration of 4.02 × 1020 cm-3 , and a Hall mobility of 67.5 cm2v-1s-1. The influence of the substrate-temperature on the structural , optical and electrical properties of the obtained films has been investigated.     

Photo CVD system for silicon nitride film

An ultraviolet light excitation photo CVD system for silicon nitride film deposition, in which the use of mercury photo-sensitizer and the undesirable wall deposition onto the optical window inside are eliminated, has been developed. The elimination of the use of mercury sensitizer is achieved by employing direct photolysis of SiH₄/NH₃ gas mixture, using 185 nm light emitted from a low pressure mercury lamp. The wall deposition prevention is achieved by inserting an optically transparent “separator plate” with a number of through-holes on its plane area underneath the optical window and by draining inert gas into the reaction chamber through this “separator plate.” With this system, silicon nitride films have been deposited without marked degradation of deposition rate, keeping a reasonable deposition rate of about 40 A/minute. The inert gas used for wall deposition prevention has no influence on the properties of deposited films.     

Influence of boron doping on the properties of amorphous and microcrystalline SiC films prepared using ECR-CVD

Hydrogenated silicon carbide films (SiC:H) were deposited using the electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD) method from a mixture of methane, silane, and hydrogen, with diborane as the doping gas. The effect of changes in the percentage of the diborane to reactant gas mixture on the deposition rate, optical bandgap, and photoconductivity were investigated. There is evidence from Raman scattering analysis to show that films deposited at a low microwave power of 150 W were all amorphous and the bandgap decreases as the diborane level is increased whereas films deposited at a high microwave power of 800 W at low diborane levels are highly photoconductive and contain microcrystalline silicon inclusions. These films become amorphous as the diborane level is increased, while the optical bandgap remains relatively unaffected throughout the entire range of diborane levels investigated. The effect of the microwave power was also investigated. The conductivity increases rapidly to a maximum, followed by rapid reduction at high microwave powers. Raman scattering analysis showed evidence of the formation and increase of microcrystalline silicon inclusions and diamond-like components in the films, the former of which could account for the rapid increase and the latter the subsequent decrease in the conductivity.     

电沉积法制备SnS薄膜

采用了电沉积在SnO2透明导电玻璃上制备了硫化锡（SnS)薄膜，并对用电化学法实现Sn和S共沉积的条件参数进行了理论探讨，实验中，利用SnCl2和Na2S2O3的混合水溶液作为电沉积液制备了均匀的SnS薄膜，对实验参数进行了优化，对薄膜进行了X－射线衍射（XRD），扫描电子显微（SEM）测量及光学测试，。实验发现，制备的薄膜为多晶的斜方晶系结构，晶粒大小约为150nm，直接光学带隙在1．36－1．73eV之间可调。     

直流磁控溅射ZnO薄膜的结构特性

通过改变工作气压、溅射电流、氩氧比等工艺参数,较为系统地探索了用反应式直流磁控溅射法制备ＺｎＯ薄膜的工艺条件,并采用ＸＲＤ和ＡＥＳ对这些薄膜的结构特性进行测试分析,成功地得到了具有ｃ轴择优取向、结晶度高的ＺｎＯ薄膜。     

Influence of substrate temperature and post deposition annealing on the properties of vacuum deposited ZnSe thin films

The effects of substrate temperature and post deposition annealing on the structural, optical and electrical properties of vacuum deposited ZnSe thin films are presented here. The chemical composition of the films varied drastically with substrate temperature which in turn caused changes in various properties of the films. The grain size of the films increased with substrate temperature and also after annealing. The electrical properties of the films were found to be varying as a function of chemical composition and grain size.     

Zinc telluride films by photoenhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Polycrystalline films of zinc telluride (ZnTe) have been deposited on glass and conducting semiconductor coated glass substrates at 270°-350° C by photoenhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using the reaction of dimethylzinc (DMZn) or diethylzinc (DEZn) and diisopropyltellurium (DIPTe) in hydrogen under atmospheric pressure. The deposited films are always ofp-type conductivity. Their properties are affected by the DMZn/DIPTe or DEZn/DIPTe molar ratio in the reaction mixture. The optimum DMZn/DIPTe ratio has been found to be approximately 0.9 on the basis of the open-circuit voltage of ZnTe/CdS heterojunctions and photoconductivity measurements. Without intentional doping, the deposited films are of high resistivity (>10⁷ ohm-cm) at room temperature, and the resistivity of these films has been controlled by using arsine as a dopant. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnTe films have been characterized. Supported by the Solar Energy Institute under Subcontract XL-8-18091-1.     

Processing and characterisation of PECVD silicon nitride films

Amorphous Si-N films are synthesised from an NH₃/SiH₄ gas mixture by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at fixed radio frequency (13.56 MHz) and total gas pressure (34 ± 4 Torr). The variable process parameters and their ranges are: (i) substrate temperature, 200–400°C; (ii) RF power density, 0.08–0.35 W cm⁻²; (iii) NH₃/SiH₄ flow ratio, 40:400–40: 1200 ml min⁻¹. Fundamental properties of the Si-N films are characterised through elemental composition, chemical speciation, optical and electrical properties, all of which are dependent on the process parameters.     

Synthesis and study of thin TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> films doped with silver nanoparticles for the antireflection coatings and transparent contacts of photovoltaic converters

Problems associated with the deposition and studies of the properties of thin titanium-dioxide films doped with silver nanoparticles, which can be used as antireflection coatings and transparent contacts in the fabrication of solar cells, are analyzed. The method of deposition onto a rotating substrate is used for synthesis. The structural and optical properties and the surface morphology of the TiO₂–Ag films are examined. It is shown that the concentration of Ag nanoparticles in the reaction mixture affects the thickness of the resulting films, their refractive index, and their conductivity. The introduction of Ag nanoparticles into titanium-dioxide films gives rise to an absorption band at 420–430 nm, associated with the plasmon resonance in silver. Calcination at 400°C leads to a decrease in the intensity of this absorption band.     

沉积压强对非晶硅薄膜光学性能和微结构的影响

为研究沉积压强对非晶硅薄膜光学性能和结构的影响,通过改变沉积压强并采用射频磁控溅射制备a-Si∶H薄膜.借助椭偏仪、紫外可见分光光度计和拉曼光谱来分析薄膜的光学性能和微结构.研究发现,在较低沉积压强下薄膜的致密度得到提高,光学带隙偏小,折射率和消光系数较大,短程序和中程序得到改善,体内缺陷较少.并且椭偏拟合参数A越大,...     

甲烷流量对8.5代非晶硅光伏组件P层材料结构和光学性质的影响

本文研究了甲烷流量对作为工业非晶硅光伏组件的p层材料—非晶碳化硅结构和光学性质的影响.p层非晶碳化硅薄膜采用硅烷和甲烷混合气体在射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)设备中沉积制得,该设备是应用材料公司制造的尺寸为2.2 m × 2.6 m的8.5代系统.采用红外光谱和透射/反射谱分析与沉积工艺相关的键结构和光学性质.相同工艺条件下,当甲烷含量从3000 sccm增加到8850 sccm, p层非晶碳化硅薄膜的光学带隙逐步增加. p层非晶碳化硅薄膜的沉积速率随甲烷流量的增加而逐渐减小,其原因是硅烷-甲烷等离子体中SiH3粒子的减少.文中还通过在不同位置取样和分析沉积速率研究了大面积薄膜的均匀性.