Flow of mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions through porous media

In this work, the porous media flow of polymer solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAA), and their blends is investigated. Aqueous solutions of PEO exhibit critical extension thickening when flowing through porous media. HPAA solutions also exhibit critical extension thickening in excess salt environments, but their behavior changes to a more gradual extension thickening when dissolved in deionized water. The mixtures of solutions of HPAA and PEO therefore vary its porous media flow behavior, depending on the ionic environment. In deionized water, a critical extension thickening similar to that obtained with PEO is still observed when HPAA is mixed in at concentrations low enough so that its apparent viscosity does not mask the influence of PEO. In the presence of salt, only a critical extension thickening is observed, which is attributed to transient network formation of both PEO and HPAA molecules. The mixtures generally exhibit a less critical behavior and display a lower than expected sensitivity of the onset Reynolds number for extension thickening with concentration. The results presented herein indicate that interspecies molecular interactions through transient network formation and the associated flow modification play a major role in determining the complex non‐Newtonian flow behavior of these polymer solutions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 783–795, 1999     

Flow of mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions through opposed jets

The flow of solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAA), and their blends through opposed jets is investigated. Measurements of pressure drop across the jets as a function of strain rate were used to characterize the elongational flow behavior. In deionized water, solutions of PEO/HPAA mixtures exhibit a synergistic increase in flow resistance with respect to the parent polymer solutions. The addition of amounts of HPAA as low as 2 ppm to a 500 ppm PEO solution cause sizeable increases in pressure drops. Such increases have been interpreted as arising from the formation of interpolymer transient entanglement networks that become mechanically active at time scales equivalent to the lowest strain rates available. In the case of excess salt environment, the flow resistance of the mixtures seems to be dominated by the PEO in the concentration range explored. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1910–1919, 2000     

Adsorption behavior and shear degradation of ultrahigh-molecular-weight hydrolyzed polyacrylamide in a capillary flow

Ultrahigh-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAMs) are commonly used in polymer flooding to enhance oil recovery. However, the viscosity of the HPAM solution is susceptible to shear action. Viscosity change affects sweep range and displacement efficiency of the displacement fluid. Here, a macromolecular adsorption model in microcapillary is proposed to reveal the shear variation mechanism at low flow rates. The rheological behaviors of HPAMs with three different molecular weights are investigated using a stainless steel capillary. The shear rate distributions near contraction and within capillary are compared by numerical calculation using the laminar flow model. Experimental and numerical results show that the polymer solution was mechanically degraded at low flow rates, which is in agreement with the results predicted by the adsorption theory model. A new calculation method for the thickness of polymer adsorption layer at lower flow rates is proposed based on the adsorption model proposed in this study. It is found that the viscosity and adsorption of HPAM were changed with flow rate, and their changes are closely related to the displacement efficiency in the micropores of reservoirs. This study provides new perspectives for the selection of polymer injection flow rates and the water shutoff in reservoirs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48270.     

二氧化氯对聚丙烯酰胺降解作用的实验研究

随着三次采油技术的不断发展,油井堵塞问题越来越严重。主要研究了不同浓度的二氧化氯对聚丙烯酰胺的降解作用,以及温度对其影响,并对二氧化氯降解聚丙烯酰胺的机理进行了探讨。主要测定在6 h内,随着时间的变化,不同温度及不同二氧化氯浓度下聚丙烯酰胺的黏度,以此来判定二氧化氯对聚丙烯酰胺的降解效果。结果表明：在室温下,降解2%（质量分数）的聚丙烯酰胺溶液的最佳二氧化氯质量分数为4×10^-3;当二氧化氯质量分数为4×10^-3时,降解2%（质量分数）的聚丙烯酰胺溶液的最佳温度为60 ℃。     

The accelerated degradation of aqueous polyacrylamide at low temperature

The accelerated degradation of aqueous polyacrylamide at low temperature was studied. The selected degradation agents included several peroxides, such as potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), ammonium persulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and the potassium persulfate–sodium thiosulfate (K₂S₂O₈–Na₂S₂O₃) redox system. The redox system showed the highest degradation rate at the first 2 hours, but its final degradation level was lower than that of potassium persulfate. The degradation temperature, concentration of potassium persulfate and polyacrylamide, and original molecular weight of polyacrylamide all affected the degradation rate and final degradation level. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 791–797, 1998     

Flows of dilute hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions in porous media under various solvent conditions

Experimental results on pressure losses of flows of dilute polymer solutions through porous media are summarized. The polymer products employed in this study consisted of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) with different degrees of hydrolysis. The effect of the hydrolysis on the pressure drop is investigated in a porous media test section designed to minimize polymer degradation. The investigations were carried out for various solvent conditions, and it is shown that the maximum increase in pressure drop is mainly dependent on the molecular weight of the polymers. The onset of the polymer action is measured for various fluid and solvent properties. Particular attention is given to measurements near θ-conditions. The results stress the importance of the solvent properties on the actions of the polymers and on the resultant pressure drop for porous media flows. The addition of salt ions to solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides yields onset behavior previously observed for nonionic polymers. The differences measured between various solvent properties can be explained by the actual hydrodynamic molecule dimensions for a given molecular weight and polymer concentration. To quantify the influences of the solvent properties on the polymers, measurements were carried out in aqueous solutions for various pH values and therefore at various degrees of dissociation. The importance of separating polymer effects caused by their linear dimension in the solution from those that are introduced by and increase in solvent viscosity is shown. Measurements were performed to quantify the effects of solvent viscosity on the polymer action and to separate these effects from those due to changes in molecule dimensions. The implications of the present results are stressed in connection with applications of polymer solutions in tertiary oil recovery, and the positive features of the molecule actions on flow in such applications are described.     

多孔介质燃烧-换热器的二维数值研究

通过二维数值模型研究了多孔介质燃烧-换热器。在宽广的工况范围内,研究多孔介质燃烧-换热器内的温度、速度分布和压力损失,研究主要工作参数过量空气系数和功率对换热管总的热效率的影响。结果表明,过量空气系数和功率对总的热效率有显著的影响,随二者的增大,总的热效率降低。实验验证了数值计算结果的有效性。     

Comparative studies of rheological properties of polyacrylamide and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions

The present work is concerned with experimental results of rheological characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAM) and of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) (degree of hydrolysis up to 80%) in aqueous and aqueous/sodium chloride solutions with changing experimental conditions such as polymer concentration, temperature, solvent quality, and shear rate applied. It has been observed that the all‐aqueous and aqueous/NaCl solution of PAM and of HPAM exhibited the non‐Newtonian behavior with shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening areas. The onset of shear‐thickening at depends mainly on the degree of HPAM hydrolysis, as well as on solution concentration, temperature, solvent quality, and polymer molecular weight. Rheological parameters from power law (Ostwald de Waele model) and activation energy of viscous flow (E_a) are determined and discussed. The changes in apparent shear viscosity during aging of solutions of PAM and HPAM are also described. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2235–2241, 2007     

含内热源多孔介质通道内ONB特性

对含内热源多孔介质通道内过冷沸腾起始点(ONB)的特性进行了实验研究,采用壁温拐点法确定了ONB。在表观流速为0.025~0.050 m·s^-1,热通量为7.5~52 kW·m^-2的范围内研究了各参数对ONB的影响规律。实验结果表明:出现ONB时壁温存在一个明显拐点;越靠近实验段出口,出现ONB所需壁面过热度越小,表面热通量越低;表观流速越高,出现ONB所需壁面过热度越大,表面热通量越高。     

逾渗多孔介质对固体颗粒吸附过程的影响

研究了悬浮液中的颗粒在通过逾渗多孔介质时的被吸附特性。采用数值计算的方法;通过求解描述低速流体流动的Stokes方程以及简化的颗粒运动方程;初步得到颗粒在逾渗多孔介质中的运动轨迹;并在此基础上;求得颗粒与多孔介质内表面的碰撞概率;进而研究颗粒的被吸附特性。数值结果表明均匀多孔介质和分形多孔介质对颗粒的吸附存在本质差异。颗粒流出概率（实际中常表示为出口悬浮液中的颗粒浓度）与多孔床深度间的指数关系仅对均匀多孔介质成立;而对分形多孔介质并不成立。     

Flow of viscoelastic surfactants through porous media

We compare the flow behavior of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) solutions and Newtonian fluids through two different model porous media having similar permeability: (a) a 3D random packed bed and (b) a microchannel with a periodically spaced pillars. The former provides much larger flow resistance at the same apparent shear rate compared to the latter. The flow profile in the 3D packed bed cannot be observed since it is a closed system. However, visualization of the flow profile in the microchannel shows strong spatial and temporal flow instabilities in VES fluids appear above a critical shear rate. The onset of such elastic instabilities correlates to the flow rate where increased flow resistance is observed. The elastic instabilities are attributed to the formation of transient shear induced structures. The experiments provide a detailed insight into the complex interplay between the pore scale geometry and rheology of VES in the creeping flow regime. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 773–781, 2018     

温度对多孔介质中甲烷水合物生成过程的影响

采用自行设计的实验装置,分别进行了0℃以上(274.7 K)、0℃附近(272.8±0.5 K)和0℃以下(267.4 K)3种不同温度下,在20～40日石英砂中甲烷水合物的生成实验.结果表明甲烷水合物在0℃以上生成比较快;在0℃附近储气量大,水合物在整个砂层中的分布比较均匀.针对实验结果,本文提出了水合物在三种不同温度下的生成机理.     

纳米粒子在多孔介质中迁移模型的优化

当前,纳米粒子在土壤等多孔介质中的传输多采用单集去除率（η）进行定量描述。然而,单集去除率仅考虑单个介质颗粒对纳米粒子的作用,并未考虑介质颗粒之间的孔隙对纳米粒子的拦截效应,如T-E模型。鉴于此,采用持水度（f_r）来定量反映多孔介质的孔隙特征,并对现有的T-E模型进行了修正。实验表明,纳米粒子通过具有相同孔隙度（f）砂柱的穿透率并不相同,且与持水度（f_r）呈反比关系。在此基础上,将截留机制产生的碰撞效率（η_I）调整为与孔隙度（f）和持水度（f_r）同时相关的表达式来实现对原有模型的优化。此外,通过砂柱对纳米二氧化硅（nSiO₂）的传输实验和纳米二氧化钛（nTiO₂）在不同粒径石英砂中的传输实验证明,优化模型适用于不同粒径的多孔介质并可以更准确地预测纳米粒子在多孔介质中的迁移。     

分形多孔介质中气体的非稳态扩散

通过引入平均修正系数修正Fick第二扩散定律得到了描述分形多孔介质气体非稳态扩散的理论方程。基于“塞状流”扩散实验法建立了分形多孔介质非稳态扩散实验系统,对3个孔隙结构不同的分形多孔介质样品进行了非稳态扩散实验,通过实验对理论方程进行验证和修正。结果表明,Fick第二扩散定律不适用于分形多孔介质中气体非稳态扩散,分形多孔介质中气体非稳态扩散存在一定规律,且多孔介质孔隙结构不同其扩散规律不同。     

基于过剩焓函数多孔介质中超绝热燃烧的分析

分析了稀预混气体多孔介质中超绝热燃烧反应区的能量集中现象。通过一维双温模型理论上推导出量纲1过剩焓函数。分析表明,超绝热燃烧温度是修正的Lewis数、固体和气体热导率的比值、填充床孔隙率以及量纲1燃烧波波速的综合函数。通过对量纲1焓方程4个源项的分析表明,修正的Lewis数主导源项的大小并决定焓值的分布。     

具有不同孔隙率多孔介质内的蒸发特性

制作了具有3种不同孔隙率（0.85、0.75和0.60）的多孔镍粉样本,并进行了毛细抽吸实验和蒸发冷却实验（包括稳态冷却实验,初始状态为干态和湿态的冷却实验）,以探究多孔介质抽吸和蒸发过程规律。毛细抽吸实验发现孔隙率大的镍粉样本抽吸速率更快,且根据毛细单管抽吸实验和毛细抽吸理论分析结果表明：孔隙率大的镍粉样本具有更大孔径是其抽吸速率更快的根本原因。稳态冷却实验结果表明孔隙率0.85的镍粉样本具有最快的蒸发速率,0.60镍粉样本蒸发速率最慢,这是受到多孔样本抽吸速率主导的结果。在初始干态冷却实验中,孔隙率为0.85的镍粉样本具有最大的瞬态冷却热通量,但要达到最大冷却温度幅度须取得瞬态冷却热流与冷却时间的平衡,因此孔隙率0.75样本冷却温度幅度最大。在初始湿态实验中,孔隙率为0.85的镍粉样本具有最高的烧干温度和最长的烧干时间,表现出最强的抗烧干性能,但是孔隙率0.75样本剧烈蒸发过热度最小且剧烈蒸发时间最长,最能有效抑制样本热端温度升高。     

高内相乳液法制备聚丙烯酰胺多孔水凝胶及应用

以亲水性二氧化硅纳米粒子（N20）和乳化剂Tween80为复合稳定剂,环己烷为油相制备高内相乳液,再以此乳液为模板制备聚丙酰胺（PAM）多孔水凝胶。乳液光学显微镜照片及PAM多孔水凝胶SEM照片表明N20用量及Tween80用量对材料孔径形貌及直径有直接影响;压汞仪数据表明当N20用量为3%、Tween80用量为9%时,多孔水凝胶平均孔径为38.06nm,孔隙率为77.54%,20h饱和吸水率可达402g/g;吸附实验表明PAM多孔水凝胶对Mn(Ⅱ)具有良好的吸附性能,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,属于化学吸附,当溶液pH为4时,120min可达吸附饱和,吸附量为474.64mg/g。     

Control of the permeability of a porous media using a thermally sensitive polymer

Experiments explore the reduction in permeability of a porous bead pack when a suspension of thermally responsive polymer is injected and the temperature then increased above the thermal activation temperature. The change in permeability is greater with higher polymer concentration, provided that the ionic concentration of the solution is sufficient for floc formation. The time for activation of the blocking effect is within tens of seconds to minutes of when the polymer solution is heated. This is consistent with the timescale for diffusion‐limited aggregation, although the detailed value depends on the geometry and polymer concentration. Dynamical experiments demonstrate that once the porous media is blocked, adding additional polymer has no effect. The mechanism for permeability reduction may be modeled in the context of a pore‐network model, and we build a simple model to illustrate the permeability reduction as a function of the fraction of pores links which are blocked. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1193–1201, 2014     

The flow and displacement in porous media of fluids with yield stress

We study the mobilization and subsequent flow in a porous medium of a fluid with a yield stress, modeled as a Bingham plastic. We use single-capillary expressions for the mobilization and flow in a pore-throat, and a pore-network model that accounts for distributed yield-stress thresholds. First, we extend the statistical physics method of invasion percolation with memory, which models lattice problems with thresholds, to incorporate dynamic effects due to the viscous friction following the onset of mobilization. Macroscopic relations between the applied pressure gradient and the flow rate for single-phase flow are proposed as a function of the pore-network microstructure and the configuration of the flowing phase. Then, the algorithm is applied to model the displacement of a Bingham plastic by a Newtonian fluid in a porous medium. The results find application to a number of industrial processes including the recovery of oil from oil reservoirs and the flow of foam in porous media.