Realizations of fully differential voltage second generation current conveyor with an application

Three novel CMOS realizations for the fully differential voltage second‐generation inverting current conveyor (FDVCCII‐) are proposed in this paper. The first realization has a limited input range, and the other two realizations have a rail to rail input range and show excellent features in linearity and bandwidth. As an application to the FDVCCII‐, a floating gyrator is proposed. A floating inductor is realized using the floating gyrator and it is used in realizing a second‐order low‐pass filter, which is simulated and compared with the ideal result. All circuits are simulated with SPICE using CMOS 0.35µm technology and supply voltages ±1.5V to verify the theoretical results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光纤差动保护补偿电容电流的一种策略

针对输电线路分布电容对差动保护的影响,提出了一种克服电容电流对其影响的保护方案。线路正常运行时,将相电流差动保护的定值整定为线路电容电流的2倍以上,零负序差动保护的定值整定为线路电容电流的1.5倍以上,可靠躲过线路正常运行时的电容电流。在线路空充时,将各差动保护的定值提高两倍同时增加一定的时延,可靠躲过暂态电容电流对各差动保护的影响。     

一种能改善差动保护性能的辅助电流互感器

由于微机保护的大量应用,辅助电流互感器的性能优劣直接影响保护动作结果。文中提出一种新型辅助电流互感器,利用其易饱和的特性来提高差动保护躲越区外故障能力,通过对各种保护动作行为的分析,从数学和物理概念两方面证明其不但能改善差动保护在区外故障时的特性,而且不影响区内故障灵敏度,完全可以代替全线性辅助电流互感器。     

Comparative evaluations on operation performances of differential protection criteria using different current expressions

This paper aims at the appropriate applications of two important current differential protection criteria by quantitative analyses. Combining theoretical analysis with simulation tests, the overall performances of two typical percentage differential protection criteria are compared in terms of the operation sensitivity and security. First, with appropriate parameter settings, the comparative sensitivity analysis between the phase‐current‐based criterion and the superimposed‐component‐based criterion is done. Further, the security of these criteria is compared, and some disadvantages of the criterion based on phase current directly are reported. The performance of the criteria during the current transformer (CT) saturation when experiencing heavy external faults are studied, and some valuable findings are reported as well. With the conclusion drawn from this paper, the applications of both criteria can be arranged more reasonably. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

分相电流差动线路保护中零序差动作用分析

分相电流差动保护装置中一般都配置零序差动保护 ,目的是为了提高保护装置的耐过渡电阻能力。经分析表明 ,零序差动保护并不比故障分量差动保护的灵敏度高 ,并且其整定需躲过外部三相短路时的不平衡电流。零序电流差动保护对整个保护装置的灵敏度和动作速度均没有实质性的提高     

一种基于虚拟电流制动量的电流差动保护

为了减小负荷电流增加制动量对电流差动保护灵敏度的影响,提出了一种基于虚拟电流制动量的电流差动保护。首先比较线路两侧电流大小,利用两侧电流幅值比与相位关系构造虚拟电流,虚拟电流可以根据线路两侧电流幅值关系自适应调整制动量大小。与利用线路两侧电流相位差的制动量相比:区内故障时,虚拟电流制动量小于电流相位差制动量,提高了电流差动保护灵敏度;区外故障时,虚拟电流制动量等于电流相位差制动量,电流差动保护的可靠性不降低。同时分析了弱馈线路、串补线路电流反相两种情况下虚拟制动电流的适应性。利用RTDS建立仿真模型验证保护的动作性能。仿真结果表明,虚拟电流制动量可以有效提高电流差动保护的灵敏度和可靠性,同时具有良好的适应性。     

基于相关分析的暂态差动保护原理改进及仿真研究

从原理上对基于相关分析的新型电流差动保护进行了进一步的分析。针对原有的相关差动判据可能存在的一些问题 ,提出了更加实用化的新判据 ,并建立了各种运行工况下的ATP仿真模型 ,对改进后的判据进行了详细的仿真分析。通过仿真可以发现 ,新判据在保留了原有判据简单、快速的优点的基础上 ,增加了灵敏性和动作的可靠性和易于整定等新优点 ,可以作为超高压长输电线路的主保护。     

电力线路行波差动保护与电流差动保护的比较研究

线路电流差动保护的基础是线路的RL集中参数模型和电荷连续性。行波差动保护的基础是线路的分布参数模型和行波传输不变性。针对两类差动保护在电力线路上的应用进行了详细的理论和仿真对比研究。指出二者的根本区别在于行波差动保护考虑了线路的分布参数特性和空间传播特性,而电流差动保护把线路看成节点,完全忽略了分布参数特性和空间传播特性,差动电流是行波差动电流的退化形式。对于特高压长距离输电线路,行波差动保护相比于电流差动保护有明显的性能优势。对于高压和超高压输电线路,行波差动保护和电流差动保护性能无显著差别,电流差动保护可以胜任该类线路。     

一种基于差流波形特征的励磁涌流识别方法

提出了一种基于差动电流波形特征的励磁涌流和故障电流识别方法。励磁涌流的共同特征是受铁芯饱和程度的影响,差动电流是流过励磁绕组的实际电流,因而这一特征表现得更加明显。定义波形系数为磁通未饱和部分对应的电流在整个周期中所占比例,当系数大于阈值时判定为励磁涌流。为防止误动,当系数小于阈值时,引入"是否完全偏向时间轴一侧"作为辅助判据,使得该方法更加可靠。最后进行空载合闸仿真试验,证明了该方法能识别各种情况下的励磁涌流,性能优于二次谐波制动和间断角判据。     

电容电流对线路纵联差动保护整定计算的影响

分析了输电线路电容电流存在的原因以及对线路纵联差动保护的影响,并针对电容电流的影响,分析比较了2种补偿方案以及在整定计算中需要注意的问题。     

Programmable feedforward linearized CMOS OTA for fully differential continuous‐time filter design

In this paper, a feedforward linearization method for programmable CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is described. The proposed circuit technique is developed using simple source‐coupled differential pair transconductors, a feedback‐loop amplifier for self‐adjusting transcoductance (g_m) and a linear reference resistor (R). As a result, an efficient linearization of a transfer characteristic of the OTA is obtained. SPICE simulations show that for 0.35µm AMS CMOS process with a single +3V power supply, total harmonic distortion at 1 V_pp and temperature range from ?30 to +90°C is less than ?49.3 dB in comparison with ?35.8 dB without linearization. Moreover, the input voltage range of linear operation is increased. Power consumption of the linearized OTA circuit is 0.86 mW. Finally, the OTA is used to design a third‐order elliptic low‐pass filter in high‐frequency range. The cut‐off frequency of the operational transconductance amplifier‐capacitor (OTA‐C) filter is tunable in the range of 322.6 kHz–10 MHz using the feedforward linearized OTAs with the digitally programmable current mirrors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CMOS Non‐tailed differential pair

A continuous‐time complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor differential pair that does not require the traditional tail current source as a way to control the direct current and common‐mode current is presented. Compared with a p‐channel long‐tailed pair, the proposed non‐tailed solution operates under a higher maximum input common‐mode voltage that includes (V_DD + V_SS)/2 even under low supply voltages. Experimental measurements on a prototype fabricated in a 0.35‐µm technology (with metal – oxide – semiconductor thresholds greater than 0.6 V) confirm this behavior for supply voltages as low as 1.2 V, whereas the long‐tailed pair with the same technology offers the same capability only for supplies higher than 1.6 V. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑电容电流影响的广域电流差动保护

为避免广域电流差动保护受电容电流影响而误动的情况发生,通过对传统电流差动保护进行改进,提出一种不受电容电流影响的广域电流差动保护算法。利用微分方程计算出各线路上的电容电流,采用修正的差动电流对暂态和稳态电容电流进行有效补偿,即在传统差动电流基础上减去计算出的电容电流以使电流差动保护不再受电容电流的影响。利用PSCAD仿真实验将改进的广域电流差动保护与传统原理的电流差动保护进行了比较。结果表明,该保护不受电容电流影响,外部故障时可靠不动作,验证了此保护算法的可行性和有效性。     

电流互感器特性对母差保护动作可靠性的影响及改进措施

通过实际试验数据及理论分析，阐述了变电站电流互感器特性对相比式母线差动保护动作性能的影响，尤其是中间变流器特性和开关电流互感器的配合问题，以便于分析变电站同类型的母差保护动作的可靠性。     

直流输电线路单极故障不平衡电流分析及差动保护改进方案

电流差动保护基于基尔霍夫电流定律,其从原理上具有绝对的选择性.但随着输电距离日益增加、线路分布特征愈加显著,传统电流差动保护需要增长延时、提高门槛以避免故障暂态分布电容电流引起的误动,降低了保护速动性、灵敏度.为了解决上述问题,研究了利用线路补偿点计算电流的差动保护改进判据,对由线路参数耦合特性引入的健全极不平衡电流的...     

超(特)高压输电线路差动保护电容电流补偿

在超(特)高压输电线路中接入的并联电抗器,可以适当地补偿分布电容所产生的容性电流,降低差动电流,但仍不能保证区外故障时正确动作.本文在传统的分相电流差动保护的基础上,结合电抗器的补偿作用,对传统的补偿方案进行了修正.通过ATP仿真验证,表明该方法具有较高的可靠性.     

A pseudo‐differential current‐reuse structure for opamp‐sharing pipelined analog‐to‐digital converters

In this paper, a power efficient pseudo‐differential (PD) current‐reuse structure is presented to alleviate the memory effects of opamp‐sharing in pipelined analog‐to‐digital converters. To implement the PD current‐reuse structure, a switched‐capacitor circuit is introduced for multiplying digital‐to‐analog converter, which has a slight modification compared with the conventional switching scheme with no power penalty. In the proposed multiplying digital‐to‐analog converter circuit, the common‐mode offset amplification of the PD structures is eliminated. Moreover, a PD current‐reuse amplifier is developed from the telescopic structure with an inverter‐based gain‐boosting circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed structure is evaluated in comparison with existing current‐reuse techniques. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全差分高速低电压锁存比较器的设计

全差分锁存比较器在各种模数转换器中有着广泛的应用,其失调电压对于模数转换的精度有着直接的影响。本文提出了一种全差分高速低电压锁存比较器,着重对其失调电压和速度进行了优化。在0．2μm标准CMOSIHP工艺条件下,采用了Cadence Spectre进行了仿真,结果表明,当工作频率为200MHz,供电电压为1．5V,延时仅为1．81ns,失调电压为27．69mV。     

输电线路综合电流差动保护方案的研究

根据实现差动保护功能所需信息类型的不同,提出分相电流差动和综合电流差动的新分类方法,并列举已有的综合电流差动保护方案.在对已有方案的性能评估和分析基础上,给出负序电流与正序电流故障分量相配合的综合电流差动新原理.理论分析和EMTP仿真表明,该方案可以对各种类型的区内故障灵敏动作.     

光纤纵差保护的应用及灵敏度的提高

结合广东省电力系统近年来光纤差动保护的实际运行情况，分析了影响传统分相式全电流差动原理保护装置和和灵敏度的各种因素：负荷电流、线路分布电容电流、制动系数k和TA特性，提出了一种利用相电流突变量构成分相式突变量差动保护，利用两端零电流构成零序差协后各保护新方案，即利用相电流突变量保护相间故障和接地故障，将零序差动保护作为高阻接地故障的后备保护手段，并对所提方案进行了理论分析。