金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

针对在铝/钢焊接过程中,钢的表面金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊接头性能有着重要影响的问题,研究铝合金在不同金属镀层的低碳钢表面的铺展效果,通过SEM对不同金属镀层下熔钎焊接头界面微观组织形态、金属间化合物厚度、种类等进行分析,并进一步研究不同金属镀层下铝/钢接头的力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明:钢表面的金属镀层对铝/钢激光熔钎焊过程中5A06铝合金在钢上的铺展与浸润有着较大的影响,其中5A06铝合金在镀铝钢上的铺展效果最佳,且铝合金与镀铝锌钢熔钎焊的接头抗拉性能最好,达到母材铝合金的70%。铝/钢界面金属间化合物主要由铝铁金属间化合物组成,其中在镀铝钢、镀铝锌钢、镀锌钢中主要存在Fe2Al5,FeAl3,FeAl等金属间化合物,在镀镍钢界面中还存在Fe4Al13等金属间化合物。     

铝合金与镀锌钢薄板熔钎焊接头组织与力学性能

为了对铝合金和镀锌钢板进行优质高效焊接,采用Fronius冷金属过渡焊接机对锻铝6061和SPCC镀锌钢板进行了熔钎焊实验。焊接实验结果表明可以采用专家系统提供的参数进行焊接获得成型良好的接头;组织分析表明接头界面可以分为边缘富锌区、铝熔化区和铝钢界面反应层三个反应区。能谱分析结果表明边缘富锌区主要组成元素是锌和铝,铝钢之间的反应层主要是Fe2Al5反应相;接头上的缺陷主要有气孔、冷隔和低熔共晶缩孔。力学性能测试结果表明:铝、钢熔钎焊接头强度达到80MPa;Fe2Al5反应相平均硬度HV410,镀锌钢母材的平均显微硬度HV130,铝熔化区的平均显微硬度HV55。     

铝/镁搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊焊接接头微观组织结构

目的研究不同工艺参数下钎料Zn的添加对Al/Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊焊接接头组织和性能的影响。方法以厚度为0.05 mm的纯Zn作为钎料,对3 mm厚的2A12-T4态铝合金和4 mm厚的AZ31变形镁合金,进行搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊的复合焊接,分析锌夹层的添加对接头微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果当添加Zn中间层时,接头钎焊区缓解了拉伸断裂趋势,在焊接速度为23.5 mm/min,旋转速度为375 r/min时,接头抗拉剪力达到5.5 k N,复合焊接接头的钎焊焊缝由搭接区、固相扩散区、钎焊区组成。结论钎料的添加有效阻止了Al-Mg系金属间化合物的形成。     

钛基非晶钎料真空钎焊TA15钛合金的研究

针对TA15薄壁及蜂窝等复杂结构件设计和焊装的需求,本文采用急冷技术成功制备Ti-Zr28-Cu15-Ni15(1#),Ti-Zr21-Cu20-Ni15(2#)非晶箔带钎料.通过SEM,EDS和XRD等分析测试手段,分析了钎料及钎焊工艺对TA15钛合金钎焊接头界面组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:两种钛基非晶钎料成带性能良好,与相同成分晶态钎料相比,液相线温度降低,熔化温度区间减小.钎料对母材有明显润湿作用,并且2#钎料共晶成分的提高使得其润湿性和非晶形成能力较1#钎料优异.1#钎料对接接头室温拉伸强度在970℃/30min工艺下达到最高325MPa,2#钎料在950℃/30min工艺下接头强度达到最高359MPa,并且其接头力学性能的稳定性较1#钎料要高.对比相同工艺下不同钎料焊缝组织,钎缝均为α+β层片状组织,2#钎料界面处Ti-Cu和Ti-Ni金属间化合物含量较少.     

镍基钎料钎焊GH586高温合金

采用非晶箔状BNi82CrSiB和BNi81CrB钎料以不同的保温时间进行钎焊实验,对钎焊接头进行了力学性能测试。利用扫描电镜和能谱分析对钎焊接头微观组织和断口进行观察和分析。结果表明,在钎焊温度下延长钎焊时间(60min)能够促进钎缝与扩散层的元素均匀分布,提高钎焊接头的室温和高温(930℃)拉伸性能。通过调整钎料合金成分,提高了钎焊接头的拉伸性能,高温拉伸性能提高22.5%。接头断裂发生在近缝区基体一侧,断裂形式主要为沿晶断裂。同时讨论了Si,B等元素对钎焊接头的组织和性能的影响。     

Ti/Al异种金属微电阻点焊接头力学性能及显微组织

目的 对0.2 mm厚的TC4和2A12薄板进行微电阻点焊研究,并确定最佳工艺参数。方法 通过测量接头剪切强度以及观察接头横截面形貌,研究工艺参数对接头拉剪力的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对点焊接头的连接特征及断裂行为进行深入研究,借助金相显微镜对接头微观组织进行分析。结果 焊接时间对接头的抗拉剪力没有显著影响,当焊接电流为4.2 kA,电极压力为110 N,焊接时间为10 ms时,取得最大剪切强度125.82 N。接头有两种断裂方式,分别为沿熔核中心断裂和纽扣状断裂。沿熔核中心断裂的断口呈现脆性断裂的特征,钮扣状断裂的断口熔核中心处呈韧性断裂特征,其热影响区呈脆性断裂特征。结论 实现了Ti/Al薄板的微电阻点焊,并通过改变工艺参数获得良好的剪切性能。观察焊缝的显微组织发现,远离熔核中心、靠近铝母材侧的区域,由于铝侧母材散热较好,组织为等轴晶以及细小的柱状晶,晶粒较小。靠近熔核中心的区域为组织较为粗大的柱状枝晶。     

铝-不锈钢复合过渡接头性能试验研究

针对铝-不锈钢复合过渡接头使用要求,对不同材质组合及爆炸工艺的铝-不锈钢过渡接头的常温力学性能、焊接模拟力学性能、微观金相、气密性进行了试验分析,发现温度对接头的力学性能及气密性有一定影响,并确定漏气的主要部位为铝铝界面和铝钛界面,这为改善该接头的气密性提供了研究方向。     

辅助电磁场作用下的铝基复合材料钎焊接头界面微观组织及其分析

采用Zn-Al钎料,以铝基复合材料SiC/A356为研究对象,对该材料辅助电磁场作用下的钎焊工艺及其接头界面微观行为进行了探索性的研究。试图通过电磁场效应,控制液固界面处强化相的推斥/吞没行为,并对不同交变方波电流峰值作用下的接头微观组织进行分析。研究结果表明,在磁场强度为0.5T,交变电流频率为100Hz,电流峰值为70A时SiC强化颗粒的行为得到了有效的控制,避免了SiC强化相颗粒在界面处的偏聚行为,获得了SiC强化相颗粒在钎缝中均匀分布的铝基复合材料钎焊接头。     

钛基钎料的活性及理化性能对比研究

对两种钛基钎料非晶态箔带的氧化行为、钎焊接头性能及非晶箔带成型性能等方面进行对比研究 .研究结果对钛基钎料的选择与成分设计有一定帮助 .     

连接SiCp/6063Al复合材料的Al-Si-Cu-Ce-Ti箔状钎料制备及其性能研究

采用快凝甩带技术制备了6组不同Ti含量的(Al-10Si-20Cu-0.05Ce)-xTi急冷箔状钎料,并对SiCp/6063Al复合材料进行真空钎焊,然后对钎料及接头的显微组织和性能进行分析。结果表明,急冷箔较常规铸态钎料的组织细小、均匀;固、液相线降低,熔化区间变窄;随着Ti含量的增加,急冷箔中片状Al-Si-Ti金属间化合物相增多,导致钎料脆性增加;6组钎料在复合材料上润湿性较差,但在6063Al合金上润湿性良好。在580℃钎焊温度、保温30min条件下,采用1%Ti含量急冷箔状钎料成功连接了SiCp/6063Al复合材料,钎焊接头组织致密、完整,急冷箔状钎料与6063Al合金基体连接界面可进行充分的冶金结合,且接头剪切强度达到104.9 MPa;钎焊前采用夹具增加接头压力可显著提高接头的连接质量。     

搅拌摩擦焊辅助Al/Zn/Mg接头扩散连接

对2mm厚的AZ31B镁合金和6061铝合金平板进行添加夹层Zn的搅拌摩擦诱导扩散连接实验。通过SEM,EPMA,XRD,拉伸实验和维氏硬度测试研究Al/Zn/Mg搭接接头显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:当旋转速率合适时,扩散层存在Al富集区,Al5Mg11Zn4层及Mg-Zn共晶区;而旋转速率较低时,扩散层存在残留的Zn层;旋转速率过大时,扩散层出现Al-Mg系金属间化合物。由于扩散层主要为金属间化合物,其显微硬度明显高于母材。Zn箔的加入提高了Al/Mg搭接接头的力学性能。断口观察分析表明,接头失效发生在靠近Al侧的扩散层上。     

Structure‐property investigations on a laser beam welded dissimilar joint of aluminium AA6056 and titanium Ti6Al4V for aeronautical applications. Part II: Resistance to fatigue crack propagation and fracture

Investigations were continued on the dissimilar laser beam welds of AA6056 and Ti6Al4V, fabricated by inserting Ti‐sheet into the profiled Al‐sheet and melting AA6056 alone. By using microstructure, hardness and strength as the criteria, sites exhibiting non‐uniform microstructure and localized plastic deformation due to strength mismatch were investigated in two orientations: ? crack parallel to the weld and ? crack perpendicular to the weld for fatigue crack propagation and fracture toughness at room temperature. Effect of temper of AA6056 on these properties was studied for two conditions; welding in T4 followed by post weld heat treatment T6, and welding in T6 and naturally aged for a defined period. The orientation “crack parallel to the weld” was investigated in 3 locations on the side of AA6056: the interface and the two changeovers on the Al‐side. Firstly, between the fusion zone and the heat affected zone (3 mm from the interface) and secondly, between (primary) heat affected zone and towards the base material (7 mm from the interface). Although brittle intermetallic TiAl₃ had been formed at the interface, uncontrolled separation or debonding at the interface was not observed. Insofar the bond quality of the weld was good. However, the ranking of interface was the lowest since fatigue crack propagation was relatively faster than that in the fusion zone and heat affected zone, and fracture toughness was low. Therefore, unstable fatigue crack propagation is observed when the crack propagates perpendicular to the weld from AA6056 towards Ti6Al4V. The results have shown that the dissimilar joints exhibit improved performance when laser beam welded in the T6 condition.     

水下搅拌摩擦焊对铝/铜接头组织与性能的影响

目的 采用搅拌摩擦焊,对比分析大气环境和水下环境下铝/铜接头的组织与性能,以期获得力学性能更优异的铝/铜焊接接头。方法 利用搅拌摩擦焊,在焊接速度为40 mm/min、旋转速度为1 000 r/min的条件下,分别在大气环境和水下环境下对厚度为9 mm的6061铝合金板和T2纯铜板进行焊接。然后,对铝/铜界面、焊核区进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,并对铝/铜界面及焊核区进行物相分析,确定产物相组成。最后,对铝/铜试样进行拉伸及硬度检测。结果 铝/铜接头均无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。铜颗粒弥散分布在焊核区,铝/铜界面形成金属间化合物层。水下搅拌摩擦焊下界面元素扩散距离明显变短,且金属间化合物厚度更薄。铝/铜接头的金属间化合物为AlCu和Al4Cu9。大气环境焊接下接头的抗拉强度为130.6 MPa,断裂方式为脆性断裂;水下焊接下接头的抗拉强度为199.5 MPa,断裂方式为韧性断裂。水下环境下的接头硬度值更高,其中热影响区的硬度最低值约为65HV。结论 水下搅拌摩擦焊铝/铜接头无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。组织上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头界面元素扩散距离更短,硬脆的金属间化合物更少;性能上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头强度更高,抗拉强度达到199.5 MPa,达到母材的74.4%。     

Microstructure and Strength of Brazed Joints of Ti3Al Base Alloy with Cu-P Filler Metal

Brazing of Ti3AI alloys with the filler metal Cu-P was carried out at 1173-1273 K for 60-1800 s. When products are brazed, the optimum brazing parameters are as follows: brazing temperature is 1215-1225 K; brazing time is 250-300 s. Four kinds of reaction products were observed during the brazing of Ti3AI alloys with the filler metal Cu-P, i.e., Ti3AI phase with a small quantity of Cu (Ti3AI(Cu)) formed close to the Ti3AI alloy; the TiCu intermetallic compounds layer and the Cu3P intermetallic compounds layer formed between Ti3AI(Cu) and the filler metal, and a Cu-base solid solution formed with the dispersed Cu3P in the middle of the joint. The interfacial structure of brazed Ti3AI alloys joints with the filler metal Cu-P is Ti3AI/Ti3AI(Cu)/TiCu/Cu3P/Cu solid solution (Cu3P)/Cu3P/TiCu/Ti3AI(Cu)/Ti3AI, and this structure will not change with brazing time once it forms. The thickness of TiCu+Cu3P intermetallic compounds increases with brazing time according to a parabolic law. The activation energy Q and the growth velocity K0 of reaction layer TiCu+Cu3P in the brazed joints of Ti3AI alloys with the filler metal Cu-P are 286 kJ/mol and 0.0821 m2/s, respectively, and growth formula was y2=0.0821exp(-34421.59/T)t. Careful control of the growth for the reaction layer TiCu+Cu3P can influence the final joint strength. The formation of the intermetallic compounds TiCu+Cu3P results in embrittlement of the joint and poor joint properties. The Cu-P filler metal is not fit for obtaining a high-quality joint of Ti3AI brazed.     

Improving interfacial properties of a laser beam welded dissimilar joint of aluminium AA6056 and titanium Ti6Al4V for aeronautical applications

Dissimilar welds of aluminium alloy AA6056 and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V were produced by a novel technique. AA6056 sheet was machined at one end to a U-slot shape, enabling the intake of the Ti6Al4V sheet. The Al-alloy U-slot was then butt welded by split laser beam without using a filling wire, thus making a weld by melting only the Al-alloy. Thereby the intermetallic brittle phase TiAl₃ formed at the weld interface and affected mechanical properties. As a continuation of the previous work, the joint design was modified by chamfering Ti6Al4V to reduce the formation of interfacial TiAl₃. It is shown in this work how this seemingly insignificant joint modification has refined microstructure and increased hardness and strength. The most impressive feature was the improved resistance to fatigue crack propagation whereby the fracture type in the fusion zone of AA6056 adjacent to the weld interface changed from partially intercrystalline to completely transcrystalline. Possible metallurgical processes leading to the property improvements are discussed.     

Study on cold metal transfer welding–brazing of titanium to copper

3 mm Pure titanium TA2 was joined to 3 mm pure copper T2 by Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding–brazing process in the form of butt joint with a 1.2 mm diameter ERCuNiAl copper wire. The welding–brazing joint between Ti and Cu base metals is composed of Cu–Cu welding joint and Cu–Ti brazing joint. Cu–Cu welding joint can be formed between the Cu weld metal and the Cu groove surface, and the Cu–Ti brazing interface can be formed between Cu weld metal and Ti groove surface. The microstructure and the intermetallic compounds distribution were observed and analyzed in details. Interfacial reaction layers of brazing joint were composed of Ti₂Cu, TiCu and AlCu₂Ti. Furthermore, crystallization behavior of welding joint and bonding mechanism of brazing interfacial reaction were also discussed. The effects of wire feed speed and groove angle on the joint features and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. Three different fracture modes were observed: at the Cu interface, the Ti interface, and the Cu heat affected zone (HAZ). The joints fractured at the Cu HAZ had higher tensile load than the others. The lower tensile load fractured at the Cu interface or Ti interface was attributed to the weaker bonding degree at the Cu interface or Ti interface.     

Influence of welding parameters on interface evolution and mechanical properties of FSW Al/Ti lap joints

Friction stir welding (FSW) was performed to produce Al/Ti lap joints under various welding conditions. More heat was generated when rotational rate increased or traversing rate decreased. Two types of Al/Ti interfaces – mixed interface and diffusive interface – were formed under different welding conditions. The diffusive interface was formed with low heat input, and the mixed interface was formed more heat. The grains at the mixed interface were larger than those at the diffusive interface because of the higher heat input. Moreover, the microstructure of the mixed interface had a lower texture intensity compared with that of the diffusive interface, which was attributed to the enhanced continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). TiAl₃ was formed at the diffusive interface. When the interface varied to the mixed interface as heat input increased, TiAl was fomed within the Al/Ti mixture following the formation of TiAl₃. In addition, TiAl₃ precipitates were observed in the diffusion layer. The hardness value of the mixed interface was higher than 350 HV, due to the larger amount of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The lap shear strength reached a maximum value of 147 MPa with medium heat input and an interface that exits in a critical state between diffusive and mixed interfaces. All the specimens fractured at the interface, which was attributed to the presence of IMCs.     

CuTiNiZrV Amorphous Alloy Foils for Vacuum Brazing of TiAl Alloy to 40Cr Steel

Vacuum brazing of TiAl alloy to 40Cr steel sheets was conducted with newly developed CuTiNiZrV amorphous foils. It was found that a diffusion layer,filler metal and reaction layer existed in the brazed seam. The diffusion layer in the joint brazed with Cu43.75Ti37.5Ni6.25Zr6.25V6.25(at.%) foil was flat and thin,containing Ti19Al6 and Ti2Cu intermetallic compounds; however,the diffusion layer brazed with Cu37.5Ti25Ni12.5Zr12.5V12.5 foil was uneven with bulges,consisting of essentially Ti-based solute solution. The foil with 12.5 at.% V showed inferior spreadability compared to that with 6.25 at.% V at brazing temperature. However,fracture happened along the diffusion layer with 6.25 at.% V foil due to the formation of brittle intermetallic phases,but the joints brazed with 12.5 at.% V foil failed through the TiAl substrate. These results show that designing amorphous alloy with less Ti and more V for brazing TiAl alloy to steel is appropriate.     

焊丝成分对铝-铜异种金属熔钎焊接头钎焊界面组织与接头力学性能的影响

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊方法对1060纯铝和T2紫铜进行了对接焊,选用ER1100、ER5356、ER4043和ER4047四种焊丝为填充材料,研究了焊丝成分对焊接接头微观组织、金属间化合物层的厚度以及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:4种焊丝的焊接接头均由铝侧熔合区、焊缝区和铜侧钎焊区组成,其中铜侧钎焊区又可细分为金属间化合物层区和Al-Cu共晶区两部分。焊丝中Si元素的加入可以起到阻碍铝铜原子互扩散、抑制铝铜金属间化合物生长、提高焊缝显微硬度以及抗拉强度等作用;而加入Mg元素,其效果不明显。     

Formation of a crack-free joint between Ti alloyand Al alloy by using a high-power CO2 laser

The present paper aims at producing a crack-free weld between a commercially available Ti alloy (Ti-6 wt% Al-4 wt% V) and a wrought Al alloy (Al-1 wt% Mg-0.9 wt% Si). Ti alloy and Al alloy with a plate thickness of 3 mm are butt welded using a 2.5 kW continuous CO2 laser. The laser power, welding speeds and offset of the laser with respect to the joint are considered as the variable parameters. It is observed that intermetallic compounds (mainly TiAl and Ti3Al) are formed in the fusion zone depending on the amount of Al and Ti melted by the laser. These intermetallic phases are very brittle and the solid-state cracks are formed near the Al side of the interface because of the stress developed after the solidification. The formation of cracks is sensitive to the total Al content in the fusion zone. In order to minimize the dissolution of Al in the fusion zone and to increase the toughness of the intermetallic phases, Nb foil is added as a buffer between the Ti alloy and Al alloy workpieces. It is observed that the partially melted Nb acts as a barrier to dissolve Al in the fusion zone and facilitates a good joining condition for welding of Ti alloy with Al alloy. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.