谷物粉对馕品质及抗氧化活性的影响

主要研究了荞麦、小米、大豆三种谷物粉添加量对馕质构、动态流变学特性、感官评价品质特性以及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,随着三种谷物粉添加量的增加,在一定程度上会使馕的硬度增加。在动态流变频率扫描中,三种谷物粉添加量增加,馕的储能模量(G’)呈下降趋势;随着荞麦粉的加入馕的损耗模量(G”)呈下降趋势,随着小米粉和大豆粉的加入馕的损耗模量(G”)先增加后降低;馕的损耗角正切值tanθ呈上升趋势。随着谷物粉添加量的增加,馕的感官评分先增加后降低,其中添加5%大豆粉制成的馕感官评价得分最高。馕的活性成分含量以及抗氧化能力提高,其中荞麦粉添加量为20%时,馕的总酚以及总黄酮含量最高,分别为1.36 mg/g以及1.08 mg/g,其DPPH·自由基清除率是加入等量小米粉馕样品的1.90倍和大豆粉馕样品的2.07倍;ABTS·⁺清除率是加入等量小米粉馕样品的1.30倍和大豆粉馕样品的1.15倍。     

不同品种黑腺肋花楸活性物质含量与抗氧化活性相关性研究

为评价不同品种黑腺肋花楸活性物质含量及其抗氧化活性,以3种黑腺肋花楸为原料,采用Folin-Ciocalteau比色法、pH示差法、硝酸铝—亚硝酸钠法分别测定其多酚、花青素和黄酮含量,通过DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力以及还原力法评价3种花楸多酚、花青素、黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明:3种黑腺肋花楸多酚含量变化范围为11.916~14.550mg GAE/g·FW,具有较强的抗氧化力,尼罗多酚清除DPPH、ABTS自由基能力较强,克蓝还原力较强;花青素百分含量为3.094%~3.771%,尼罗花青素抗氧化能力最强;黄酮含量为19.519~23.399mg RE/g·FW,克蓝清除DPPH自由基能力较强,尼罗清除ABTS自由基能力较强,而维金还原力较强。活性物质含量与抗氧化活性相关性分析表明,黑腺肋花楸花青素含量与DPPH~+·、ABTS~+·清除率呈显著正相关,黄酮含量与ABTS~+·清除率呈显著正相关,其余指标间无显著相关性。     

全麦粉添加量对油馕品质的影响

馕作为新疆维吾尔族的主食之一,具有悠久的历史和独特的风味。面粉是油馕的主料,面粉的种类决定着油馕的品质。随着消费者健康饮食意识的提高,全谷物食品及高膳食纤维食品逐渐成为消费者的青睐。全麦粉作为最常见的全谷物之一,价格低廉,应用广泛。然而,由于全麦粉含有外皮和胚芽,导致全麦食品口感较差。为了研究全麦粉对油馕的影响,本文采用不同比例的全麦粉代替传统方法里面的精粉制作油馕,探究全麦粉添加量对油馕感官评价、质构特性、多酚含量及抗氧化能力的影响。以ABTS^·+清除率、DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率为指标评价油馕的抗氧化活性。结果表明全麦粉取代率为60%时,油馕感官评分为81.12分,馕芯的ABTS^·+、DPPH·和·OH清除率分别为43.05%,49.52%和42.25%。此时油馕在具有良好感官评价的同时保持较高的抗氧化活性。     

黄精发酵液制备工艺优化及其抗氧化活性分析

该试验以酵母菌和乳酸菌为混合菌种,以黄精发酵液对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除率为评价指标,通过单因素和响应面试验优化黄精发酵液制备工艺条件,比较了黄精发酵液与黄精水提液的抗氧化活性差异,并分析了多糖、多酚和黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,黄精发酵液制备工艺条件为发酵时间24 h,发酵温度41 ℃,混合菌种接种量2.1%,乳酸菌∶酵母菌比例2∶1,料液比1∶46（g∶mL）。在此优化条件下,黄精发酵液的羟基、DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率分别为47.83%、91.40%和91.44%。黄精发酵液的抗氧化活性高于黄精水提液,且黄精发酵液多糖、多酚和黄酮含量显著高于黄精水提液（P＜0.05）。相关性分析结果表明,ABTS+自由基清除率与多糖和多酚含量显著正相关（P＜0.05）,DPPH自由基清除率与多糖、多酚和黄酮含量显著正相关（P＜0.05）。     

山楂果实提取物抗氧化能力

提取山楂中主要功能性成分多糖、黄酮、维生素C,并对其抗氧化能力进行比较。结果表明:山楂中多糖3.84 g/100 g、黄酮33.69 mg/g、维生素C 36.64 mg/100 g,多糖含量最高;通过DPPH自由基清除法、羟自由基清除法、ABTS自由基清除法进行抗氧化试验发现,抗氧化能力为维生素C>黄酮>多糖,维生素C对自由基的清除率最高值分别为90.3%(DPPH自由基清除率), 82.2%(羟自由基清除率)和82.2%(ABTS自由基清除率),差异显著。试验结果可作为广泛应用于保健食品、化妆品等领域的理论依据,为山楂作为天然抗氧化剂来源的一个深度开发利用奠定理论基础。     

红曲米添加量对红曲酒多酚成分及其抗氧化活性的影响

红曲酒是我国华中、华东和南方地区流行的一种黄酒,酚类物质含量较高,具有较高的营养价值。 该实验研究了红曲米添加 量对红曲酒中5种酚酸、2种黄酮成分的影响及其总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力和还原力的差异。 结果表明,随 着红曲米添加量的增加,红曲酒总酚含量与单体多酚成分增加趋势一致,红曲米添加量为10.0%时总酚含量达到470.07 mg/L,没食子 酸、绿原酸、对羟基苯甲酸、芦丁、芥子酸、阿魏酸以及槲皮素的含量分别达到5.54 mg/L、11.33 mg/L、3.18 mg/L、9.14 mg/L、12.42 mg/L、 4.46 mg/L和2.12 mg/L。 红曲酒的总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基及ABTS+自由基清除率和FRAP值也随着红曲米添加量的增大而增大。 红曲酒中3种酚类物质（芥子酸、阿魏酸、芦丁）与其总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除能力以及还原力具有较高的相 关性（R＞0.890,P＜0.05）。     

辣木叶乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性研究

确定辣木叶中总抗氧化物质的最佳提取条件,并评价其体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验结果的基础上,以DPPH自由基清除率为评价指标,通过采用正交试验研究乙醇体积分数、提取温度、料液比和提取时间4个因素对辣木叶抗氧化物质抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:最佳提取条件为提取温度为90℃、料液比为1:30、乙醇体积分数为60%、提取时间为1.5 h,在此条件下,辣木叶中多酚含量为69.36±0.58 mg/g,黄酮含量为53.72±0.48 mg/g,DPPH自由基清除率为57.83±0.14%。辣木叶抗氧化物质粗提物对DPPH、ABTS和·OH自由基具有具有较好的清除效果,还原能力较弱,其EC50值分别为86、31和140μg/m L,对DPPH、ABTS和·OH自由基清除率分别达到相同质量浓度BHT的98.26%、99.04%和96.63%,并与辣木叶粗提物质量浓度存在一定的量效关系。     

9种食用菌碱水提取物的抗氧化活性比较研究

对9种食用菌的碱水提取物的提取率、化学成分(多糖含量、蛋白含量、多酚含量和糖醛酸含量)和体外抗氧化活性(ABTS阳离子自由基清除率、DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力)进行了比较。结果表明9种食用菌碱水提取物的得率为2.6%~13.7%;多糖含量为321.3 mg/g~628.4 mg/g;蛋白含量为36.1 mg/g~493.9 mg/g;糖醛酸含量为24.6 mg/g~326.3 mg/g,此外多酚含量为7.2 mg/g~24.2 mg/g。9种食用菌碱水提取物中,灵芝水提取物具有更好的ABTS+·阳离子自由基清除率(EC_(50)值为0.3 mg/mL)和更强的总还原力;金针菇水提取物表现出更强的DPPH自由基清除率(EC_(50)值为2.2 mg/mL)。同时发现9种食用菌碱水提取物的总还原力与其多酚含量密切相关(R~2=0.942 7);与其蛋白含量具有一定的弱相关(R~2=0.527 6)。其ABTS+·清除率与多酚含量和糖醛酸含量的相关度较低,分别为0.482 6和0.307 3。结果表明真菌碱水提取物中抗氧化活性主要与其多酚和蛋白相关。     

杏仁及杏仁皮多酚超声提取优化及抗氧化能力差异性研究

为获得杏仁及杏仁皮内多酚提取的最优方案,采用超声波处理样品,以料液比、超声温度、功率和时间为影响因素多酚得率为指标进行研究。结果表明:杏仁多酚超声提取最佳条件为料液比1∶10、超声温度50℃、超声功率400 W,超声时间60 min。而杏仁皮多酚超声提取最佳条件为料液比1∶10、超声温度60℃、超声功率400 W,超声时间60 min。采用还原力、OH、DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率四个抗氧化能力指标对杏仁及杏仁皮多酚的抗氧化能力进行差异性分析,以期为杏仁多酚这一功能性成分的开发提供参考依据。研究结果表明,杏仁多酚抗氧化能力大小与其含量成正比。甜杏仁多酚的还原力、OH和ABTS自由基清除率均高于苦杏仁多酚,而甜苦杏仁多酚的DPPH自由基清除率接近一致,且在0.024 mg/m L浓度时依次为25.4%和23.7%。甜苦杏仁皮多酚抗氧化能力差异不明显,其还原力、DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率三者基本一致,而在0.24 mg/m L浓度时,甜杏仁皮多酚的OH自由基清除率约为苦杏仁皮的2倍。总体来说,甜杏仁多酚的抗氧化能力优于苦杏仁多酚,潜在利用价值更高。     

不同品种藜麦粉对馒头品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为了明确小麦粉中添加藜麦粉对馒头的品质及抗氧化活性的影响,该文探讨了高筋小麦粉中添加不同比例不同品种藜麦粉(红藜麦、白藜麦以及黑藜麦)对混配粉面团和馒头品质的影响,分析了混配粉面团粉质特性、馒头质构特性和感官品质以及馒头加工过程中多酚含量和抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,添加10%和20%藜麦粉的3种藜麦混配粉馒头均能保持较好的弹性、黏聚性和回复性,且感官评价总分均在82分以上,而添加30%藜麦粉严重降低了馒头品质。3种藜麦混配粉馒头的多酚含量均显著高于高筋小麦粉馒头(40. 39 mg GAE/100g),尤其添加20%藜麦粉的黑藜麦混配粉馒头最高(165. 41 mg GAE/100g)。在藜麦馒头加工过程中,抗氧化活性降低。与小麦馒头相比,添加20%藜麦粉的馒头抗氧化活性显著增加,其中,添加黑藜麦粉的馒头抗氧化活性最高(ORAC值为2 624. 4μmol TE/100g)。3种藜麦粉的适宜添加比例为20%,此添加比例可以在保证藜麦混配粉馒头品质的同时有效提高馒头的抗氧化活性。     

藜麦粉营养成分及抗氧化活性研究

以不同藜麦品种的原粮粉与脱皮粉为实验材料,对其主要营养成分、总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,不同藜麦品种的营养成分存在一定差异。3种原粮粉的粗蛋白、总淀粉含量显著低于脱皮粉,灰分含量显著高于脱皮粉(P0.05);原粮粉与脱皮粉的之间粗脂肪、粗纤维含量没有明显差异。原粮粉中总酚、总黄酮及皂甙含量均高于脱皮粉,格尔木原粮粉的总酚(1.70 mg GRE/g)、总黄酮(2.08 mg RE/g)及皂甙(10.38 mg OAE/g)含量最高,海藜脱皮粉的总酚(1.13 mg GRE/g)、总黄酮(0.76 mg RE/g)及皂甙(6.55 mg OAE/g)含量最低。不同品种间脱皮粉及原粮粉的抗氧化活性存在显著差异(P0.05),藜麦原粮粉提取物的总抗氧化能力、DPPH·清除能力、ABTS~+·清除能力、铁离子还原力(FRAP)均显著高于脱皮粉(P0.05)。     

杂粮配粉对小麦粉品质的影响

介绍了不同小宗杂粮粉(高粱、小米、红薯)不同比例添加量对面粉品质参数的影响。通过试验可知:对于添加不同杂粮粉的小麦粉,随着添加量增加小麦粉降落数值略有降低,色度L值逐渐降低,而色度a值和b值增加。小麦粉灰分随着小米粉添加量的增加而有所降低。小麦粉在添加15%红薯粉、5%高粱粉和5%小米粉时黏度最大。     

不同品种甘薯叶提取物抗氧化及对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的研究

本研究旨在通过比较7个品种甘薯叶提取物的抗氧化活性和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,探讨甘薯叶抗氧化和降血糖的潜力。以甘薯叶为研究对象,测定其总多酚和总黄酮含量,体外实验评价其抗氧化活性(DPPH·清除能力、ABTS+·清除能力、·OH清除能力和还原能力)及对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性。结果表明7个品种甘薯叶提取物总多酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化活性以及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性具有明显差异。甘薯叶总多酚含量介于15.02~33.33 mg GAE/g DW,总黄酮含量介于1.06~3.11 mg RE/g DW。徐薯18、济薯18和龙薯9甘薯叶总多酚和总黄酮含量最高,品种间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。龙薯9自由基(DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH)清除能力最强;济薯18还原能力最强;商薯19抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性最强。总多酚和总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性之间具有极显著的正相关性(P<0.01),而与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性之间没有显著的相关性(P>0.05)。本研究表明甘薯叶是潜在抗氧化剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的优质来源,为甘薯种植和生产品种的选择提供理论依据。     

糜子品种理化特性与体外抗氧化性研究

对39个粳性、糯性糜子品种的品质特性进行分析。结果表明,不同糜子品种的红绿值a*、粗脂肪、灰分、直链淀粉、溶解度、膨胀度、DPPH·清除率和糊化特性差异较大。糜子的平均淀粉含量73.91%,蛋白11.37%,粗脂肪4.02%,灰分0.55%,直链淀粉11.81%,支链淀粉62.10%;糜子的多酚、黄酮含量分别为8.20 mg/g、59.00 mg/100 g,对DPPH·和ABTS+·有一定的清除作用。糯性糜子较粳性糜子色泽鲜黄,具有较高的吸水性、溶解度和膨胀度。除破损值外,粳性糜子的各糊化指标值高于糯性糜子。聚类分析将糜子品种分为4类,可满足不同的加工需求。     

Pasting properties of starch and protein in selected cereals and quality of their food products

In an attempt to improve intake of dietary fibre and antioxidants and quality of whole grain products, whole grain meals from barley, millet, rye and sorghum were evaluated individually and in blends with wheat flour in terms of starch pasting properties and protein heat damage, during cycles of heating and cooling in RVA tests. The whole grain meals were blended with either hard or soft wheat flour and processed into bread, cake, cookie or snack products. The products were then evaluated with regard to physical properties and acceptability. Significant differences were observed between cereals in starch peak, breakdown and setback viscosities as well as in protein peak viscosity. The results showed that RVA could be used to help formulate cereal blends with certain pasting properties. Substitution of wheat flour, with 15% of barley, rye, millet or sorghum whole grain, did not have significant detrimental effects on physical properties or acceptability of pita bread. Additionally, replacement of wheat flour with up to 30% of barley, rye, millet or sorghum whole grain meal had no significant effects on quality of cakes or cookies. A multigrain snack-like food was also developed as a healthy product and was highly acceptable in a sensory test. The developed product would help enhance consumption of whole grain foods, resulting in improved intake of fibre and health-enhancing components.     

The content of proteic and nonproteic (free and protein-bound) tryptophan in quinoa and cereal flours

The content of proteic and nonproteic (free and protein-bound) tryptophan and of proteins in quinoa, wheat, rice, maize, barley, oat, rye, spelt, sorghum and millet flours was determined. Protein content and proteic tryptophan of quinoa were similar to that of wheat and spelt, but higher than in other cereals. Free tryptophan in quinoa flour showed values similar to those of wheat, oat and sorghum Kalblank, lower than those of barley, spelt and pearl millet, but higher than in rice, maize, rye, sorghum DK 34 – Alabama hybrid. In addition, nonproteic tryptophan appears bound both to water soluble proteins and to proteins soluble at pH 8.9. The results are discussed regarding the importance of the nonprotein tryptophan fraction, the only one able to enter the brain, that is more easily absorbed, so guarantees a greater amount available for uptake by the central nervous system.     

糯高粱黄酒糖化工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

以糯高粱和酿酒大曲为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对糯高粱酿制黄酒中的关键糖化工艺进行优化。依据回归分析,确定各因素对糖化工艺的影响次序依次为：糖化温度＞糖化时间＞加曲量;求得的最佳糖化工艺参数为：糖化温度55.3 ℃,糖化时间25.5 h,加曲量为糯高粱干质量的16.2%。经验证试验得出糖化后醪液总糖含量为17.29 g/100 mL,与理论值17.32 g/100 mL相近,说明利用响应面法优化得到的糖化回归方程和工艺参数可靠,具有参考价值。用藜麦和黍米为原料,使用相同工艺制作的黄酒进行总多酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性研究表明,虽然糯高粱黄酒的总黄酮含量不及藜麦黄酒,总多酚含量稍高于藜麦黄酒,但是糯高粱黄酒具有最强的自由基清除率,抗氧化活性最强。     

Properties of extruded whole grain cereals and pseudocereals flours

Common cereals such as wheat are widely used worldwide in extruded products. Nevertheless, other locally available grains would be beneficial for local consumers regarding taste preference, nutritional needs and sustainability. Locally available cereals, that is millet, teff, sorghum and pseudocereals, that is quinoa and amaranth flours were extruded at the same processing conditions, and the resulting properties were compared to those of extruded refined wheat flour. Amaranth flour contained the highest protein content (16%). Sorghum was the highest in calories because of its high lipid content (10%). The extrusion process greatly increased a water solubility index (WSI) of amaranth from 11% to 61%, while the WSI level of quinoa was almost not affected (WSI of 4%). The expansion properties varied differently among grain types. These grains had a sectional expansion index (SEI) ranging between 11 and 13, which could not achieve the performance of the refined wheat (SEI of 22). The lowest expansion was observed for amaranth flour which contained the lowest starch content. Sorghum extrudates, interestingly, provided comparable stress at rupture value to that of wheat. For the mechanical properties, none of these local grains could fully replace refined wheat at the employed extrusion conditions.     

常见6种杂粮与2种主粮的抗氧化活性比较研究

目的：比较常见6种杂粮：荞麦(甜荞、苦荞)、小米、糜米(粳性、糯性)、玉米、薏米、燕麦与2种主粮：大米、小麦食用部分的总酚、黄酮含量及其存在形式和抗氧化活性差异,并分析总酚、黄酮含量与抗氧化活性之间的相关性。方法：采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量,NaNO2-Al(NO)3测定黄酮含量;DPPH自由基法、ABTS+ ·法、β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸乳化液法和还原力法评价样品的抗氧化能力。结果：总酚含量由高至低为：苦荞、甜荞、燕麦、薏米、玉米、小米、粳性糜米、小麦、糯性糜米、大米,并且除小米、糯性糜米外其他样品提取物的多酚主要以自由态存在,占总酚的64.18%～98.70%;黄酮含量最高的为薏米、燕麦次之,且均多以自由态存在;杂粮的抗氧化活性高于主粮,其中苦荞清除DPPH自由基能力、ABTS+ ·能力和总还原力最强,甜荞次之,而小米抑制β-胡萝卜素褪色能力最强;同时,抗氧化活性与总酚含量之间具有良好的线性关系,与黄酮含量的相关性不明显。结论：杂粮的总酚含量及总抗氧化活性高于主粮,其中苦荞最为突出,因此,推荐增加日常杂粮食用量以弥补主粮膳食中多酚物质含量过低的不足。     

Suitability of Oat, Millet and Sorghum in Breadmaking

Challenges and opportunities of minor cereals with poor viscoelastic value deserve a special attention in breadmaking applications due to their unique nutritional components. In a preliminary stage, the suitability of oat, millet and sorghum in breadmaking was assessed in simple binary wheat flour matrices in which wheat flour was replaced from 0% to 60%. The research allowed the quantification of grains (up to 30% for millet and sorghum and up to 50% for oat of wheat flour replacement) to be incorporated into the binary blended matrices providing minimization of techno-functional impairment and sensory depreciation of breads. Combinations of gluten, vegetable fat and a commercial mix of surfactants, ascorbic acid and antistaling enzymes were used to make breads with 10% increased level of wheat flour replacement by single oat, millet and sorghum in binary mixed samples. The quality profile of binary mixtures of oat–wheat (60:40 w/w), millet–wheat (40:60 w/w) and sorghum–wheat (40:60 w/w) was significantly improved in terms of keepability during storage, mainly for oat–wheat blends which stale at a similar rate than 100% wheat breads. Overall acceptability of highly replaced wheat breads deserved higher scores for oat and sorghum composite breads (7/10) than control wheat breads (6/10). Oat, millet and sorghum represent a viable alternative to make aerated breads with mitigated technological and sensory constraints based on non-viscoelastic cereals.