血管内皮生长因子在原发性肝癌中的诊断及预后意义

【摘要】 血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）是血管形成的重要调节因子，参与肿瘤的形成及发展的多个过程。VEGF特异性作用于血管内皮细胞，有促进新生血管形成、增加血管通透性、促进细胞迁移和抑制核因子kB活化等生物学功能。原发性肝癌恶性程度高，预后差，其生理学特性与VEGF作用相关。现就VEGF的结构、功能及其与肝癌的诊断及预后予以综述。

     

奥沙利铂及重组人血管内皮抑素经肝动脉灌注联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌

【摘要】 目的 观察奥沙利铂及重组人血管内皮抑素联合经肝动脉灌注（TACE）治疗原发性肝癌的疗效及不良反应。方法 2010年6月至2012年6月43例原发性肝癌患者采用TACE术中经肝动脉灌注奥沙利铂及重组人血管内皮抑素治疗，并根据肿瘤血管丰富程度分组，术后观察患者不良反应，并定期行实验室指标及肝脏CT/MRI/DSA评价治疗效果及不良反应。结果 富血管肿瘤组治疗的总有效率显著高于乏血管肿瘤组患者（85.7%比33.3%，P < 0.05），临床随访数据表明多数富血管的患者通过联合药物灌注治疗有效，生存时间6个月以上者达57.1%（16/28），对于乏血管肿瘤患者的治疗中病情进展的仅为26.7%（4/15）。结论 TACE术中经肝动脉灌注奥沙利铂联合重组人血管内皮抑素治疗原发性肝癌安全有效。     

原发性肝癌DSA表现特点与癌组织血管内皮细胞生长因子表达相关性研究

目的探讨肝细胞性肝癌（HCC）DSA表现特点与癌组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达的关系。方法选择５４例经病理证实原发性HCC患者，根据其在DSA的表现特点，如肿瘤大小及多少、病灶边缘是否清晰、肿瘤血供情况（包括肿瘤血管的丰富度及是否有动静脉瘘等）等特点进行分析；用Elivision TMplus法对HCC组织切片进行VEGF定性检测，根据染色程度及阳性细胞的百分比进行综合分析；同时进行HE染色，用Edmmond法进行病理分级，本组把Ⅰ、Ⅱ级划为高分化组，Ⅲ、Ⅳ级划为低分化组。对结果进行统计学分析，采用SPSS１３．０统计软件进行数据处理。结果肝癌组织的VEGF表达与癌组织血供特点、病灶数目多少、轮廓完整性及肿瘤分化程度相关（P＜０．０５或P＜０．０１６７），与瘤体大小无关（P＞０．０５）。结论原发性肝癌DSA某些表现特征与肝癌组织的VEGF含量有一定相关性，通过观测DSA图像特征能提高对肝癌侵袭和转移评估的能力，给临床个性化治疗和判断预后提供参考。     

重组人血管内皮抑素联合肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞治疗中晚期肝癌的临床应用

目的研究重组人血管内皮抑制素（内皮抑素）联合肝动脉TACE治疗中晚期肝癌的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取４０例中晚期肝癌患者,随机分成两组。治疗组常规TACE加重组人内皮抑素－碘化油乳剂栓塞;对照组单纯给予常规TACE。所有患者术后１年内不定期复查CT或MRI ,以及DSA检查。观察肿瘤复发或转移情况以及有无肿瘤新生血管形成。比较瘤体缩小情况,AFP变化,６个月、１年的生存率以及生活质量。同时比较两组术后不良反应。结果治疗组１年生存率、AFP下降程度显著高于对照组,治疗组与对照组１年生存率分别为７５％（１５／２０）和６０％（１２／２０）;AFP下降值平均差为３００μg ／ml ;肿瘤新生血管、转移抑制明显。结论内皮抑素联合TACE治疗中晚期肝癌,患者１年生存率显著提高,AFP下降明显,肿瘤新生血管、转移抑制明显,且安全,具有较好的临床应用前景,值得临床进一步研究。     

缺氧诱导因子 -１α 在兔 VX２ 肝癌模型 TACE 术后的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨缺氧诱导因子-１α（HIF-１α）在兔VX２肝癌模型TACE术后的表达及其与肿瘤血管生成的相关性。方法２４只荷VX２瘤兔随机分为３组，每组８只。对照组:经肝动脉注入生理盐水２ml；TAE组:单纯碘油（UFLP）０．５～０．８ml栓塞，TACE组:碘油抗癌药混悬液（UFLP＋THP）栓塞，UFLP０．５～０．８ml，THP２mg。于术后２周应用免疫组化法分别检测肿瘤组织中HIF-１α、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达，用CD３４单克隆抗体标记肿瘤血管内皮细胞，计数肿瘤组织中的微血管密度（MVD）。结果TAE组和TACE组HIF-１α、VEGF表达与MVD值均明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜０．０５），HIF-１α与VEGF的表达及MVD的变化呈正相关（r S ＝０．５３７，P＜０．０１；r S ＝０．４２３，P＜０．０５）。结论TACE能明显上调HIF-１α的表达，HIF-１α通过调控其下级基因VEGF的表达而促进肿瘤血管的生成，影响肝癌的预后。     

重组人血管内皮抑制素注射液联合冷冻消融治疗肺腺癌A549移植瘤的实验研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨重组人血管内皮抑素注射液（商品名:恩度）联合冷冻消融对肺腺癌A549移植瘤的抑制作用及机制。方法 建立肺腺癌A549裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型24只,待肿瘤最大直径达1 cm时,随机分为对照组、血管内皮抑素组、冷冻消融组和血管内皮抑素联合冷冻消融组（联合治疗组）。治疗后第21天处死裸鼠,取肿瘤组织,测量肿瘤体积,采用末端标记法（TUNEL）原位检测周边冷冻损伤区带细胞凋亡,免疫组化SP法检测肿瘤组织微血管密度（MVD）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平。结果 治疗后第21天,对照组、血管内皮抑素组、冷冻消融组和联合治疗组的肿瘤生长速率分别为236.68% ± 51.23%、220.02% ± 30.61%、159.46% ± 29.33%和103.34% ± 25.50%,组间差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.01）;肿瘤细胞凋亡率分别为21.67% ± 2.34%、22.17% ± 1.47%、38.33% ± 1.37%和49.17% ± 1.72%,组间差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.01）。联合治疗组的MVD、VEGF表达水平均明显低于其他各组（P ＜ 0.01）。MVD与VEGF之间呈正相关关系（r = 0.925,P < 0.01）。结论 血管内皮抑素可明显提高冷冻消融对肺腺癌A549移植瘤的抑制效果,其机制可能与血管内皮抑素通过下调VEGF 表达水平,从而抑制肿瘤新生血管形成,协同冷冻消融促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。     

肝动脉栓塞联合射频消融对兔肝癌模型VEGF及MVD的影响

【摘要】 目的 探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞 （TACE）联合射频消融（RFA）对兔肝VX2残余肿瘤血管生成的影响。方法 CT引导下经皮穿刺建立45只新西兰大白兔VX2肝癌模型,3周后荷瘤兔肝肿瘤直径为2.5 ～ 2.7 cm,随机分成对照组（假性治疗组）、单纯RFA组和TACE联合RFA组（联合组）。于治疗后1、4、7 d时每组各处死5只瘤兔,取肿瘤中心组织及边缘组织,用免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和微血管密度（MVD）表达。结果 单纯RFA及联合治疗组消融区周边的肿瘤组织VEGF和MVD表达均明显低于对照组（P < 0.05）。联合治疗组VEGF和MVD绝对值略高于单纯RFA组,但差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。残余肿瘤细胞VEGF与MVD表达呈正相关（P < 0.01）。结论 单纯RFA和RFA联合TAE治疗兔肝VX2肿瘤后1周内均能抑制肿瘤血管生成,且联合治疗在抑制肿瘤血管生成作用方面与单纯RFA治疗作用相当。
     

血管内皮生长因子基因型对介入化疗栓塞 治疗原发性肝癌预后的评估

【摘要】 目的 通过检测血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的基因类型,探讨不同类型基因与原发性肝癌（HCC）患者TACE术后生存率的关系。方法 通过384孔板DNA提取试剂盒检测2007年1月到2008年1月156例经过病理确诊2个月内接受TACE治疗HCC患者的VEGF基因型并收集所有患者的临床资料,分析不同基因类型与患者预后的关系。结果 本研究共检测出VEGF 2578C/A,VEGF 1154G/A,VEGF 634C/G和VEGF 1498T/C 4种基因型,患者的5年生存率为55.47%。经多变量分析显示,肿瘤分期（TMN）、癌灶转移、VEGF 2578 AA和VEGF 1154 AA基因型是独立预后因素。肝癌TMN分期为Ⅲ至Ⅳ期将极大增加肝癌患者死亡风险（HR=3.64,95%,CI=1.67-6.79;HR=2.91,CI=1.30-6.27）。然而VEGF 2578 AA和VEGF 1154 AA基因类型患者相比野生基因类型死亡风险更高（HR=3.65,95%CI=1.35-11.13;HR=7.13, 95%CI=1.46-65.8）。结论 VEGF 2578C/A和VEGF 1154G/A基因类型与接受TACE治疗的原发性肝癌患者预后密切相关,可能对预测介入治疗HCC的预后有一定帮助。     

肝细胞肝癌氩氦刀联合肝动脉介入治疗前后血清VEGF的变化

【摘要】 目的 比较单纯TACE和氩氦刀联合TACE 2种治疗方法对肝癌的治疗效果及对血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平影响的差别。方法 2013年8月—2014年8月,湖南省人民医院收治原发性肝癌患者50例,随机分为单纯TACE组（A组）和TACE联合氩氦刀冷冻消融组（B组）。观察两组治疗前后血清中VEGF含量的变化情况。结果 A组治疗前后血清VEGF含量上升,其治疗前后VEGF水平比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;B组治疗血清VEGF含量下降,其治疗前后VEGF比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组VEGF比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 从血清VEGF水平指标分析,TACE联合氩氦刀在抑制肿瘤血管生成方面的作用很可能优于单纯TACE组。     

ＴＡＣＥ联合血管内皮抑素治疗兔ＶＸ２肝癌ＣＴ灌注与肿瘤血管生成的分析

目的探讨经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（ＴＡＣＥ）联合血管内皮抑素（Ｒｈ ｅｎｄｏｓｔａｔｉｎ）治疗兔ＶＸ２肝癌的疗效,并分析治疗前后肿瘤周边的ＣＴ灌注参数与微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）、血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）表达之间的相关性。方法建立３０只兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型,随机分为３组,每组１０只。Ａ组:单纯ＴＡＣＥ组;Ｂ组:ＴＡＣＥ＋内皮抑素组;Ｃ组:对照组,灌注生理盐水。３组于治疗前后均行ＣＴ灌注扫描,获取灌注参数肝血流量（ＨＢＦ）、血容量（ＨＢＶ）、肝动脉指数（ＨＡＦ）、毛细血管表面通透性（ＰＳ）。各组于第１次灌注扫描后分别处死１只肿瘤兔,介入治疗后１０ｄ行第２次灌注扫描,并处死所有肿瘤兔。利用免疫组化检测ＭＶＤ、ＶＥＧＦ的表达情况。结果治疗前３组肿瘤周边ＣＴ灌注参数ＨＢＦ、ＨＢＶ、ＨＡＦ、ＰＳ值差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）,治疗后Ａ、Ｂ两组均有明显降低,Ｂ组较Ａ组明显增高;Ｂ组中ＭＶＤ、ＶＥＧＦ较Ａ、Ｃ组显示减低,Ａ组ＭＶＤ、ＶＥＧＦ较Ｃ组稍显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３组中肿瘤ＶＥＧＦ与ＭＶＤ均呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,Ｂ组中ＨＢＦ、ＨＢＶ、ＨＡＦ、ＰＳ分别与ＭＶＤ、ＶＥＧＦ呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而Ａ、Ｃ组中ＨＢＦ、ＨＢＶ、ＨＡＦ、ＰＳ与ＭＶＤ、ＶＥＧＦ无相关性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＴＡＣＥ联合内皮抑素治疗兔ＶＸ２肝癌与单纯ＴＡＣＥ比较,可明显降低ＶＥＧＦ的表达,显著地抑制治疗后肿瘤新生血管的形成,从而减慢肿瘤的生长速度。     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Leading-edge Technologies in Hydropower Development in China

After the implementation of the Reform and Opening-up Policy for a period of 40 years, the exploitation of China’s hydropower resources developed significantly. Through vast amounts of scientific and technological research and construction practices, China has accumulated abundant engineering experience with respect to the construction technologies required for 300-meter-high concrete arch dams, 200-meter-high roller-compacted concrete gravity dams, 200-meter-high concrete face rockfill dams, and 250-meter-high earth core rockfill dams, large-flow discharge and energy dissipation, huge underground cavern group constructions, complicated foundation treatments for high earth and rockfill dams and high and steep slope reinforcements. These series of technologies have now reached an international leading level. In the near future, these technical improvements will likely have broader application prospects and make greater contributions toward hydropower development both in China and across the world.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.