Borehole breakouts and compaction bands in two high-porosity sandstones

We compare the shape and mechanism of failure around vertical boreholes drilled in blocks of two high-porosity sandstones subjected to unequal far-field principal stresses. Tablerock sandstone has a porosity of 28%, and is composed of 55% quartz and 37% weaker feldspar grains. Grain cementation is substantial through microcrystalline quartz. Critical far-field stresses induce failure around boreholes in the form of V-shaped (dog-eared) breakouts, the result of dilatant intra and trans-granular microcracking subparallel to both the maximum horizontal far-field stress and to the borehole wall. On the other hand, boreholes in Mansfield sandstone, which has similar porosity (26%), but contains mainly quartz grains (90%) held together primarily by spot-sutured contacts, fail by developing fracture-like breakouts. We show evidence suggesting that Mansfield sandstone breakouts are preceded by the development of a narrow (several grain diameters) localized compaction zone along the direction of the least horizontal stress, which is where the maximum compressive tangential stress concentration occurs. Failure mechanism here is simply the removal by the circulating drilling fluid of mainly intact grains loosened during the formation of the compaction band. The type of cementation, mineral homogeneity, grain strength, and sphericity appear to be major factors in the formation of compaction bands. Some breakout dimensions in both rocks are correlatable to the far-field principal stresses, and can be potentially used (in conjunction with other information) as indicators of their magnitudes.     

Elastic wave velocities and permeability evolution during compaction of Bleurswiller sandstone

Field observations and laboratory experiments have recently documented the formation of compaction bands in porous sandstones [Mollema and Antonellini, Tectonophysics 1996;267:209–28; Olsson and Holcomb, Geophys Res Lett 2000;27:3537–40; Bésuelle, J Geophys Res 2001;106:13435–42; Klein et al., Phys Chem Earth 2001;26:21–5]. It has been observed experimentally [Wong et al., J Geophys Res 2001;28:2521–4; Baud et al., J Geophys Res 2003, submitted; Fortin et al., 2003, Abstract EGS-AGU Nice] that under axisymmetric compression, compaction bands develop sub-perpendicular to the main compressive stress which is predicted theoretically in the framework of strain localization theory [Bésuelle, J Geophys Res 2001;106:13435–42; Issen and Rudnicki, J Geophys Res 2000;105:21529–36]. Volumetric strain, fluid transport and elastic properties are intimately coupled to one another, for they all depend on a few intrinsic parameters such as the porosity, the crack density, and the matrix and fluid elastic properties. On the one hand, Scott et al. [Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech 1993;30:763–9] showed that elastic wave velocities were clearly affected during the deformation of porous sandstones. On the other hand, Zhu and Wong [J Geophys Res 1997;102:3027–41] showed that the relation between the evolution of permeability and volumetric strain during compaction of sandstones was not straightforward. In this study, we present for the first time the simultaneous evolution of volumetric strain, elastic wave velocities and permeability for a set of deformation experiments of Bleurswiller sandstone. We show that, although very coherent to one another, those three sets are not systematically correlated. Indeed, inelastic compaction, whether it is distributed or localized, is accompanied by a drastic decrease of elastic wave velocities due to grain crushing, a decrease of permeability and porosity due to pore collapse. Using simple statistical physics concepts based on the study of Kachanov [Adv Appl Mech 1993;30:259–445] and Guéguen and Dienes [Math Geol 1989;21:1–13], we try to understand and address the issue of coupling/decoupling between volumetric strain (mainly sensitive to equant porosity variations), elastic properties (mainly sensitive to crack density) and permeability (theoretically sensitive to both) during the formation of compaction bands. Finally, we show that the mineral composition of a sandstone is a key parameter controlling the effective pressure at which the onset of pore collapse P^* takes place.     

Micromechanics of rock damage: Advances in the quasi-brittle field

Constitutive models play an essential role in numerical modeling and simulation of nonlinear deformation, progressive damage and failure of rock-like materials and structures. Recent advances in the quasi-brittle field show that upscaling methods by homogenization have provided a new efficient way to derive macroscopic formulations of rocks from their microstructure information and local properties and then to model nonlinear mechanical behaviors identified at laboratory. This paper aims first at relating the mechanical phenomena on sample scale to their respective mechanisms on microscale. Main focus is put on unilateral effects due to crack's opening/closure transition, material anisotropy induced by crack growth in some preferred directions and multiphysical coupling at microcracks. After a brief introduction to the linear homogenization method and its application to crack problems, we present some recent advances achieved in the combined homogenization/thermodynamics framework, including anisotropic unilateral damage-friction coupling, theoretical failure prediction in conjunction with deformation analyses, poromechanical coupling, analytical solutions and numerical implementation with application to typical brittle rocks.     

单向碳纤维增强环氧基复合物中纤维破坏的荷载传递微观机制:第三部分复合性能的多尺度再现

第三部分介绍了多尺度再现方法。该方法考虑了与复合物退化相关的非常重要的微观现象,包括纤维的断裂、界面剥离、纤维之间的超负荷以及模具的黏弹性性能。分析结果用以精确预测单向碳纤维增强环氧基复合物中纤维的宏观破坏以及量化相同材料压力容器中的损伤累积。该方法还介绍了由于纤维的破坏形成的声发散行为,以及如何预测压力容器的残余寿命。     

张河湾电站上水库坝体垫层料碾压试验研究

水库坝体垫层料的压实质量是控制坝体稳定、沉降变形和防止面板裂缝的关键,为保证张河湾水库坝体垫层料的质量,施工前需进行垫层料的现场碾压试验。通过现场碾压试验,了解影响垫层料压实质量的因素,确定最佳碾压参数,为坝体垫层料的施工提供了科学依据。     

碳纳米管改善水泥基材料性能的微观机理

碳纳米管由于其优异的性能,正迅速成为一种最有应用前景的纳米材料,对其改善水泥基复合材料的研究也成为纳米材料领域的热点。详细综述了碳纳米管通过纤维桥联、纤维拔出、网络填充改善水泥基复合材料性能的微观机理及研究进展,为其宏观性能提供了理论解释。     

水泥-水玻璃固化软土的微观机理研究

采用扫描电镜技术对不同龄期水泥-水玻璃加固软土的微观结构特征进行观察和研究。借助GIS技术实现了扫描电镜图像的三维可视化,并计算了加固前后土的孔隙率。研究结果表明：水泥-水玻璃的水化产物前期以三硫型水化硫铝酸钙为主,后期以水化硅酸钙为主。水化物形态多为纤维状和棱柱状,通过相互搭接形成网络并包裹土颗粒形成较大颗粒起到加固作用。从化学和物理两个方面分析了水泥-水玻璃固化软土的微观机理。水泥-水玻璃加固软土的微观机理从化学角度主要表现为：水泥的水化水解反应、水玻璃的速凝和增强作用、黏土颗粒与水泥水化物的作用;从物理角度则主要表现为：水化物的充填作用、胶结作用、加筋作用和骨架作用。研究成果对软土地区地基处理和施工有重要意义。     

上覆吹填砂原料场地基强夯试验研究

试验采用插塑料排水板+强夯的施工工艺,监测了夯坑及夯坑周边土体的沉降和隆起以及孔隙水的变化情况,分析了强夯加固范围和深度、孔隙水的消散时间以及最佳夯击次数,通过静载荷试验及双桥静力触探试验对强夯加固效果进行检验。     

Random checkerboard based homogenization for estimating effective thermal conductivity of fully saturated soils

This paper proposes homogenization scheme for estimating the effective thermal conductivity of fully saturated soils. This approach is based on the random checkerboard-like microstructure. Two modeling scales and two modeling approaches are distinguished and used, i.e. microscale and mesoscale and 1-step and 2-step homogenizations, respectively. The 2-step homogenization involves sequential averaging procedure, i.e. first, at microscale, a mineralogical composition of soil skeleton is considered and averaging process results in estimation of the skeleton effective thermal conductivity, and then, at mesoscale, a random spatial packing of solid skeleton and pores via random checkerboard microstructure is modeled and leads to evaluation of the soil overall thermal conductivity. The 1-step homogenization starts directly at the mesoscale and homogenization procedure yields evaluation of the overall soil thermal conductivity. At the mesoscale, the distinct nature of soil skeleton, as composed of soil separates, is considered and random variability of soil is modeled via enriched random checkerboard-like structure. Both approaches, i.e. 1-step and 2-step homogenizations, interrelate mineralogical composition with the soil texture characterized by the volume fractions of soil separates, i.e. sand, silt and clay. The probability density functions (PDFs) of thermal conductivity are assumed for each of the separates. The soil texture PDF of thermal conductivity is derived taking into consideration the aforementioned functions. Whenever the random checkerboard-like structure is used in averaging process, the Monte Carlo procedure is applied for estimation of homogenized thermal conductivity. Finally, the proposed methodology is tested against the laboratory data from our measurements as well as those available from literature.     

Improved design and data interpretation of a multi-purpose borehole testing device for soft rock

The authors previously developed a multi-purpose borehole testing device (BTD). The purpose of the BTD was designed for obtaining mechanical properties including anisotropic elastic modulus and interface shear strength properties for soft rock that may be easily disturbed during sampling. Since the creation of the previous BTD, a few minor problems were experienced during in situ testing operation. In the present work, improvements both in equipment design and data interpretation were made. Improved design of BTD successfully reduced the chance for pressure meter test (PMT) membrane breakage, allowed larger expansion of borehole jack test (BJT), improved the waterproof of the bottom compartment and made easy for the whole equipment setup. The refined design has improved the in situ performance of BTD. New approach of data interpretation was also proposed. A series of BTD tests, including BJTs, borehole plate loading tests and borehole shear tests were carried out to demonstrate the capability of the refined borehole test device.     

强夯处理湿陷性黄土地基工程特性浅析

结合豫西某电厂湿陷性黄土地基强夯处理工程实践,分析处理前后土层的工程特性,结果表明,采用强夯处理不同性质的湿陷性黄土,产生的处理效果不同,可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

土和灰土挤密桩处理软土地基研究

本文对土和灰土挤密桩处理地下水位以上的湿陷性黄土、素填土和杂填土等地基进行研究,采用适当的施工工艺,确保了工程质量,软土地基的承载力得到了有效的改善。     

A bonded-particle model for rock

A numerical model for rock is proposed in which the rock is represented by a dense packing of non-uniform-sized circular or spherical particles that are bonded together at their contact points and whose mechanical behavior is simulated by the distinct-element method using the two- and three-dimensional discontinuum programs PFC2D and PFC3D. The microproperties consist of stiffness and strength parameters for the particles and the bonds. Damage is represented explicitly as broken bonds, which form and coalesce into macroscopic fractures when load is applied. The model reproduces many features of rock behavior, including elasticity, fracturing, acoustic emission, damage accumulation producing material anisotropy, hysteresis, dilation, post-peak softening and strength increase with confinement. These behaviors are emergent properties of the model that arise from a relatively simple set of microproperties. A material-genesis procedure and microproperties to represent Lac du Bonnet granite are presented. The behavior of this model is described for two- and three-dimensional biaxial, triaxial and Brazilian tests and for two-dimensional tunnel simulations in which breakout notches form in the region of maximum compressive stress. The sensitivity of the results to microproperties, including particle size, is investigated. Particle size is not a free parameter that only controls resolution; instead, it affects the fracture toughness and thereby influences damage processes (such as notch formation) in which damage localizes at macrofracture tips experiencing extensile loading.     

未饱水土地基的夯实与充分夯实问题

夯沉有实夯型(夯实型)与虚夯型(非夯实型)之分文中给出夯沉与夯实间的函数关系,虚夯时,这种关系被打破,同时出现地面异动,欲使夯击范围各处土体密实程度均一,以采用"末击(或二击平均)夯沉量不大于某值"作为停夯标准较合适,并且夯点间距要适当,文中给出了"间距"的计算公式.最后一节谈"充分夯实"的实际意义.     

沙特扎瓦尔港码头堆场吹填区地基加固

介绍了强夯及振冲两种施工工艺在沙特扎瓦尔港码头堆场吹填区地基加固的处理效果及适用性,并对两种工艺从不同工程目的、经济适用性、功效等方面进行了比较     

橡胶–砂颗粒混合物强度特性及微观机制试验研究

为揭示橡胶–砂颗粒混合物强度特性变化规律和微观结构特征,通过室内直剪试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和扫描电镜试验,研究橡胶掺量、竖向应力和养护龄期等对颗粒混合物抗剪强度、内摩擦角、应力–应变关系和抗压强度的影响,同时定性评价颗粒混合物微观结构的变化,探讨橡胶–砂颗粒混合物相互作用的微观机制。结果表明:橡胶–砂颗粒混合物密度随橡胶掺量增加而线性减小;橡胶颗粒的添加会降低颗粒混合物的抗剪强度和抗压强度,内摩擦角与橡胶掺量呈线性减小关系;橡胶–砂颗粒混合物的应力–应变特征随橡胶掺量增加表现出由\"脆性\"向\"韧性\"转变的趋势;低橡胶掺量的颗粒混合物受荷介质主要是砂颗粒组成的受力链,橡胶颗粒可有效阻止砂颗粒的滑移和倾覆,高橡胶掺量的颗粒混合物主要依靠橡胶颗粒的大变形承担荷载。     

砂石桩法处理软土地基研究

砂石桩一开始是用来处理松散砂土和人工填土地基的,现在,在软弱黏性土地基上的应用上已取得了一定的经验。本文对砂石桩法处理软土地基进行研究,以期为广大同行提供参考。     

A linear graphical method to predict the effect of compaction on the hydraulic conductivity of clay liners and covers

It is proposed to present compaction relationships by plotting the inverse of the dry density versus the molding water content. In the proposed graph, the curves for equal degree of saturation become straight lines. The proposed new graph is shown to be very convenient to assess the saturated hydraulic conductivity, k _sat, of non-swelling compacted clay, using a dual porosity model. The value of k _sat depends on the secondary porosity between clay clods. The equation developed for equal k _sat value appears also as a straight line in the proposed graph. It facilitates the prediction of k _sat from field compaction data and thus the prediction of field performance of clay liners and covers.     

超声波成象钻孔电视及其在岩石工程中的应用

本文主要介绍了超声波成象钻孔电视的工作原理,并以实例说明了地层节理裂隙的取得及计算分析方法,和在生产、科研工作的应用。文中对超声波钻孔电视用于观测钻孔崩落确定现今应力场方向,定向岩芯的获取,井下探头的安装,油田深部的套管变形和压裂前后射孔及套管的变化等作了报导．