Decomposing the Changes in Water Intensity in a Mediterranean Region

Water Resources Management - This paper proposes a new method for decomposing temporal changes in water use intensity (i.e. quantity of water consumption divided by GDP) into various explanatory...     

提高监测水平保障供水安全做好新时期水质监测工作

水利部新时期治水思路强调水利工作要向加强对水资源综合管理的方向转变.水质监测是管理水资源重要的基本手段之一.水质动态信息是各大流域和各级政府防治水污染、实施监督管理、保护和改善水质的重要依据.在总结多年来水质监测工作经验的基础上,根据新形势新要求,提出了新时期水质监测工作要为全国水资源的有效管理与保护提供支撑和保障,提高能力、突出重点、增强能力.     

海河流域应率先建立水权制度

水资源匮乏已成为新世纪海河流域经济社会可持续发展的主要制约因素,水资源合理配置是当务之急,而水权制度建设则是配合南水北调合理配置水资源的最有效办法。基于海河流域水市场和水权的动态变化与水的“准市场”特点,建立水权制度要把握好确定水资源承载能力、分析需求结构、配置初始水权和建立水市场等重要环节。水权初始分配要注重公平原则;水权转让要注重效率原则。要达到上述目的,明晰水权是基础。水权制度的建立,将有效地促进节水和治污,又是实现水资源统一管理的前提,它与南水北调工程的建设和管理有至关重要的关系。考虑到水权制度建立具有重要的现实意义,海河流域理应在我国率先建立水权制度。     

基于增量动态均衡配置的黄河分水方案优化方法研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对“八七”分水方案颁布实施以来黄河流域经济社会发展、工程建设运用、用水特征、水沙情势等分水基础条件的改变,以及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略对流域水资源配置提出的新要求,结合黄河流域重大水源工程与调节工程建设运用,考虑新战略下维持河流健康生态要求,统筹用水的公平性与效率因素,提出了黄河流域水资源增量动态均衡配置方法。重点研究了南水北调西线工程生效之前的情景,维持“八七”分水方案总体格局,考虑新增水源和分水调整的制约因素,对新增水源工程和调节工程带来的水资源增量进行动态均衡配置,实现对“八七”分水方案的微调优化。对黄河流域多个场景下分水方案调整策略进行研究,结果表明:分水方案优化调整策略为增加上游水量配置占比,调整幅度为2.13%~2.78%;微增中游水量配置占比,调整幅度为0.25%~0.31%;减少下游和河北省、天津市水量配置占比,调整幅度为-3.81%~-2.38%。     

南水北调中线一期工程生态效益评估−以北京市为例

以北京市为例,对南水北调中线一期工程产生的实际生态效益进行定量评估。确立南水北调已建工程生态 效益评估方法,分析北京市南水北调供水对生态效益的贡献比例,围绕林地、城市绿地、湿地、压采地下水和水域 生态效益 5 个方面,计算南水北调中线一期工程为北京市带来的生态效益价值。结果表明：中线一期工程通水后 的 4 年间（2015—2018 年）,北京市新增的林地、绿地、湿地、水域生态效益和补充地下水生态效益累计为 181.88 亿元,其中由中线一期工程供水累计新增的生态效益价值达到 67.31 亿元。进一步分析可知,在中线一期工程供 水产生的生态效益中：新增水域的生态效益最大,占比为 55.00%;压采地下水生态效益次之,占比为 34.85%;新增 林地和绿地生态效益占比分别为 6.91% 和 3.24%。研究结果可为北京市及其他南水北调受水区的生态用水、生态 环境修复与保护和资源高效利用等方面政策及措施的制定提供支撑。     

Between the Great Rivers: Water in the Heart of the Middle East

The availability of water in the region between the Nile and the Euphrates Rivers varies widely in space and in time. Therefore, water management must focus on risk minimization, not maximum utilization. Water stress in the region stems from: (1) excessive demand for fresh water over the renewable supply; (2) pollution from growing volumes of waste; and (3) the natural flow of key water resources across (or under) international borders. The three forces interact, so any resolution must deal with all, together. Such resolution depends upon many changes, including reduction of the use of fresh water for irrigation, higher prices for water, charges for wastewater, greater efforts at water conservation, and institutions to promote joint, management of international water bodies, both surface and underground. Water may be the limiting factor for development throughout this region, but it is far cheaper to share water than to fight over it.     

实施“引江济太”探索流域治水新思路

太湖流域管理局按照水利部党组新时期治水思路,提出实施“引江济太”,改善太湖流域水环境,缓解流域水质型缺水矛盾。近期“引江济太”调水主要利用现有水利工程,对流域水资源实施科学调度,每年引长江水10亿－15亿m^3入太湖。远期将望虞河,太浦河等建成“清水走”生态河道,最终实现太湖流域山清水秀的目标。     

思路创新机制创新体制创新开创南水北调东线工程治污工作新局面

南水北调东线工程治污工作是涉及全局性的、复杂的系统工程。治污工作的好坏直接关系到东线工程的成败。在全面建设小康社会的新时期，必须加强治污工作的创新意识，以实施控制单元治污方案为基础，建立水质、总量、项目、投资、责任五位一体的新的治污机制，将节水、治污、生态环境保护与调水有机结合，通过提高排污水收费，改革治污设施运营机制，建立有效的治污体制和监督检查机制，保障东线输水干线实现清水廊道，开创南水北调东线工程治污工作的新局面。     

塔里木盆地陆气水热交换数值模拟

本研究提出了干旱区陆气水热交换中包含植被效应的土壤分层陆地水文耦合模型，分析了数学模型中温度变化与水分运动分层的物理原因和气候状况对地表面能量交换的影响，改进了强迫恢复法，采用了新的计算净幅射的计算公式，最后利用本模式，对新疆塔里木盆地阿克苏水平衡试验站干旱区的土壤，植被，大气间热交换过程进行了数值模拟，模拟结果与实测值重合较好。     

南水北调引江济汉工程取水口位置比选研究

重点研究了南水北调引江济汉工程后三峡水库运用50年内,不同取水口河段泥沙冲淤、河势、水位的变化趋势,为合理选择进水口提供了科学依据。研究成果表明,由于三峡水库的拦沙及调节作用,改变了下游河道的来水来沙条件,使下游河段冲淤发生变化,河床处在不断调整过程中。在三峡水库运用50年内,各取水口河段河床冲刷主要集中在前10年,随后出现冲淤平衡、淤积等。兴建取水口工程后,工程对河段上、下游的影响是有限的,但其影响仅限于工程附近;各取水口的取水条件,均呈现出随着三峡水库运用年限的增加而发生变化。     

The Brazilian Water Resources Management Policy: Fifteen Years of Success and Challenges

As a result of the increasing global awareness about the importance of water, many developed and developing countries have reviewed their water resources management policies and laws. In Brazil, Law 9,433, enacted in (1997), establishes the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) and the National Water Resource Management System (NWRMS), introducing a new integrated approach to water resources management through the application of planning and economic instruments. At the institutional level, this brought many changes. A new institutional framework was established with the creation of river basin committees and water agencies. Almost 15 years after the Law took effect, these changes are still being implemented, and some adjustments have been necessary. In light of the Brazilian NWRP, this paper presents and analyzes the legal and institutional reform that has been taking place in Brazil’s water resources sector since 1997. An initial analysis shows that today, the implementation process still faces many challenges, hindering the effective consolidation of the instruments set out by Law 9,433/1997. The paper concludes that although Brazil’s model is generally in line with international trends, and despite the major progress that has been made to date, in some hydrographic regions the instruments conceived in the country’s model are still in the incipient stage of implementation, indicating that greater efforts are necessary, some of which are suggested in this article.     

南水北调工程受水城市生态效益发挥的方式探讨

南水北调东中线一期工程自通水以来,在城市生态补水、地下水压采、水环境改善等方面发挥了巨大生态效益。本文立足于南水北调工程面临的新形势新要求,针对目前南水北调生态效益实际发挥情况,分析了受水城市在发挥生态效益方面存在的问题和不足,并探索了生态效益发挥的方式。     

长江采砂与流域统一管理

<长江河道采砂管理条例>颁布实施以来,长江水利委员会在长江干流河道采砂管理上采取了多种措施,切实履行了国家赋予的职责,在流域管理与区域管理相结合方面进行了有益的探索,取得了公认的成效.但由于现行流域管理的体制性制约,现实中也出现了一些管理上的滞障.要想切实加强流域统一管理,真正发挥流域管理的宏观调控作用,保障水资源的可持续利用,须改变流域管理机构作为派出机构的法律定位,实行委员制,赋予其切实的决策权和实质的监督权、执法权.     

Looking Ahead: Water,Life and the Environment in the Twenty-first Century

This paper establishes the broad context for the research results reported in this special volume. It explores some of the broad technical, social, and economic forces that will influence water management and demand and supply of water in the twenty-first century. IWMI's work will contribute to a broader global effort, preparing a "Vision for Water, Life and the Environment in the Twenty-first Century", launched recently by the World Water Council. The world will have to go beyond the application of current thinking and creatively apply combinations of new technologies with principles like participation, devolution of authority, and pricing to cope with water scarcity equitably and effectively.     

Water Reform and the Federal System in the Murray-Darling Basin

Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) is now well advanced on a major program of water reform to reduce threats to resource security, halt the ongoing decline in environmental conditions and improve the capacity to deal with climate change. Management of the MDB has been a focus for conflict between the Australian governments since federation in 1901. Within the region water is still managed with a high degree of autonomy by state governments but through implementation of the Water Act 2007 the Commonwealth (national) government is now asserting a basin-wide coordinating role for the first time. This paper places water management in the MDB within the larger context of the history of the evolution of the federal system in Australia and highlights a number of factors inherent in such systems that make it difficult to strengthen integration. It also suggests that the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder, created by the Water Act, is emerging as a powerful new institutional force in the MDB even though this was not an intended consequence when the Act was designed.     

我国水资源管理模式探讨

新《水法》的颁布改变了原来以区域管理为主的旧有管理模式,确立了流域管理与区域管理相结合的新型模式,因此也形成了我国所特有的水资源管理体制。通过阐述流域管理与行政区域管理相结合的水资源管理模式,协调流域环境公益和区域利益之间关系,从生态区域管理的特征出发,站在全区域资源保护的高度,讨论确立新型水资源管理的原因。     

浅论水质样品的保存方法

在水质检测工作中,正确合理的水样采集和保存方法,是确保检测数据准确和公正的首要条件,除了现场进行的检测项目外,水样在测定前由于物理、化学、生物的作用会发生不同程度的变化[1]。本文着重介绍不同条件下天然水样的保存方法对几种水质参数测定的影响情况,分析水质参数发生变化的原因,进而对天然水样如何进行合理的保存,以及其应注意的相关问题进行探讨。     

Trivariate Copula Based Evaluation Model of Water Accessibility

Water Resources Management - Water accessibility is an important factor in water use assessments for water users. Water accessibility is affected by climate and socio-economic changes, and notably...     

The Nile Inside the Sudan—Increasing Demands and Their Consequences

ABSTRACT

Water budgets of the Nile and its major tributaries have been reviewed and compared with changes in the rate of water abstraction for irrigation purposes in the period starting from the Sudan' independence in 1956 to the medium range future. The influence of these changes on the rights of the down stream water users, together with possible environmental consequences, has been briefly assessed and corrective actions suggested.     

世界水日、中国水周主题下的水资源发展回顾与展望

基于历年世界水日、中国水周主题及其变化热点,梳理水资源在自然环境、人类社会生活中的现实发展变化情况;分析水资源在现代社会可持续发展中的作用,展现水资源科学发展的时代强音;论述当前全球对水资源的管理和保护措施,世界水日主题变化呈现由人类出发到人类与自然和谐共处的趋势,中国水周主题变化始终与政府宏观水资源的政策相关;世界水日与中国水周发展进程中,人类与水资源和谐共处的生态思想逐渐体现,显示了世界范围内人与自然和谐相处的理念逐渐深入人心。