不同模拟流通温度对桃果实硬度和糖酸品质的影响

为了研究常温、冷链、断链3 种流通方式对桃果实品质的影响,在模拟3 种流通方式的温度环境下对桃果实进行贮藏,分析模拟流通过程中的桃果肉硬度、细胞壁果胶和糖酸含量及其组成的变化情况。结果表明,桃果实采后的贮运品质受流通温度的影响显著。模拟常温环境中流通的桃果实在4 d内即失去商品价值;恒定低温的流通条件（模拟冷链流通）可以保证桃果实在贮运期和货架期的良好品质;而模拟断链流通组的桃果实由于在贮藏过程中经历了包装、出入库等环节的温度升高,在进入货架期后果实品质快速下降,货架期第2天的果肉硬度（2.14 g/cm2）、蔗糖含量（46.48 mg/g）和苹果酸含量（3.13 mg/g）显著低于模拟冷链流通组（P＜0.05）。桃果实采后冷链流通过程应尽量避免贮运环节断链造成的温度变化,研究结果可为果蔬冷链流通系统的完善提供参考。     

1-MCP和预贮对深州蜜桃采后生理和品质的影响

为保持深州蜜桃冷藏期间良好的品质, 延长贮藏时间, 采用1 . 0 μ L / L 1 - 甲基环丙烯
（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）熏蒸和预贮（8 ℃、5 d转入0 ℃）的方法对采后深州蜜桃进行处理,测定0 ℃冷
藏期间果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和品质的变化。结果表明,1-MCP处理能够明显抑制桃果实冷藏期间的呼吸速
率和乙烯释放速率,推迟呼吸高峰期的出现;同时延缓了果实软化,抑制可溶性固形物含量上升,降低了果实的褐
变指数和腐烂指数;预贮促进了果实后熟,但预贮和1-MCP处理均明显降低了贮藏期果实褐变度和酚类物质含量,
二者结合处理对抑制果实褐变效果最佳。     

Postharvest shelf-life discrimination of nectarines produced under different irrigation strategies using NIR-spectroscopy

Quick assessment of storage time in fruits is important for both growers and consumers due to the fresh fruit market is becoming increasingly demanding with regard to product quality. This study sought to evaluate the ability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to classify intact nectarines in post-harvest storage, as a function of pre-harvest irrigation strategies applied and post-harvest cold storage duration. A total of 220 nectarine fruits (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. ‘Sweet Lady’) were sampled after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of refrigerated storage (0 °C, 95% RH) and at commercial harvest time. Two commercially-available spectrophotometers were evaluated for this purpose: a handheld MEMS spectrophotometer of 1600-2400 nm and a diode-array Vis/NIR spectrophotometer of 400-1700 nm. Models developed using partial least squares 2-discriminant analysis (PLS2-DA) correctly classified between 86 and 96% of samples by post-harvest storage time using the handheld instrument, and between 66 and 89% in the case of the diode-array spectrophotometer. Classification models based on pre-harvest irrigation treatment classified 57-84% of the samples correctly, due to the similarity in physical-chemical properties of fruits in both irrigation strategies. These results showed that NIRS could be used to monitor changes in nectarine quality parameters during pre- and post-harvest as an essential tool for decision-making both in-field and on-line.     

不同挥发性物质对桃果实品质及抗氧化活性影响的多变量分析

采用单因素方差分析、主成分分析、相关性分析、偏最小二乘回归分析、通径分析5种数据分析方法考察1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、二氧化氯、百里酚和乙醇处理对桃果实品质及抗氧化活性的作用效果。结果表明：乙醇处理可显著抑制常温贮藏4d后桃果实侵染性病害的发生,其他处理与空白对照无显著性差异;1- MCP 处理延缓了桃果皮b*值的升高,乙醇处理提高果皮L*值的同时降低了果皮a*值;与空白对照相比,乙醇、1-MCP及二氧化氯处理对总黄酮含量、总抗氧化能力、清除DPPH自由基能力、清除·OH能力4个指标的影响较为显著。结合相关性分析与回归分析可知,腐烂率仅与可溶性固形物含量(SSC)呈显著负相关;对果皮L*值、果皮a*值、果皮b*值的直接效应最为强烈的参数分别是总黄酮含量、清除DPPH自由基能力、SSC;总酚含量与清除DPPH自由基能力具有显著正相关性;总黄酮含量与总抗氧化能力、清除DPPH自由基及·OH能力也存在显著或极显著相关性效应。     

Determination of Postharvest Quality of Cucumbers Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electronic Nose Combined with Chemometric Methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in water status and flavor characteristics of cucumbers during postharvest storage and to trace the quality attributes using partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that four distinct water populations were identified in cucumbers by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the changes of water mobility and distribution occurred mainly in pulp of cucumbers. Flavor characteristics of cucumbers at different storage stages were distinguished by electronic nose (e-nose), and four clusters could be achieved through hierarchical clustering analysis. Comparison of two models, excellent prediction performances for firmness, pH, SSC, and ΔE of postharvest cucumbers were obtained using a combination method of e-nose technology and SVM algorithm. This study indicated that there were significant changes in the quality parameters of cucumbers during postharvest storage, which were related to water status and flavor characteristics. The combination of e-nose technology with the SVM algorithm offers a promising technique to monitor cucumber quality.     

Measurement of Soluble Solid Contents and pH of White Vinegars Using VIS/NIR Spectroscopy and Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy combined with least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) was employed to determine soluble solid contents (SSC) and pH of white vinegars. Three hundred twenty vinegar samples were distributed into a calibration set (240 samples) and a validation set (80 samples). Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was implemented for the regression model and extraction of latent variables (LVs). The selected LVs were used as LS-SVM input variables. Finally, LS-SVM models with radial basis function kernel were achieved with the comparison of PLS models. The results indicated that LS-SVM outperformed PLS models. The correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction, bias, and residual prediction deviation for the validation set were 0.988, 0.207°Brix, 0.183, and 6.4 for SSC whereas these were 0.988, 0.041, ?0.002, and 6.5 for pH, respectively. The overall results indicated that VIS/NIR spectroscopy and LS-SVM could be used as a rapid alternative method for the prediction of SSC and pH of white vinegars, and the results could be helpful for the fermentation process and quality control monitoring of white vinegar production.     

Measurement of Soluble Solids Content and pH of Yogurt Using Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Visible/near infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRs) technique was applied to non-destructive quantification of sugar and pH value in yogurt. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) were implemented for calibration models. In this paper, three brands (Mengniu, Junyao, and Guangming) were set as the calibration, and the remaining two brands (Yili and Shuangfeng) were used as prediction set. In the LS-SVM model, the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction, and bias in prediction set were 0.9427, 0.2621°Brix, 1.804e−09 for soluble solids content, and 0.9208, 0.0327, and 1.094e−09 for pH, respectively. The correlation spectra corresponding to the soluble solids content and pH value of yogurt were also analyzed through PLS method. LS-SVM model was better than PLS models for the measurements of soluble solids content and pH value. The results showed that the Vis/NIRs combined with LS-SVM models could predict the soluble solids content and pH value of yogurt.     

Effect of yeast antagonist in combination with heat treatment on postharvest blue mold decay and Rhizopus decay of peaches

The potential of using heat treatment alone or in combination with an antagonistic yeast for the control of blue mold decay and Rhizopus decay of peaches caused by Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of peach fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruit was investigated. In vitro tests, spore germination of pathogens in PDB was greatly controlled by the heat treatment of 37 degrees C for 2 d. In vivo test to control blue mold decay of peaches, heat treatment and antagonist yeast, as stand-alone treatments, were capable of reducing the percentage of infected wounds from 92.5% to 52.5% and 62.5%, respectively, when peach fruits stored at 25 degrees C for 6 d. However, in fruit treated with combination of heat treatment and Cryptococcus laurentii, the percentage of infected wounds of blue mold decay was only 22.5%. The test of using heat treatment alone or in combination with C. laurentii to control Rhizopus decay of peaches gave a similar result. The application of heat treatment and C. laurentii resulted in low average natural decay incidences on peaches after storage at 4 degrees C for 30 days and 20 degrees C for 7 days ranging from 40% to 30%, compared with 20% in the control fruit. The combination of heat treatment and C. laurentii was the most effective treatment, and the percentage of decayed fruits was 20%. Heat treatment in combination with C. laurentii had no significant effect on firmness, TSS, ascorbic acid or titratable acidity compared to control fruit. Thus, the combination of heat treatment and C. laurentii could be an alternative to chemicals for the control of postharvest decay on peach fruits.     

1-MCP处理结合激光微孔膜包装对采后水蜜桃的保鲜效果

以“霞辉8号”水蜜桃为试材,采用2 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-Methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP)熏蒸处理果实24 h后用激光微孔膜包装,研究1-MCP处理结合激光微孔膜(1-MCP+LMF)包装对水蜜桃保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,1-MCP+LMF包装处理显著降低了水蜜桃冷藏期间的呼吸强度和失重率（P<0.05）,贮藏35 d时分别比对照组低18.84 mg CO₂/kg·h和17.87%;可溶性固形物含量从贮藏时的7.92%上升到8.38%,对照组上升到10.04%;抗坏血酸含量贮藏结束时为对照组的3.39倍;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活力显著高于对照（P<0.05）,从而减少了H₂O₂的积累,贮藏35 d后H₂O₂含量为对照组的78.86%;同时,1-MCP+LMF包装还抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活力,进而延缓了原果胶含量的下降和可溶性果胶含量的上升,维持了桃果实较高的硬度,贮藏结束时硬度为贮藏时的42.88%,而对照组下降24.56%。以上结果表明,1-MCP处理结合激光微孔膜包装可显著减少水蜜桃冷藏期间失重和腐烂,延缓水蜜桃营养品质下降,抑制生理生化代谢活动,其货架寿命在5 ℃条件下可延长至28 d。     

On-line versus off-line NIRS analysis of intact olives

Visible/near-infrared calibrations were developed for the determination of the quality parameters (fat content, moisture and free acidity) of intact olive fruits. The reflectance spectra were acquired in two different instruments (diode-array versus grating monochromator based instruments). The grating monochromator based instrument was used at the laboratory (off-line analysis), whereas the portable diode-array based device was placed on top of a conveyor belt set to simulate measurements in an olive oil mill plant (on-line analysis). Partial least squares (PLS) regression and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) were used for the development of the calibration models. A total of 174 samples were prepared for the calibration (N = 122) and validation (N = 52) sets. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) values were better using the diode-array instrument and applying the PLS regression method for the fat content parameter while for the free acidity and moisture content, the LS-SVM algorithm gave the best results. The results obtained seems to suggest the viability of the on-line system, instead of the off-line analysis, for the determination of physicochemical composition in intact olives.     

外源钙和钙调素拮抗剂对冷藏桃果实耐冷性的影响

以‘白凤’水蜜桃为试材,分别用外源钙（CaCl2）和钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪（trifluoperazin,TFP）浸泡桃果实,以蒸馏水为对照,研究其对冷藏桃果实抗冷性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,CaCl2处理能有效减轻桃果实果心褐变程度,缓解冷害症状,降低相对电导率,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、H2O2含量,降低超氧阴离子自由基（O2 － ·）产生速率以及脯氨酸脱氢酶（proline dehydrogenase,PDH）活力,提高活性氧代谢相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）、Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS）、鸟氨酸氨基转移酶（ornithine δ-aminotransferase peroxidase,OAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR））活力;另外,CaCl2处理后的桃果实表现为较高的脯氨酸、VC和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量;而TFP处理后的桃果实冷藏特性与CaCl2处理组相反。这说明钙-钙调素（Ca2＋-CaM）复合体参与了采后桃果实抗冷性调控,Ca2＋浓度的增加能维持桃果实活性氧代谢平衡,减少低温胁迫下膜脂过氧化与损伤,增加渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累,从而减少桃果实冷藏期间冷害的发生,保持果实营养品质,延长果实贮藏时间。     

转录和蛋白质组学分析热空气处理对桃果实采后冷藏期间糖酸和酚类物质代谢的影响

桃果实采后低温贮藏易发生冷害，为研究热空气（hot air，HA）处理对桃果实冷藏过程中调控代谢途径的作用，本实验采用HA处理（40 ℃、4 h）桃果实，于（1±1）℃下贮藏35 d，每隔7 d取样并对可溶性糖、柠檬酸、苹果酸、总酚、总黄酮含量和花色苷含量等指标进行测定，同时选取样品进行转录组学和蛋白质组学分析。结果表明：HA处理可以有效抑制桃果实冷藏期间蔗糖、柠檬酸、苹果酸、总酚和总黄酮含量的下降，并抑制果糖和葡萄糖含量的上升，同时HA显著提高了桃果实花色苷的含量（P＜0.05）。转录组和蛋白质组学分析结果表明，HA处理调控的差异表达基因和蛋白主要集中于碳水化合物代谢和次级代谢物代谢途径；桃果实糖酸代谢变化主要与转化酶、蔗糖合酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和柠檬酸合酶基因和蛋白的表达有关；HA通过上调苯丙氨酸解氨酶、香豆酸CoA连接酶、查耳酮合酶、二氢黄酮醇还原酶、花青素合成酶和类黄酮葡萄糖基转移酶的表达量，促进酚类、黄酮类和花青素的合成。综上所述，HA处理可以有效延缓桃果实采后糖酸和酚类物质含量的下降，并提高果实花色苷的含量。     

1- 甲基环丙烯对李果实冷藏及货架期非挥发性风味物质的影响

使用多变量分析方法研究1-MCP对‘黑琥珀’李果实0℃贮藏和随后的20℃货架期间非挥发性的糖、有机酸和氨基酸的影响。单因素试验结果表明：低温贮藏期间,李果实蔗糖和苹果酸含量逐渐下降,D-果糖含量先降后升,其余组分均在贮藏67d时达到释放高峰;货架期间,96d后的货架期非挥发性组分含量均达到高峰。主成分分析结果表明：与出库时相比,冷藏67d后的货架9d时各组分含量均降低,而贮藏后期的货架9d时则升高;冷藏67d时及冷藏96d后的货架期,1-MCP处理均显著降低了糖、酸类物质的峰值,减缓了糖、酸物质的代谢速率,维持了冷藏期间的营养品质并延缓了货架期的品质劣变。偏最小二乘和通径分析结果表明：D-果糖与感官甜酸比呈显著正相关,是主要的直接与间接因子;苹果酸对感官酸度和可溶性固形物(SSC)均有显著正相关性,且对SSC主要通过D -葡萄糖的间接效应来实现;山梨糖醇与pH值呈极显著负相关。     

气调保鲜袋和乙烯脱除剂对冰温贮藏桃品质的影响

在冰温贮藏的基础上,研究气调保鲜袋及乙烯添加剂在冰温贮藏条件下对桃果实品质的影响。实验结果表明,冰温条件下采用气调保鲜袋可降低桃的腐烂指数,增加VC和可滴定酸的含量。添加乙烯脱除剂可推迟桃果实的后熟衰败,减少桃果实在贮藏期内的腐烂,但是它抑制了总糖的合成和胞壁物质的降解,使果实口感变淡,果实在后期不能正常软化。     

A comparative study for the quantitative determination of soluble solids content,pH and firmness of pears by Vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was investigated to determine the soluble solids content (SSC), pH and firmness of different varieties of pears. Two-hundred forty samples (80 for each variety) were selected as sample set. Two-hundred ten pear samples (70 for each variety) were selected randomly for the calibration set, and the remaining 30 samples (10 for each variety) for the validation set. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) with different spectral preprocessing techniques were implemented for calibration models. Different wavelength regions including Vis, NIR and Vis/NIR were compared. It indicated that Vis/NIR (400–1800 nm) was optimal for PLS and LS-SVM models. Then, LS-SVM models were developed with a grid search technique and RBF kernel function. All LS-SVM models outperformed PLS models. Next, effective wavelengths (EWs) were selected according to regression coefficients. The EW-LS-SVM models were developed and a good prediction precision and stability was achieved compared with PLS and LV-LS-SVM models. The correlation coefficient of prediction (r_p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by EW-LS-SVM were 0.9164, 0.2506 and −0.0476 for SSC, 0.8809, 0.0579 and −0.0025 for pH, whereas 0.8912, 0.6247 and −0.2713 for firmness, respectively. The overall results indicated that the regression coefficient was an effective way for the selection of effective wavelengths. LS-SVM was superior to the conventional linear PLS method in predicting SSC, pH and firmness in pears. Therefore, non-linear models may be a better alternative to monitor internal quality of fruits. And the EW-LS-SVM could be very helpful for development of portable instrument or real-time monitoring of the quality of pears.     

葡萄冷藏时间对贮后货架期芳香物质的影响

为明确冷藏时间对葡萄贮后货架期芳香物质的影响,以‘无核寒香蜜’葡萄为试材,运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（head space solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GCMS）联用技术检测冷藏15、45 d出库后常温货架期间（0、3、6 d）挥发性成分的变化,并采用电子鼻对不同冷藏期（15、30、45、60 d）出库后常温货架的果实进行判别分析。结果表明,葡萄的挥发性成分主要由酯类、醛类和醇类组成,主要挥发性成分为乙酸乙酯、青叶醛、正己醇、叶醇、香茅醇。冷藏45 d后常温货架期间酯类和醇类物质的相对含量均低于冷藏15 d同期果实,醛类物质则较高。电子鼻结果表明,通过线性判别分析可以有效区分不同冷藏期的葡萄,贮后货架期间,除冷藏15 d出库后0、3 d货架重叠外,其余冷藏期货架期间均互不重叠,即随着贮后常温货架的延长,葡萄中挥发性成分变化较大,电子鼻区分效果越加明显;负荷加载分析分析得出,W1W（硫化氢、萜烯类）、W1S（芳香成分）、W2S（乙醇）传感器对挥发性气味的贡献较大,与HS-SPME-GC-MS分析相佐证。因此,HS-SPME-GC-MS结合电子鼻对葡萄冷藏时间及贮后货架期的芳香物质判别具有可行性。     

丁香精油微胶囊对桃果实保鲜效果的研究

用丁香精油微胶囊结合瓦楞纸箱和PE膜包装桃,测试桃贮藏期的好果率、感官评价、腐烂率、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量、蛋白质含量、可滴定酸含量等理化指标,评价桃的保鲜效果。结果表明,在瓦楞纸箱中使用6.5g丁香精油微胶囊并结合PE膜对桃的保鲜效果最佳,在第13天好果率依然达到80%,可以延长其保鲜时间5~6天。     

基于近红外光谱技术的海参品质快速检测

目的应用近红外光谱技术建立海参产地区分和胶原蛋白快速检测的方法。方法总计43个海参样品来自大连、福建、连云港、山东4个地区。首先采集样品的近红外光谱图,经过标准正态变量(standard normal variables,SNV)预处理,利用不同定性判别模型对海参产地进行区分。通过分光光度计法测定海参的胶原蛋白含量,利用偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(interval partial least squares,iPLS)、向后区间偏最小二乘法(backwards interval partial least squares,BiPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘法(synergy interval partial least squares,Si PLS)建立了海参胶原蛋白含量的预测模型。结果产地区分模型中最小二乘支持向量机(least-squares support vector machine regression,LS-SVM)的识别率最高,校正集识别率为100%,预测集识别率为95.35%;海参胶原蛋白预测模型中BiPLS的预测效果较好,校正集相关系数Rc为0.9002,预测集相关系数Rp为0.8517。结论近红外光谱技术可实现对海参的产地区分和胶原蛋白的快速检测。     

Effect of hexanal vapour on longan fruit decay,quality and phenolic metabolism during cold storage

The effects of postharvest treatment with hexanal vapour on longan fruit decay, quality, hexanal residue, phenolic compound content, and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities were studied during storage at 5 °C for 30 days. Hexanal exposure for 2 h at 900 μL L^?1 before cold storage reduced the percentage of fruit with decay and was deemed the optimum treatment. Hexanal exposure resulted in a pericarp that was more reddish brown and less intense in colour. Hexanal residue in the pericarp and aril of fumigated fruit was several fold higher than that of nonfumigated fruit, although levels were low at the end of cold storage. Electrolyte leakage of pericarp increased during 5 °C storage and was further increased by hexanal exposure. Hexanal reduced pericarp phenolic content, and increased PPO and POD activities. Overall, use of hexanal vapour reduced postharvest disease of longan fruit but increased the likelihood of pericarp browning.     

基于近红外光谱的桃果实冷害识别分析

该文采用近红外(near infrared,NIR)光谱技术对水蜜桃低温冷害褐变进行识别分析。分别建立了水蜜桃低温贮藏期间不同冷害阶段的两分类和多分类模型,讨论了不同光谱预处理方法对模型的影响,并比较偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)、主成分判别分析(principal component discriminant analysis,PCA-DA)、K-最邻近(K-nearest neighbor,K-NN)、簇类独立软模式(soft independent modeling of class analogy,SIMCA)4种建模方法的分类效果。结果表明,采用PLS-DA模型效果最好,两分类和多分类模型的总准确率为分别为0.93和0.71。两分类模型可较准确地对冷害褐变进行快速识别分类,多分类模型可用于水蜜桃低温贮藏期间不同冷害阶段的初步筛查。