Method of internal 3D flow field numerical simulation for hydrodynamic torque converter

To enhance the performance of a hydrodynamic torque converter and thoroughly understand the trait of inside flow, a numerical simulation method of internal 3D flow for the three-element centrifugal hydrodynamic torque converter was systematically researched and expatiated in this paper. First, the internal flow field of each impeller was calculated. The curves that illustrate the relationships between the pressure differences of the inlet and outlet versus flux were drawn. Second, the concurrent working point of each impeller was approximately estimated. Finally, a calculation was performed considering the influence on each impeller. The flow field of a working point was solved by multiple calculations and the actual working condition was gradually determined. The pressure and velocity distributions of the flow field were proposed. The performance parameters of the hydrodynamic torque converter were predicted. The calculation method, and the proposed pressure and velocity distribution of the flow field, have practical significance for the design and improvement of a hydrodynamic torque converter.     

液力变矩器流动数值模拟的发展与应用

 综述了近几年国内外对于液力变矩器的数值模拟的发展与应用，包括网格划分精细化、模拟方法多样化、流场分析细致化等。重点介绍了瞬态三维尺度解析模拟方法，考虑二次流、气蚀等现象的流场分析，格子Boltzmann方法，考虑温度变化的外特性计算，以及基于Isight的变矩器集成优化等，提出了液力变矩器数值模拟的发展趋势。     

Method of internal 3D flow field numerical simulation for hydrodynamic torque converter

To enhance the performance of a hydrodynamic torque converter and thoroughly understand the trait of inside flow, a numerical simulation method of internal 3D flow for the three-element centrifugal hydrodynamic torque converter was systematically researched and expatiated in this paper. First, the internal flow field of each impeller was calculated. The curves that illustrate the relationships between the pressure differences of the inlet and outlet versus flux were drawn. Second, the concurrent working point of each impeller was approximately estimated. Finally, a calculation was performed considering the influence on each impeller. The flow field of a working point was solved by multiple calculations and the actual working condition was gradually determined. The pressure and velocity distributions of the flow field were proposed. The performance parameters of the hydrodynamic torque converter were predicted. The calculation method, and the proposed pressure and velocity distribution of the flow field, have practical significance for the design and improvement of a hydrodynamic torque converter. __________ Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2006, 36(2): 199–203[译自: 吉林大学学报(工学版)]     

基于内流场分析的液力变矩器改型设计

为了提高液力变矩器的外特性,使其与发动机匹配良好,利用CFD软件对液力变矩器内流场进行三元流场数值计算和分析,在此基础上根据性能要求对原有变矩器作改型设计,改进了叶型进出口角、骨线形状和厚度分布等参数,以期得到分布合理的内流场,从而使改型后的变矩器具有符合要求的更优的外特性。改型后的液力变矩器具有更高的效率和与发动机匹配更优的泵轮容量系数,试验结果与计算结果非常吻合,改型设计效果良好。     

基于Fluent液力变矩器的外特性数值分析

为了分析液力变矩器的流场特性,对YJ系列某型液力变矩器进行建模和数值模拟。模型采用单叶排单流道的几何模型和多叶排全流道的几何模型,将仿真得出的2组数据和实测力矩数据进行对比,结果表明,应用多叶排全流道的几何模型具有较高的准确性和可靠性。     

基于CFD的双涡轮液力变矩器的改进研究

针对YJSW315双涡轮液力变矩器一级、二级涡轮进口流态较差等问题,利用CFD技术对其内部流场及其性能进行了数值计算分析,通过对泵轮叶片出口和一级涡轮数量和厚度的调整,得到了一种优化方案,提高了变矩器性能。改型后的变矩器的起动工况转矩比提高了0.357,两个涡轮都工作时的效率提高2%~4%。提出的研究方法和结论对液力变矩器的改进或研发具有一定的指导意义。     

基于三维瞬态流场分析的液力变矩器改型设计

为了提高液力变矩器的外特性,利用UG建立某型液力变矩器叶栅系统全流道模型。借助滑动网格技术,采用Fluent软件对液力变矩器内流场进行三维瞬态数值模拟,并与原结构的试验结果对比,验证了该方法的合理性。在此基础上,根据性能要求对原有变矩器作改型设计,改进了涡轮进口角和出口角等关键参数。结果表明,改型后的液力变矩器具有更加合理的内流场分布和更高的效率,改型设计效果良好。     

SYSTEM FOR TORQUE CONVERTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BASED ON CAD/CFD INTEGRATED PLATFORM

A 3D torque converter design system is developed based on numerical investigation into flow field and CAD technology. The 3D steady-state flow field simulation is undertaken by using time averaged Reynolds equation and k-epsilon turbulence model, with mixing-plane boundary conditions at three section interfaces. The blades are designed according to the flow field characteristics by using a reverse design method in the system. The accurateness of numerical analysis and the validity of design system are verified by the fluid field experiment of desingn example of the torque converter. This kind of design and analysis system for torque converter based on integration of comput ationol fluid dynamics （CFD） and CAD is a powerful tool for torque converter manufacturing, but also a prettg important significance for research and development.     

垂直轴阻力型风力机功率计算与Fluent数值模拟

以一小型风力机作实捌,运用2种方法分别计算垂直轴阻力型风力机的风能利用率。一种方法是通过对风力机叶片受力分析,利用风力和功率计算公式,借助Matlab工具计算;另一种方法是利用Fluent软件分析风力机在给定风速下的气动性能,仿真叶片气动流场流态,并计算叶轮的扭转力矩和风能利用系数等参数。比较2种方法的优缺点,有助于垂直轴风力机的设计研发。     

基于大涡模拟法的液力缓速器内流场仿真分析

为解决目前广泛采用雷诺时均法模拟液力缓速器时容易忽略湍流涡旋、扩散等细节的问题,提出了基于大涡模拟法并同时使用SIMPLEC算法和滑移网格模型,对全充液工况液力缓速器内流场进行仿真分析的方法。确定了涡旋、回流出现的位置,得到了内流场速度和压力的分布特性,并在此基础上得到了制动力矩值。得到的制动力矩值与实验结果吻合较好,表明使用大涡模拟法对液力缓速器进行性能预测是准确有效的,其可以为液力缓速器内流场的设计研究和结构参数优化提供参考。     

Performance Analysis and Improvement of Flat Torque Converters Using DOE Method

Automotive torque converters have recently been designed with an increasingly narrower profile for the purpose of achieving a smaller axial size and reducing weight. Design of experiment(DOE) and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques are applied to improve the performance of a flat torque converter. Four torque converters with different flatness ratios(0.204, 0.186, 0.172, and 0.158) are designed and simulated first to investigate the effects of flatness ratio on their overall performance, including efficiency, torque ratio, and impeller torque factor. The simulation results show that the overall performance tends to deteriorate as the flatness ratio decreases. Then a parametric study covering six geometric parameters, namely, inlet and outlet angles of impeller, turbine, and stator is carried out. The results demonstrate that the inlet and outlet angles play an important role in determining the performance characteristics of a torque converter. Furthermore, the relative importance of the six design parameters is investigated using DOE method for each response(stall torque ratio and peak efficiency). The turbine outlet angle is found to exert the greatest influence on both responses. After DOE analysis, an optimized design for the flat torque converter geometry is obtained. Compared to the conventional product, the width of the optimized flat torque converter torus is reduced by about 20% while the values of stall torque ratio and peak efficiency are only decreased by 0.4% and 1.7%, respectively.The proposed new optimization strategy based on DOE method together with desirability function approach can be used for performance enhancement in the design process of flat torque converters.     

多叶排定常耦合算法的液力变矩器三维流场分析

为改进液力变矩器三维流场的数值模拟计算精度,深入分析了现阶段液力变矩器的流场分析方法,剖析产生误差的原因,并在此基础上提出采用多叶排定常耦合算法进行流场计算,同时对液力变矩器流场计算的模型进行了讨论、比较和选择。将流场计算预测出的变矩器性能与试验结果相对比,最大偏差不超过5%,表明采用多叶排定常耦合算法计算精度高,计算过程收敛性好。     

中心型蝶阀流场的数值模拟研究

利用CFD软件FLUENT对中心型蝶阀流场进行数值模拟。计算模型采用不可压缩流动的雷诺时均方程组,紊流模型采用标准模型,离散方程的求解采用压力耦合方程组的半隐式方法(SIM-PLE算法)。对阀门在不同开度情况下,流场状况分别进行了数值模拟,分别得到速度场,压力场,速度矢量场。定性的给出了阀门在不同开度下重要部位的受力情况,比较直观的给出了阀门在不同工况下流道内部的速度分布,为分析阀门内部受冲击状况提供了依据。由对阀门开度的不断变化,得到了涡流的形成过程,及速度对涡流形成及扩展的影响。     

Estimation of turbine torque using an adaptive nonlinear observer for closed-loop control of vehicle automatic transmissions

This paper presents an adaptive sliding observer-based method for the estimation of turbine torque. The estimations of turbine torque can be used in the closed-loop control of vehicle power train for better shift quality. A sliding observer structure including saturation functions and boundary layers is applied to adapt torque converter parameters. The proposed method has been investigated via simulation and laboratory experimental studies. It has been shown via simulation and experiments that the proposed methodology is promising for the estimations of turbine torque since it uses only inexpensive angular velocity measurements and is not sensitive to parametric uncertainties.     

公共汽车液力变矩器流场的数值分析

采用Fluent对城市公共汽车液力变矩器的内部流场进行数值分析,并基于分析结果,对不同工况下的工作轮内部流动状况进行流场分析得出其流动规律,为改善流动状况提高传动效率奠定基础。     

前端调速式风力机组传动链建模与仿真

对前端调速式风力机传动链关键部件的工作原理进行分析,建立数学模型。分别建立风速模型、风轮空气动力学模型、传动链动力学模型、液力变矩器动态模型以及主轴转速计算模型。整合各子系统,引入神经网络控制,建立传动链整体仿真模型,进行模拟仿真。基于最大风能捕获量,综合考虑传动链结构参数,通过神经网络调节液力变矩器导叶开度,改变工作油循环流量,从而改变液力变矩器的输出转矩和转速。液力变矩器输出与风轮输出通过行星轮系综合作用于发电机前的主轴,使主轴转速稳定在设计值。     

高功率密度液力变矩器空化特性研究

高功率密度液力变矩器由于其内部流速高、局部压力低而易出现空化现象,导致其液力性能恶化。针对液力变矩器内空化现象进行试验及数值研究,通过对不同转速、不同速比及不同补偿油压力下液力变矩器性能测试,获得空化随工况及供油条件变化规律。构建基于Rayleigh-Plesset的全流道瞬态空化仿真模型对不同工况下液力变矩器内部两相空化流动进行预测,利用应力混合涡模拟湍流模型精确捕捉涡流状态,实现对有/无空化下液力变矩器内部流场及液力特性的计算。结果表明,液力变矩器在高泵轮转速、低速比及低补偿压力下容易发生空化,空化程度随着速比的下降而升高,在起动工况时达到最大。在空化工况下,液力变矩器导轮流道内产生大量空泡,空泡阻碍油液流动,导致循环流量降低,进而使液力变矩器传递功率的能力下降,起动工况下能容系数降低高达31%。全流道瞬态空化模型能够实现液力变矩器空化特性的精确预测,对变矩比、能容系数及效率的最大预测误差由无空化的30%降低至5%。     

基于流场动力学行为的机械产品结构性能研究

对以发动机为例的典型复杂机械内流场的特性进行分析，考察流场中的流形，研究其产品结构改进及性能改善的方法。采用数值方法，通过建立数学模型采用显隐相结合的时间差分和有限体积法进行离散，运用任意拉格朗日－欧拉（ＡＬＥ）法，对扩散项、对流项进行计算。根据模拟结果对发动机进行结构改进设计，结果表明：内流场的流形得到改进，总体性能得到改善，三维瞬态数值模拟是复杂机械产品设计过程中结构改进及性能改善的一种有效而实用的方法。     

基于源项和贴体网格CFD的翼型冠涡轮叶栅气动性能预测对比

翼型冠是控制涡轮叶片叶顶泄漏流动的一种叶顶结构。在翼型冠涡轮叶栅气动性能的数值模拟中,为降低计算成本,本文采用了一种基于源项的CFD技术。该方法无需构建翼型冠真实几何结构和生成贴体网格,只需在叶顶附近构建源项域并采用均匀网格进行离散,随后在网格点上定义材料多孔度,并在控制方程中引入与多孔度有关的源项函数。采用基于源项的数值模拟方法,首先计算了某一翼型冠涡轮平面叶栅的气动流场,并分析均匀网格尺寸和湍流模型方程源项对计算结果的影响。然后,在翼型冠源项基础上,分别增加了密封齿和叶顶喷气源项,以研究源项法在有密封齿和有叶顶喷气翼型冠叶栅性能计算中的准确性。通过与基于贴体网格(即真实结构)的数值模拟结果相对比,发现源项法计算能够较准确地评估翼型冠、密封齿和叶顶喷气对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响。此外,降低均匀网格尺寸能提高源项法的可靠性。研究有助于发展用于模拟包含任意复杂结构流动问题的计算方法,能为基于源项法的翼型冠叶顶结构优化提供快速准确的数值模拟工具。     

变攻角垂直轴风力机三维定常流场数值模拟

应用Fluent软件求解三维定常不可压N-S方程,采用k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,结合MRF复合坐标系技术,模拟垂直轴风力机（VAWT）的流场特性.获得并分析了不同攻角下的速度场、压力场分布,得到风轮叶片压力分布和转矩值.结果表明绕流场模拟能有效地反应风力机不同攻角下的流场状况,可为垂直轴风力机的工程设计提供理论依据.