组合凹模应力应变分析

在冷挤压成形过程中，当挤压力作用于凹模使其产生的应力大于凹模材料屈服强度时，整体式凹模便产生塑性变形，此时，必须采用预应力组合凹模。本文通过对整体式凹模、预应力组合凹模应力应变分析与研究，揭示了预应力组合凹模自我补强机制，并且对防止模具破坏、延长冷挤压模具寿命进行了探讨。     

基于热力耦合数值模拟的冷挤压模具凹模预应力结构研究

冷挤压技术是一种高精,高效,优质低耗的先进生产工艺技术,在现代生产中发挥着重要的作用。随着新型润滑剂,新的模具钢,大吨位压力机的出现,冷挤压工艺批量成型静力强度较高的材料成为了可能。通过对冷挤压scm435合金钢的冷挤压工艺的热力耦合数值仿真,模拟了从热套过盈配合,放置工件,挤压成型,卸载,工件顶出,冷却回弹全成型过程。研究了成型过程中各阶段凹模预应力的变化,以及温度对预应力的影响。并在此基础上,提出了通过分段式模套施加非均匀化过盈量的理念,和具体的工艺实施方法,并对比研究了一体式模套凹模和分段式模套凹模在挤压整个过程中的预应力情况。     

基于粒子群算法的冷挤压模具结构参数优化设计

针对石油射孔弹挤压件,对一次挤压成形和先预挤压再终成形两种工艺进行了对比,确定了合理的工艺方案,模具结构采用预应力挤压组合凹模。采用拉丁超立方方法,分别对预挤压和终成形的组合凹模的径向直径比和过盈系数进行了抽样,应用有限元方法对抽样所得的不同结构进行数值模拟,将所得模拟结果作为响应,建立等效应力与组合凹模结构参数的Kriging模型。以降低凹模内壁最大等效应力为优化目标,分别对预挤压和终成形两个阶段的组合凹模结构参数进行了优化分析。应用Kriging模型结合粒子群算法,在结构参数的变量空间内进行全局寻优,得到了各组合凹模最佳的径向直径比和过盈系数,确定出优化的组合凹模结构尺寸,为该挤压组合凹模的设计提供了定量的优化依据。     

预应力组合模具压合变形的计算问题

预应力模具,当压合时,模套和模芯筒壁发生弹性变形。这种变形既使模具各应力圈产生一定的预应力,也给模具的制造工艺带来一些特殊问题——必须在压合后重复修研模具外形尺寸及型腔尺寸,使模具的制造复杂化,限制了组合模具生产率的提高。本文在厚壁筒弹性畸变理论的基础上提出了一种计算模具预压合变形的方法,目的是:1)为组合模具提供一种简便的压合变形计算程序,使参数表格化,计算规范化;2)给出一组适用于模芯为两种材质时压合变形的计算公式提高计算精度。文章还通过计算公式的推导过程论述了模具压合变形的一个重要结论——模具压合变形比为固定常数。根据这一结论文章推荐在工艺上采用变形比来计算压合变形的方法,使计算过程大为简化。     

筒形件冷挤压凹模强度设计及结构优化

基于厚壁圆筒理论,分析了整体式凹模工作载荷特点,讨论了单纯通过增加壁厚来提高模具强度的局限性。为提高承载能力,探讨了多层预应力组合凹模方案。基于第四强度理论,推导了n层组合凹模承受内压的数学表达式。采用Lagrange乘子法对组合凹模参数进行了优化设计,推导了n层组合凹模各层最佳径比分配、凹模极限内压、套缩界面残余压力及最优过盈量等设计变量的计算式。以三层组合凹模为算例,运用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对上述n层组合凹模的各设计变量计算式进行了验证,结果表明两者的结果吻合较好。     

多层压配组合冷挤压凹模和高压容器的优化设计

本文对多层压配冷挤压凹模和高压容器的应力和应变以及优化设计的原理进行了系统的论述。优化条件分为：（一）内圈内壁在工作内压作用下允许出现拉应力和（二）内圈内壁在工作内压作用下不出现拉应力两种情况。文章提出根据所选材料和工作内压来确定各层组合圈壁厚和过盈量的计算公式。     

圆锥滚子轴承外圈冷挤压外模的改进设计

分析圆锥滚子轴承外圈冷挤压原理及目前使用冷挤压外模的不足,改进模具材料和结构,采用GCr15钢高温淬火(水冷)+低温回火工艺,保证材料强度;改进冷挤压外模为整体式结构,在外模入口处设计3°喇叭口,在挤压区设计0.05 mm的小锥度。使用结果表明,改进外模后很好地保证了产品加工精度,工件容易脱模,模具使用寿命长,成本低。     

汽车活塞销冷挤压模的优化设计

分析了汽车活塞销冷挤压工艺方案,讨论了凸模端部锥角,给出了组合凹模尺寸的优化设计模型及各圈直径和盈量的计算公式,针对某一种活塞销的组合凹模尺寸作了具体计算。     

翻新硬质合金引伸模

我厂桶形件引伸采用如图1所示的引伸模,其模体材料为T10A,经调质处理后硬度为HB370～430;硬质合金模圈材料YG8,第一次热装时的过盈量=0.37～0.40毫米(见图2、图3),经使用一段时间后其工作带直径就会因磨损超差或因工作表面划伤而造成模具报废。为了提高合金模的使用寿命,我们用二次热装翻新合金模,取得了较好效果。其二次热装的原理是:利用金属弹性变形的理论,     

模具型腔的冷挤压加工

型腔冷挤压加工是一项先进的加工工艺。在塑料、胶木、锻模等模具的型腔加工中已被广泛地采用。利用冷挤压法制造压模型腔,其生产效率较切削加工提高好几倍乃至十余倍,大大地降低了模具制造成本。对于成批生产的模具,例如扳手、医用剪刀等零件的锻模型腔,采用此工艺后更显示出很大的经济效果。挤压型腔并具有良好的加工质量,其尺寸精度可达二级,表面光洁度可达▽▽▽9～▽▽▽▽10。挤压后压模材料的纤维组织更趋紧密,从而提高了压模强度,对于如旋钮、握把、手柄、罩盖等零件的压模型腔利用冷挤压法加工,解决了用—般切削加工所不能解决的问题,而且可以获得远经切削加工光洁、清晰的型腔。这里仅就目前的挤压工艺作一些介绍,供有关人员的参考。     

Analysis and Design of the Prestressed Cold Extrusion Die

The stress analysis and design of a prestressed cold extrusion die with stress rings has been carried out in this study. The calculation of the contact pressure on the interface between the die insert and stress ring is included. In this method, an elastic finite-element method and Lame’s equation are used for the analyses of the die insert and the stress ring, respectively. The cold extrusion process has been simulated by the rigid finite-element method. Using these results, stress analysis has been performed for shrink fitting and during cold extrusion by using the present method. According to the variation of interferences and diameter ratios of the die with one and two stress rings, the maximum effective stress has been evaluated. In the results, interferences and diameters were determined by the minimisation of the maximum effective stress of the die insert. A comparison of the maximum effective stress between the proposed design and the conventional design has been discussed.     

高频电液激振冷挤压数值模拟及其减载实验研究

针对冷挤压成形过程中流动应力大、零件成形所需压力高的问题,提出了一种新的挤压工艺,设计了一种新的电液高频轴向振动激励冷挤压试验平台及相应冷挤压模具。利用Deform-3D软件建立了有限元分析模型,分析了在轴向振动激励下该模型的成形过程降载效果,精确地模拟了万向节轴套的冷挤压成形过程的挤压力的变化,比较了传统挤压形式下和轴向振动激励形式下的成形压力值,通过挤压试验验证了模型模拟的准确性。试验结果表明,该新的挤压成形工艺能使万向节杯套成形压力降低21.78%,减载效果明显。研究结果表明,这种新的成形工艺可以为一些难成形零件的冷挤压成形加工打下良好基础。     

矩形花键轴冷挤压的数值模拟分析

采用金属成形有限元分析软件DEFORM,模拟CG125摩托车发动机主轴的矩形花键冷挤压成形过程,得到挤压过程中的模具受力图及坯料的应力分布图.结合数值计算的结果,探讨冷挤压过程中的塌角与金属堆积现象.工艺实验表明,该冷挤压工艺与模具设计合理,数值模拟分析对冷挤压模具设计具有一定的指导意义.     

钢丝缠绕予应力高压容器和冷挤压凹模在内压作用下内壁不出现拉应力的设计原理

钢丝或钢带缠绕予以应力高压容器或模具由芯筒和缠绕层两部分组成。缠绕层采用等剪应力方法充分利用了钢丝的强度,比采用等张或等切应力方法能承载更大的工作内压。芯筒多采用高强材料。为使芯筒不易开裂并提高疲劳寿命,要求在工作内压载荷下内壁不出现拉应力。本文提出满足这一要求的最佳设计方法和计算公式。     

A new formulation for three-dimensional extrusion and its application to extrusion of clover sections

The metal flow in the extrusion process is an important factor in controlling the mechanical property of the extruded products. It is, however, difficult to predict the metal flow in three-dimensional extrusion of complicated sections due to the difficulty in representing the geometry of the die surface and in expressing the corresponding velocity field. In this study a new kinematically admissible velocity field for a generalized three-dimensional flow is derived, in which the flow is bounded by the die surface expressed by an analytic function. Then, by applying the upper-bound method to the derived velocity field, the flow pattern as well as the upper-bound extrusion pressure are obtained. As a computational example, extrusion of clover sections from round billets is chosen. A new method of die surface representation is proposed by which there is a smooth transition of die contour from the die entrance to the die exit. Computation is carried out for work-hardening materials such as aluminium and steel. The analysis takes into account the effect of product shape complexity, lubrication condition and reduction of area on extrusion pressure, average effective strain and distribution of effective strains on the cross-section of the extruded product.     

A combined cold extrusion for a drive shaft: experimental assessment on dimensional compatibility

A combined cold extrusion process is experimentally visualized to manufacture a drive shaft. Due to the requirements of a face width of about 92.00 mm for the spur gear section and a groove depth of roughly 22.70 mm for the internal spline region, a preform is adopted to prevent excessive accumulation of plastic deformation. AISI 1035 medium carbon steel material is spheroidized and annealed to use as the initial billet workpiece. In order to verify the deformed configuration and the dimensional accuracy, both shoulder angles of (θ₁, θ₂) are selected to be (30°, 30°) and (45°, 45°) on each extrusion die for the preform forging and the combined extrusion. Using the prepared tool components, experimental investigations on the dimensional relevancy of the cold forged drive shaft are performed. When the shoulder angle set of (30°, 30°) is applied, the required dimensions with respect to the face width and the groove depth are sufficiently satisfied, but unpredictable forging defects are observed. With the shoulder angles of (45°, 45°), the drive shaft is well deformed and fabricated without any cold forging defects. As a result, it is confirmed that the drive shaft can successfully be actualized with the dimensional precision satisfied by the combined cold extrusion.

     

带法兰阶梯轴冷镦挤复合成形工艺研究

针对带法兰盘阶梯轴的结构特点,提出了镦挤复合成形工艺方案,并分别研究了在冷镦挤条件下,不同直径坯料对成形过程的影响.采用有限元模拟软件对带法兰盘阶梯轴的成形过程进行了数值模拟,比较分析了不同坯料尺寸对变形过程中金属流动、应变以及载荷曲线等的影响.试验结果表明,采用冷镦挤复合成形工艺成形带法兰盘阶梯轴,可以获得高质量和高精度的锻件,实现近净成形.     

On the stress distribution in prestressed extrusion dies under non-uniform distribution of internal pressure

Cold extrusion die stress distribution is normally calculated on the assumption that there is a uniform distribution of internal pressure, e.g. by application of the Lamé equations. With FE-analysis this assumption can be overcome by the introduction of arbitrary boundary conditions. However, as little information existed about realistic distribution of radial and axial stresses in container and die this possibility was not used very much. Only after a recent investigation of Bay [1] into friction and pressure distribution in forward extrusion an FE-calculation of stresses in a prestressed extrusion die under non-uniform distribution of radial pressure seemed to be promising. The results show very clearly that no negative effects on the stress state—e.g. increase of stress peaks—may be expected in case of combined continuous decrease of radial pressure in the container and discontinuous increase at the die entry.     

Upper bound analysis for extrusion at various die land lengths and shaped profiles

The effects of die land lengths, a rarely investigated die extrusion parameter on the die-shaped profiles, on the extrusion pressures are investigated and presented. The analyses of the extrusion pressures by the upper bound method have been extended for the evaluations of the extrusion pressures to complex extruded sections such as square, rectangular, I,- and T-shaped sections with power of deformation due to ironing effect at the die land taken into account. The extrusion pressure contributions due to the die land evaluated theoretically for shaped sections considered are found to increase with die land lengths for any given percentage reduction and also increase with increasing percentage die reductions at any given die land length. The effect of die land lengths on the extrusion pressure increases with increasing complexity of die openings geometry with I-shaped section giving the highest extrusion pressure followed by T-shaped section, rectangular, circular-shaped die openings with square section die opening, giving the least extrusion pressure for any given die reduction at any given die land lengths.     

An analysis for extrusion of helical shapes from round billets

A method of analysis is proposed for three-dimensional extrusion of a helical shape from a round billet. It is reported that a helical shape can be made by hot extrusion through a square die. In this paper, it is suggested that a helical shape be effectively cold extruded through a continuous die with appropriate lubrication. The extrusion of helical shapes can find practical application in some useful products. However, the analytical method regarding this kind of extrusion has not been attempted so far.A kinematically admissible velocity field is derived for the extrusion model where a round billet is extruded into a twisted helical section with a long elliptic cross section. The axis of the cross section is rotating during extrusion. By assuming proper stream surfaces, the velocity field is obtained by deriving the equation of a stream line. Then, an upperbound solution is formulated for the rigid-perfectly plastic material. Computation for the upperbound pressure is carried out for various process variables such as reduction of area, friction, rotation of axis, aspect ratio of a product, die length and overall die profiles.