Effect of hot plastic deformation on microstructural changes in cast iron with globular graphite

The effect of hot plastic deformation on the transformation of the primary (cast) microstructure of ductile cast iron with globular graphite (ductile cast iron) has been investigated. The results of metallographic (with the use of light and scanning electron microscopes) and electron microprobe analyses of experimental cast iron samples in the cast and deformed states have been discussed. It has been shown that an increase in the degree of plastic deformation from 20 to 80% brings significant microstructural changes in both the pearlitic-ferritic matrix and graphite inclusions of cast iron.     

镍-石墨高温自润滑材料的熔炼制备及其组织性能

采用真空中频感应熔炼、电弧熔炼和高频感应熔炼辅助3 m落管无容器快速凝固方法,制备出镍-石墨两相自润滑合金.研究表明:在石墨型中浇铸,石墨呈片状生长;在金属型中浇铸,石墨有球化趋势;在电弧炉中熔炼并凝固,石墨基本呈球状组织形态,在3 m落管中经深过冷快速凝固后石墨呈球状组织.从而得出,石墨在生长过程中,(1010)棱面与(0001)基面的再辉温度差是影响石墨生长形态的重要因素.该材料具有高的冲击韧性和较低的电阻率,与45#退火钢及GCr15轴承钢干摩擦磨损时,摩擦因数分别稳定在0.23和0.15.     

耐海水腐蚀低合金铸铁的耐蚀性及保护膜

用全浸、半浸和间歇浸泡的静态方式,将分别具有片状及球团状石墨的低合金耐海水腐蚀铸铁(分别简称HD铸铁及HDQ球铁)在海盐溶液中做对比腐蚀试验后得出:间歇浸泡腐蚀失重最为严重,约为全浸泡时的2倍;HDQ球铁的耐蚀性较HD铸铁提高1倍左右。文中还研究了试样表层保护膜的成分、结构与耐蚀性的关系。     

On the mechanism of the effect of plastic deformation on the corrosion resistance of high-strength cast iron

The mechanism of the effect of preliminary plastic deformation on the corrosion resistance of high-strength cast iron is analyzed. Based on the experimental results, a scheme of the mechanism considering the contribution of the variation in the number and shape of graphite inclusions to the anisotropy of corrosion rate of strained cast iron is proposed. Original Russian Text ? D.A. Baranov, 2007, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 55–58.     

石墨形态对铸铁热疲劳性能的影响

主要研究了石墨形态对铸铁热疲劳性能的影响,为高速列车制动盘的合理选材提供依据。试验结果表明:蠕墨铸铁的耐热疲劳性能最好,球墨铸铁次之,灰铸铁最差。     

Effect of Plastic Deformation on the Structure and Properties of Cast Iron with Globular Graphite

Special features of structure and properties of cast iron with globular graphite subjected to plastic deformation in quasi-static and high-speed upset forging are considered. The strain curve and the dependence “deforming force – degree of elongation (drawing)” are obtained for cast iron with the pearlite-ferrite matrix. The effect of plastic deformation on the morphology of graphite particles, impact toughness, and failure of test specimens is determined at deformation under the conditions of free upset forging and forging in a holder.     

MAKING DUCTILE CAST IRON WITH ESR PROCESS

1.IntroductionTheapplicationofelectroslagremeltingprocess(ESR)tocastironcastingproductionhasbeendescribedbymanyauthors[ljZ],whoemphasizethatthecastingqualitiesareimprovedbyoverheatingandcleaningofmoltencastiron,andchangingthegraphiteformofcasting.Itisnecessarytoworkontheelectrochemicalaspectsoftheprocess,sincewehaveliquidmetalsurfaceactingaselectrodesincontactwithanionicliquidslag.IncontrastwithmostESRprocessesinwhichthechemicalcompositionchangesbetweenthemeltingelectrodeandingotproducedfro…     

等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究进展

在汽车上使用轻质铝合金发动机可以有效减少燃油消耗和环境污染,但铝合金的耐磨损性能较差,从而造成发动机工作过程中气缸壁面容易磨损。利用表面改性技术对铝合金表面进行强化处理,可以满足其作为滑动部件在高载荷条件下的使用要求。灰铸铁较低的成本和其中石墨的自润滑作用,使其成为铝合金发动机气缸表面保护涂层材料的首选。等离子喷涂技术以其高效率和灵活性在表面强化领域受到广泛应用。因此,利用等离子喷涂制备灰铸铁涂层成为改善铝合金发动机气缸表面耐磨性的有效方法之一。但是,由于等离子喷涂过程中熔滴冷却速度极快,等离子喷涂很难得到含大量石墨组织的灰铸铁涂层。以调控灰铸铁涂层中的石墨含量为目的,总结了等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层的研究现状,以及基体温度、颗粒尺寸、添加合金元素等对熔滴冷却速度的影响,并以此为基础,结合凝固理论分析了在涂层中保留灰铸铁粉末中的石墨组织的可行性,同时分析了在铸铁涂层中保留石墨所面临的主要问题,并提出了解决这些问题的主要措施。最后就在等离子喷涂灰铸铁涂层中保留石墨的研究方向进行了展望。     

Influence of fading on characteristics of thermal analysis curve of compacted graphite iron

In general,during the production of compacted graphite iron (CGI),the active residual magnesium reduces and the effect of inoculation fades after magnesium treatment.In this paper,characteristics of the thermal analysis curve of CGI are compared with those of ductile iron and grey cast iron.The fading effect on the compacted graphite percentage and thermal analysis curve were also studied.Results indicate that the undercooling of CGI is as low as that of ductile iron,but CGI shows evident recalescence.In fading process,the magnesium element acts with oxygen.For a decrease in magnesium content,both the compacted graphite percentage and the austenitic liquidus temperature increase.The temperature of eutectic undercooling (TEu) decreases before the flake graphite appears.After that,TEu increases quickly,up to as high as 20 ℃,and then gradually decreases.The evolution of recalescence degree is opposite to that of TEU.     

Colour Metallography of Cast Iron

Chapter 3 Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron（I） Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, SG iron in short, refers to the cast iron in which graphite precipitates as spheroidal shape during solidification of liquid iron. The graphite in common commercial cast iron can only be changed from flake to spheroidal shape by spheroidising treatment. Since spheroidal graphite reduces the cutting effect of stress concentration, the metal matrix strength of SG iron can be applied around 70%-90%, thus the mechanical property of SG iron is significantly superior to other cast irons;even the tensile strength of SG iron is higher than that carbon steel.     

Effect of bismuth on refinement of graphite in thin wall spheroidal graphite cast iron

Abstract

Although it is known that the addition of bismuth refines the graphite nodule in spheroidal graphite cast iron, the refinement mechanism has not yet been clarified. In this research, the effect of bismuth on the refinement has been investigated by examining the microstructure of the spheroidal graphite cast iron containing a small amount of bismuth. Bismuth was added at 0˙01 mass% to the spheroidal graphite cast iron melt containing 3˙5–3˙7 mass% carbon and 2˙0– 2˙8 mass% silicon, then the melt was poured into the mould to obtain the stepped test bar with 2, 3, 5 and 10 mm thicknesses. The graphite nodule increased as the bismuth content increased. The diameter of the graphite nodule decreased as the thickness decreased, namely, as the cooling rate increased. The graphite nodule was further refined by the addition of bismuth. The increase in silicon content increased the graphite nodule count and the ferrite in the matrix. It postulated that bismuth exists as simple substance or a compound in the vicinity of the nucleus of the graphite.     

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Flake and Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons

Flake and spheroidal graphite cast irons with similar composition were subjected to high temperature oxidation to investigate graphite morphology and distribution effects on the oxidation behavior. High temperature oxidation tests were conducted between 400 and 750 °C in air. For comparison low carbon steel was also tested.Graphite morphology obviously affected high-temperature oxidation resistance. The flake graphite cast iron exhibited the worst high-temperature oxidation resistance compared with spheroidal graphite cast iron. Since graphite flakes provide suitable sites for the iron oxide growth and are almost interconnected, the iron oxide grows faster and penetrates along the graphite flakes boundaries resulting in the subsurface oxidation. Due to the severe subsurface oxidation flake graphite cast iron parabolic rate constants are five times higher than that of the spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, spheroidal graphite cast iron parabolic rate constants and oxide layer thickness are similar to those of the low carbon steel. Therefore, graphite flakes have negative effect on the cast iron high temperature oxidation resistance.     

稀土蠕化剂对蠕墨铸铁石墨形态和性能的影响

对以云南地方生铁为主要炉料的铁液,搭配使用稀土硅铁合金和稀土镁合金作为蠕化剂,研究了稀土蠕化剂加入量对蠕墨铸铁石墨形态和性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着稀土蠕化剂加入量的增加,铁液中稀土残留量逐渐增加,石墨形态从片状逐渐向球状过渡,抗拉强度和硬度逐渐上升。实践证明,通过合适的蠕化处理工艺,云南地方生铁铁液可以获得组织和性能较为理想的蠕墨铸铁。     

蠕墨铸铁的最新发展

综述了近几年来蠕墨铸铁在世界上的发展与应用,蠕墨铸铁的综合性能及先进铸造技术的发展,可使蠕墨铸铁汽缸体单位功率的重量小于铝合金缸体,而耐高温性能等远优于铝缸体,成为内燃机缸体的首选材料.比较了国内外蠕墨铸铁标准的差异,关键还在于国内对蠕墨铸铁件的蠕化率要求太低.在列述蠕墨铸铁生产技术时,认为用纯镁及喂线法进行蠕化是今后获得蠕墨铸铁的主要方法.     

超声波对共晶灰铸铁熔体的影响

通过对灰铸铁熔体进行超声波处理,探讨了超声波对灰铸铁凝固组织的影响,并分析了其原因。结果表明:短暂的超声波处理可以使灰铸铁的石墨形态由片状变成圆钝的、似球状与卷曲、细丝状石墨的混合形态;可有效地细化灰铸铁共晶团组织,改善灰铸铁的力学性能。     

Scanning Auger Microprobe Study of Interfacial Adsorption Behaviour of some Minor Elements in Spheroidal-graphite Cast Iron

The interfacial adsorpton behaviour of some minor elements contained in inoculants used in the manufacture of spheroidal-graphite cast iron have been studied by using a scanning auger microprobe at the fracture surfaces of specially-prepared specimens. It is shown that bismuth, boron and sometimes aluminium are adsorbed at the graphite/ melt interfaces, while neither calcium, zirconium, strontium, barium nor the nodularising element magnesium are detected at the interfaces during solidification of s.-g. iron. It is evident that the inoculation mechanism of Bi and B is mainly related to the interfacial adsorption behaviour during solidification, while Ca, Zr, Sr and Ba mainly act as heterogeneous substrates for graphite nucleation. Based on the results, some more powerful Bi or B containing inoculants for s.-g. cast iron have been developed.     

Colour Metallography of Cast Iron Chapter 4 Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron(Ⅰ)

Note:This book consists of five sections: Chapter 1 Introduction, Chapter 2 Grey Iron,Chapter 3 Spheroidal GraphiteCast Iron,Chapter 4 Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron,and Chapter 5 White Cast Iron.CHINA FOUNDRY publishes thisbook in several parts serially,starting from the first issue of 2009.     

The effect of graphite shape on the tensile deformation behaviour in hot-swaged and hot-rolled ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron

The shape of the graphite nodules in ferritic spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron is changed by hot-swaging and hot-rolling, when symmetric ellipsoidal graphite and asymmetric ellipsoidal graphite can be obtained, respectively. For the symmetric ellipsoidal graphite, the graphite shape ratio tends to decrease with increasing reduction ratio. The increase of flow stress with increasing reduction ratio can be explained by the decrease in the stress concentration induced by the graphite with increasing reduction ratio. On the other hand, the graphite shape ratio is more complex for the asymmetric ellipsoidal graphite than the symmetric ellipsoidal graphite specimens. The graphite shape ratio tends to increase and decrease with increasing reduction ratio in two transverse directions. As a result, a balance exists in the specimen between increasing and decreasing stress concentration, showing that the tensile flow stress is independent of reduction ratio.

To understand the effect of the graphite shape ratio on the tensile flow stress during tensile deformation, specimens with different carbon contents and graphite shape ratios were used in this study. Furthermore, the triaxial parameter (k₁) has been defined such that the larger stress concentration effect will have the larger k₁ value. Based on the present experimental results, the graphite shape ratio tends to decrease with increasing reduction ratio or tensile strain, so that the stress concentration effect and triaxial parameter (K₁) tend to decrease with increasing reduction ratio and tensile strain. Therefore, the effect of the graphite nodules in ferritic SG cast iron on the tensile flow stress is not only reduction of the effective area fraction of the matrix but also development of an uneven triaxial stress field.     

石墨及碳化物对高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊耐磨性的影响

本文研究了具有不同石墨和碳化物含量的高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊材料在滚动摩擦和干滑动摩擦条件下的摩擦学特性，考察了高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁中石墨和碳化物数量、分布对其摩擦学特性的影响。研究结果表明，组织中的石墨和碳化物数量、形态和分布对材料的耐磨性有较大影响。石墨含量在低于9．21％时，增加石墨量并适当减少碳化物量可以提高材料的耐磨性；呈均匀分布的长片状石墨和连续网状分布的碳化物对提高高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊的耐磨性有显著意义。     

应变速率对QT450-10球墨铸铁热塑性及石墨颗粒的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟机研究了QT450-10球墨铸铁在不同压缩应变速率下的热塑性行为。结果表明:随着应变速率的增加,球墨铸铁在950℃下的极限压下量呈递减趋势。流变曲线随着真应变的增加,迅速达到一峰值后发生软化,即存在动态再结晶行为。利用光学显微镜观察了微观石墨球在明/暗场中的形貌,发现石墨颗粒在三向不等压应力作用下具有一定的塑性,但是应变速率对石墨颗粒的形貌及分布的直接影响并不明显。