Experimental verification of dominant harmonic active filter forhigh-power applications

A synchronous-reference-frame (SRF)-based controller for the dominant harmonic active filter (DHAF) system has already been proposed by the authors. The SRF controller is designed to achieve harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonic frequencies (such as at the 5th and/or 7th) between the supply and load. This allows implementation of the DHAF system by square-wave inverters switching at the 5th or 7th harmonic frequency. Compared to conventional active filter systems which require high-switching-frequency pulsewidth modulation inverters, the square-wave-inverter-based DHAF system provides a viable and cost-effective solution to achieve harmonic isolation for high-power nonlinear loads (10 MW and above) or cluster of nonlinear loads, to meet the IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standard. In this paper, a new feedforward command of the SRF controller is proposed which provides better dynamic performance. The improved feedforward command of the SRF controller can suppress any system resonances at the dominant harmonic frequencies and meet IEEE 519 harmonic current limits. Experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the SRF controller and the DHAF system     

Operations of the dominant harmonic active filter (DHAF) underrealistic utility conditions

This paper presents laboratory test results of the dominant harmonic active filter (DHAF) prototype. The DHAF system achieves harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonics using square-wave active filter inverters. The key advantages of the DHAF system are the low rating and low bandwidth requirements of the active filter inverter. Such characteristics allow cost-effective and viable applications of the DHAF system to mitigate harmonic problems for high-power nonlinear loads (10-100 MW and above). Several practical situations, including source-sink resonance, ambient harmonic interferences, and unbalanced grid voltages are applied to the DHAF prototype to validate its performance. The operation principles of the DHAF system and the synchronous-reference-frame-based controller are discussed to explain how harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonics is accomplished. A design example of the DHAF system for a 20 MVA rectifier load at an industrial site is also given to illustrate its application     

改进并联混合型有源滤波器在大功率非线性负载中的应用

提出了一种改进型并联混合型有源滤波器.针对非线性负载产生的主要谐波分量,将逆变器与无源滤波器电感并联设计,利用并联滤波电感的分流作用以降低逆变器电流容量、输出电压频率和开关频率,并在逆变器发生故障时滤波器仍能正常工作.针对单次谐波电流检测,应用了一种改进滑动窗算法.仿真和试验结果表明,该混合型有源滤波器不仅具有良好的滤波效果,而且能减少逆变器电流.     

Hybrid solutions for improving passive filter performance in highpower applications

This paper presents a new control scheme for a parallel hybrid active filter system intended for harmonic compensation of large nonlinear loads up to 50 MVA, to meet IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards. The active filter is small rated, 2%-3% of load kilovoltampere rating. The control scheme is based on the concept of synthesizing a dynamically variable inductance, and its usefulness is demonstrated for an active filtering application. A synchronous reference frame (SRF) controller implements the dynamically varying negative or positive inductance by generating active filter inverter voltage commands. This variable inductance controller parallel hybrid active filter system can selectively synthesize multiple “active inductances” at dominant harmonic frequencies without affecting passive filter impedances at all other frequencies. This controller also provides a “current limiting” function to prevent passive filter overloading under ambient harmonic loads and/or supply voltage distortions. Three implementation variations of a parallel hybrid active filter system are presented. This paper also proposes the use of power factor correction capacitors as low cost passive filters for a parallel hybrid active filter system, which are controlled to provide either single or multiple tuned harmonic sinks and to increase cost effectiveness for high power applications. Simulation results validate the proposed variable inductance controller operation for mistuned passive filters     

High-power active filter using LC-tuned filter

Usually, to eliminate the harmonics of transmission lines, LC tuned filters are employed to bypass these harmonic components. However, the elimination ability is limited by its damping resistance. Therefore, active filters composed of high-frequency PWM converters are desirable. In comparison with the LC tuned filters, the cost would be very high even in high-power systems. In this paper, a low-cost and high-power active filters for a dc transmission system is proposed. It has active filter ability as well as low cost for high-power uses. Its main circuit is composed of conventional LC filters in series with square-wave voltage inverters. The voltage of the inverter is controlled to cancel the voltage drop of the internal resistance of the LC filter. Thus the Q-factor of the filter can appear at infinity. Calculation of the harmonic and the control are done by DSP (TMS 32010). In the experimental system and simulations, two three-phase tuned filters, 5th and 7th, are employed. Excellent results under 1 percent distortion voltage are obtained.     

基于LCL滤波器优化的微电网多逆变器稳定运行控制系统

为了有效控制逆变器谐振现象,保障逆变器稳定运行,设计基于LCL滤波器优化的微电网多逆变器稳定运行控制系统。依据LCL多逆变器拓扑结构,创建LCL滤波器三相微电网多逆变器的状态空间数学模型。依据该数学模型,分析滤波器的谐振特性,采用2个互相独立的单相逆变器实现对平衡三相LCL逆变器中谐振控制,利用单相LCL逆变器完成控制策略研究;利用被动阻尼策略,通过电容支路串、并联阻尼法对LCL滤波器的逆变器进行振荡控制优化;利用主动阻尼策略,在不添加其他传感器和控制闭环的条件下,运用2对零极点使闭环系统中全部的主导极点都在垂直平面单位圆中,抑制LCL滤波器谐振问题,以实现系统稳定运行控制优化。实验表明,该方法通过主动阻尼和被动阻尼控制策略对LCL滤波器进行优化,能够确保微电网多逆变器的母线电压以及暂态波形的稳定,控制效果好。     

Active filter system containing an inverter bypass circuit to suppress harmonic resonance

The superconducting-type magnetically levitated railway system (MAGLEV), which is driven directly by variable voltage, variable frequency (VVVF) inverters or cycloconverters, is well known as the new traction system for future super-rapid mass transportation. Since the frequency converters generate harmonic currents possibly leading to interference problem on utility transmission systems, the conventional ac filter of LC (reactor-capacitor) branch and/or the active filter is necessary to prevent the harmonic disturbances. The authors have developed a novel harmonic compensation system consisting of shunt LC filters on load side, a step-down transformer on receiving end, and a small-capacity active filter with one end connected to the secondary winding of the transformer and the other to the load bus. The active filter is current-controlled to give adequate damping to the harmonic resonance condition between the power system and the passive filter equipment, especially at lower harmonic frequencies. The principle and the characteristics of the new harmonic compensation system are described, and its laboratory test results which show satisfactory performance are given.     

能量管理系统中发电计划安全校核功能的设计

基于调度生产的实际需求,对能量管理系统中发电计划安全校核的功能设计、关键技术、数据解析等进行了阐述,并对典型断面进行了分析.实际分析表明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

二极管钳位型多电平有源电力滤波器的仿真

由于功率器件耐压水平的限制,传统的2电平拓扑结构有源电力滤波器(APF)难以实现对高压非线性负载的谐波补偿.文中采用二极管钳位型多电平变换器,提出了其作为APF运行的方案.对该APF进行了理论分析,提出一种基于重复预测型观测器的无差拍控制方案.该方案采用重复预测型观测器,对指令谐波电流进行预测,可在相同的采样频率下提供更精确的谐波电流预测值,因而可以改善整个系统的控制效果.仿真结果表明该APF适用于高电压及大容量谐波补偿.     

Fuzzy logic controller for three-level shunt active filter compensating harmonics and reactive power

In this paper, the three-level inverter is used as a shunt active power filter, making use of the multilevel inverter advantages of low harmonic distortion, and reduced switching losses. This PWM inverter is employed as shunt APF compensating reactive power and suppresses harmonics drawn from a nonlinear load. Most previously reported three-phase active power filters are based on two-level inverters with conventional controllers requiring a complex and a complicated mathematical model. In order to overcome this problem a fuzzy logic controller applied and extended to a three level shunt APF is proposed.     

串联混合有源电力滤波器的新型控制方法

带基波电流旁路通道的串联混合有源电力滤波器为电网电流中的基波成分提供了一个无源通道,因而可以大大降低有源部分的容量.然而,原有的基于Pq理论的控制方法在负载或电网不平衡时,基波旁路通道和逆变器之间会发生基波谐振,使得逆变器仍然会流过大量的基波电流.逐相dq变换法可以完整地将基波或谐波检测出来.文中提出了基于逐相dq变换的控制方法,使得不论电网电压和负载电流是否平衡,基波旁路通道和逆变器之间均不会发生基波谐振现象,逆变器只需承担电网谐波电流和提供谐波电压,提高了系统的性价比.5 kW的模型试验证明了新方法的可行性.     

Design of Multiple Feedback Control Loops for a Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter Based on Stability Considerations

Single-phase inverters employ LC filters for the purpose of reducing pulse-width modulation harmonics. The drawback of LC filter is its stability problem at resonance frequency. Passive damping offers simple and reliable solution, but it decreases the overall system efficiency. Active damping is lossless and provides flexibility of controlling the damping performance; however, it is sensitive to parameters variation. This article presents stability analysis of a single-phase full-bridge inverter to improve dynamic performance and stability. Design of LC filter is carried out considering both undamped and damped structures. The effect of filter parameters on pole-zero locations of the inverter is presented, and variation of the phase margin over a wide range of parameters variation is examined. Active damping using closed-loop current control of the full-bridge inverter to mitigate the resonance oscillation is designed and compared with passive damping. The disturbance rejection via dynamic stiffness with and without active damping is examined to justify the proposed current controller. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design. It is found that the proposed control of the inverter provides excellent voltage regulation with low total harmonic distortion and ensures good performance and robust stability under parameters variation.     

LCL滤波并网逆变器的控制策略

把LCL滤波器作为电压源型并网逆变器与电网的接口已受到广泛关注。与单电感L滤波器相比,利用电感值较小的LCL滤波器对入网电流的高次谐波具有显著的衰减效果,特别是在低开关频率的大功率并网逆变系统应用中更具明显优势,但是仅采用直接入网电流控制时,LCL滤波器接口的并网逆变器系统存在稳定性问题。该文采用电网侧电感电流和逆变侧电感电流双闭环控制策略对并网电流进行直接控制,电网侧电感电流作为外环更容易抑制并网电流的谐波因素,且可以直接控制入网电流的单位功率因数,采用逆变器侧电感电流作为内环可以增加系统阻尼,从而可抑制系统振荡,增加系统稳定性。对该方案进行系统建模,并深入分析了滤波器参数、控制器参数及系统稳定性之间的精确量化关系。仿真和实验结果表明,该控制策略既可有效抑制入网电流谐振和实现进网电流的高功率因数运行,同时又具有良好的稳态和动态性能。     

基于陷波控制的LCL型光伏并网逆变器谐波谐振抑制研究

为研究光伏并网谐波谐振现象,针对LCL型光伏并网系统,建立了光伏并网逆变器数学模型,采用频域分析方法研究多台逆变器并网时的谐波谐振问题。建立单台和多台逆变器并联的输出阻抗模型,研究不同并联台数情况下逆变器谐波谐振特性和多并网逆变器相互间的耦合关系。在此基础上,提出逆变器的陷波控制方法抑制光伏并网系统的谐波谐振。仿真结果表明,该方法滤波效果好、能够抑制LCL型光伏并网系统的谐波谐振,同时对电网背景谐波噪声也具有较好的抑制效果。     

Wind Turbine Current-Source Converter Providing Reactive Power Control and Reduced Harmonics

This paper presents a current-source inverter topology that is suitable for multi-megawatt wind turbines. The proposed scheme utilizes two series-connected three-phase inverters that employ fully controllable switches and a proper interconnection transformer with the mains. In order to improve the efficiency and to allow the use of high-power devices, the inverters are switched at the mains frequency. The axial-flux permanent-magnet (PM) generator is directly coupled to the turbine (gearless solution), and its design reduces the dependence of the output voltage on the load current. The overall control technique allows to independently impose two desired quantities that can be selected out of the set of three composed of: 1) the total average voltage at the dc side of the inverters, which is directly related to the turbine speed; 2) the fundamental power factor at the mains interconnection point, which can be chosen unitary, leading, or lagging; and 3) the amplitude of one desired component of the spectrum of the mains line currents. The two chosen quantities univocally determine the third one. At specific operating points of the turbine, a significant reduction of the fifth and seventh harmonics can already be achieved without additional filters and/or active harmonic compensation. Nevertheless, the introduction of an active harmonic compensator is necessary to provide the required harmonic reduction (also up to higher orders) more independently and on a wider range of operating conditions. The almost independent regulation of the dc-link current allows further control of the average generator torque. Experimental results that are obtained from a 10-kW prototype with an axial-flux PM generator are presented.     

Overload prevention

This work presents a series active filter system for three-phase, four-wire distribution systems to alleviate the overloading of the neutral conductor. The active filter system employs a voltage sources inverter connected in series with a neutral conductor to suppress the excessive current harmonics. Theoretical analysis shows that series active filter system are more suitable than shunt active filter systems because most of the nonlinear load at low voltage levels are categorized as harmonic voltage source type. Laboratory test results show that the proposed system achieves desired filtering function.     

逆变电源并联的谐波环流抑制研究

在逆变器系统中,滤波电感对死区等因素造成的波形畸变能够有效地抑制.对于大功率的逆变器,当滤波电感及并机电抗都很小时,死区等因素可引起很大的谐波环流.研究了逆变器的基本原理,描述了谐波扰动的双环控制模型,介绍耦合电感抑制谐波环流的方法.在此基础上建立了无互联线逆变电源并联的数学模型.研究表明耦合电感能有效的抑制谐波环流,...     

基于基波磁通补偿的串联混合型APF滤波特性分析

在基于基波磁通补偿的串联混合型有源电力滤波器(APF)中,由脉宽调制逆变器实现了一个受控基波电流源.串联变压器一次侧的系统电源与系统阻抗、无源滤波器和非线性负载共同作用,使串联变压器二次侧端口呈现一个谐波干扰电压,导致逆变器输出电流中含有一定谐波,影响了滤波器的滤波效果.文中以脉宽调制逆变器为核心,建立了滤波器的数学模型,并对其滤波特性进行了分析.提出了改善其滤波效果的3项有效措施,即适当增大逆变器输出滤波电感、合理选择串联变压器原副方变比、采用电压前馈控制技术.设计了一套基于数字控制的10 kVA APF样机,实验结果证明了原理分析的正确性.     

基于虚拟谐波电阻的微网同步定频电流控制法

孤岛微网同步定频电流控制法具有逆变器间功率均分效果受系统运行参数影响小,抗电压扰动能力强,实现方法简单等优势.但是,其应用于含非线性不平衡负荷的微网时存在电压畸变及不平衡问题.为此,文中提出基于虚拟谐波电阻的同步定频电流控制法,通过引入虚拟谐波电阻,降低逆变器低次谐波频域的输出阻抗,抑制电压畸变及电压不平衡.同时,在并...     

基于H∞重复控制的三相四桥臂逆变器研究

为了解决微型电网中,作为功率接口的三相四桥臂逆变器存在输出波形畸变率大,跟踪给定正弦波慢的问题.在三相四桥臂逆变器解耦成三个单相逆变器的基础上,提出了一种H∞重复控制策略.首先依据内模控制原理,对每个单相逆变器建立了包含输出滤波器的逆变器系统模型,设计了重复控制的电压控制器.然后基于H∞控制原理,加入了稳定补偿器,以保证H∞最优性能.这就使逆变器的输出波形快速跟踪参考正弦波,逆变器输出电压畸变率明显小于常规控制方法.仿真和实验结果表明,不论在负载突变等大干扰情况下,还是在负载不平衡或者非线性的情况下,逆变器都能够保持完好的电压输出特性和良好的动态特性.