Effect of Silicone Nano,Nano/Micro and Nano/Macro‐Emulsion Softeners on Color Yield and Physical Characteristics of Dyed Cotton Fabric

The study of silicone nano‐emulsions and softeners to alter physical properties of undyed cotton fabric has recently gained a substantial interest. However, systematic investigation of silicon nano‐emulsion softeners on dyed cotton fabric has not so far been conducted. This paper deals with the application of silicone nano‐, micro‐, and macro‐emulsion softeners, and combinations of nano/micro and nano/macro, on dyed cotton fabric. We report the effect of silicon nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners on color yield and physical characteristics of dyed cotton fabric. All bleached fabrics were dyed with CI Reactive Black 5 and then treated with known concentrations of silicone softeners by the pad‐dry method. The silicone nano‐emulsion was combined with micro‐ and macro‐emulsion softeners using blending ratios of nano/micro (1:1) and nano/macro (1:1). Treated fabrics were compared in terms of physical properties such as fabric handling, wrinkle recovery angle, bending length, abrasion resistance and tensile strength. The color changes were evaluated by color yield (K/S) values and total color difference (ΔE_cmc). The results revealed that the silicon nano‐emulsion had better physical properties than micro‐, macro‐ and combination nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners. Among all treated samples, nano‐emulsion softeners showed better ΔE_cmc values. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests that the fiber morphology of treated fabrics was very smooth and uniform.     

Shade darkening effect of polyorganosiloxane modified with amino and hydroxy groups on dyed polyester microfiber fabric

The novel polyorganosiloxane material S‐101 modified with amino and hydroxy groups is synthesized. Shade darkening effect of modified polyorganosiloxane on dyed polyester microfiber fabric is investigated by reflectance spectrum, color yield (K/S), and the color differences (ΔE). The colorimetric data of CIELAB is discussed. The results show that the novel material of silicone polymer modified with amino and hydroxy groups has excellent shade darkening effect on dyed polyester microfiber fabric. The rates of the color yield increase (I%) of all dyed fabric with four dyes (Disperse Yellow S‐4RL, Red GS, Blue 2BLN, and Black SF‐R) exceed 10%. The shapes of the reflectance spectra curves of the dyed fabrics before and after treated with S‐101 are not noticeable change. The dyed fabrics with the polymer have not significant effect on the wash fastness and wet rubbing fastness. The low reflectance thin film on dyed fabrics is formed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Effects of a pretreatment with N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide on the structures and properties of ramie

To improve the dyeing properties of ramie, the ecofriendly organic solvent N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) was used to substitute sodium hydroxide as a ramie‐fiber swelling solvent. Through padding and baking pretreatment, ramie fabric was modified by an NMMO aqueous solution. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the effects of NMMO pretreatment on the structure of the ramie, whereas the color strength (K/S, where K is the light absorption coefficient and S is the scattering coefficient), adsorption isotherm, and dye uptake rate curve were measured to investigate the effects of NMMO pretreatment on the dyeing properties of the ramie. The results show that the ramie fiber experienced a limited and irreversible swelling because of the partial breakage of interhydrogen and intrahydrogen bonds of cellulose molecules in the amorphous area, but the crystal and chemical structure of the ramie fiber did not change obviously under the experimental conditions. The K/S value of the NMMO‐modified ramie fabrics dyed with reactive dyes increased by about 100%, and the dye uptake increased by 27.88% compared to that of the raw sample, whereas the standard affinity and diffusion coefficient value of the reactive dyes on the NMMO‐modified ramie fabric were higher than those of the raw ramie fabric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Dyeing behaviors of ionic liquid treated wool

In this article, a new class of “green” solvent—ionic liquid (IL) was employed to improve the dyeability of wool. The physical and chemical properties of the IL‐treated wool, such as surface morphology, wettability, and tensile strength were first analyzed, and then the dyeing properties of IL‐treated wool were investigated in terms of dyeing rate, dyeing exhaustion at equilibrium, color depth, and color fastnesses. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed eroded marks on IL‐treated wool fiber surfaces. The water contact angle of the fabric treated with IL at 100°C decreased from 118.6° to 106.4°. The tensile strength of IL‐treated wool fibers was slightly decreased when the treating temperature was less than 100°C. Dyeing kinetics experiments revealed that the IL treatments greatly increased initial dyeing rate, shortened half‐dyeing time, and time to reach dyeing equilibrium. The final exhaustion and color depth of IL‐treated wool were also increased accompanying with slightly decreased color fastness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Grafting of cotton fiber by water‐soluble cyclodextrin‐based polymer

β‐cyclodextrin (CD)‐based linear water‐soluble polymers were synthesized in a controlled manner by a one‐pot synthesis method. The synthesized water‐soluble polymer was covalently fixed onto cotton surfaces by a polycondensation reaction at controlled conditions. Grafting on cotton fibers transfers the cyclodextrin properties onto its surface. The grafting occurred through the formation of a crosslink between hydroxyl groups of cotton and CD polymer. This was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, tensile strength, computer color matching, and solvent fastness analysis. The tensile strength of modified fiber samples was unchanged as compared to that of unmodified fiber samples. The percentage of grafting depended on a number of parameters and specifically on (i) temperature, (ii) time, and (iii) pH of the reaction medium. Similarly, under optimum conditions the weight increase on cotton fabric due to the grafting reaction could reach 10–15 wt % The grafted cotton fabric shows good dyeability and solvent fastness properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Use of a biomaterial as a thickener for textile ink‐jet printing

The feasibility of using chitosan as a thickener in the pretreatment print paste for textile ink‐jet printing was explored. An orthogonal analysis was used to determine the optimum conditions for using chitosan as a thickener in the pretreatment print paste and the effects of different process factors for achieving the best color yield in textile ink‐jet printing. With the help of the orthogonal analysis, the importance of different process factors was found to be in the order of (1) the amount of urea used, (2) the amount of chitosan used, (3) the amount of sodium bicarbonate used, and (4) the steaming time. On the basis of the results of the orthogonal analysis, the optimum conditions for using chitosan as a thickener for the pretreatment print paste were concluded to be 40 mL of chitosan, 10 g of urea, 8 g of sodium bicarbonate, and 5 min of steaming. According to an analysis of the results of different color fastness tests, chitosan could principally work as a pretreatment print paste thickener. However, the final color yield obtained from chitosan‐containing cotton fabrics depended greatly on the stage of the chitosan application. Nevertheless, the color fastness properties and the outline sharpness of the prints of cotton fabric were greatly improved by the chitosan treatment. A two‐bath chitosan treatment was developed to separate the chitosan from sodium bicarbonate and urea before it was padded onto the fabric surface to minimize the neutralization effect. On the basis of the results for the highest color yield obtained on the cotton fabric, it was confirmed that the two‐bath chitosan treatment was successfully developed. In addition, chitosan could impart higher antibacterial properties with a slight reduction in the tensile strength of the cotton fabric. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Benzylated modification and dyeing of ramie fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide

The effects of pretreatment conditions, including the addition of a phase‐transfer catalyst, on the benzylation of ramie fiber were investigated in this study. Raw and benzylated ramie fibers were dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide, and the color strength (K/S) of the ramie fiber was measured by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. An obviously improved dyeing capability of the benzylated ramie fiber, that is, a better level‐dyeing property and a higher K/S, was achieved. Moreover, the color strength of the ramie fiber, indexed as the value of K/S, increased significantly with the degree of substitution of the benzylated ramie fiber. The raw and modified ramie fibers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Dyeing properties of net‐modified cotton fabric with triazine derivative containing the multireactive and multicationic groups

Cotton fabric was modified with a 1,3,5‐triazine derivative containing the multireactive and multicationic groups, 2,4,6‐tri[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethyl‐ammonium)propyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine chloride (Tri‐HTAC). Compared with unmodified cellulose, the net‐modified cotton cellulose has different dyeing properties. The modified cotton was dyed with reactive dyes without the addition of salt. The color yield was higher than that on unmodified cotton, despite the addition of large amounts of salt in the latter case. After dyeing, compared with unmodified cellulose with reactive dyes, the reflectance spectrums of modified cotton did not change. The modified cotton got better wash fastness than the unmodified cotton. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4388–4392, 2006     

Modification of jute fabric via laccase/t‐BHP‐mediated graft polymerization with acrylamide

Enzymatic processes provide new perspectives for the modification of lignocellulose materials. Lignin is an excellent substrate for laccase, and the modification of lignin‐rich jute fabric via graft polymerization with acrylamide (AAm) mediated by laccase and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BHP) was investigated in this study. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The grafting rate was determined in terms of elemental analysis. The hydrophilicity and thermal and dyeing properties of the modified jute fabric were studied. The results supported the conclusion that the polyacrylamide was grafted on the lignin of the jute fiber by laccase in coordination with t‐BHP, representing a grafting rate of 2.87%. The hydrophilicity, thermostability, dye uptake, and dyeing depth of the jute fiber were increased after the enzymatic graft modification with AAm. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40387.     

Modification of cellulose fiber with silk sericin

Cellulose fiber surface was modified with silk sericin (or simply, sericin). Sericin fixation on cellulose was confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry–attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR). Sericin content in finished samples was estimated by dyeing treated fabrics with an acid dye, Supranol Bordeaux B, and determining K/S and L values of the dyed fabrics. The treated fabrics were tested for free formaldehyde content, crease recovery, tensile strength, electrical resistance, water retention, and biocidal activity. From ESEM and FTIR‐ATR results, it was found that sericin coated onto cotton surfaces as a film. Increasing sericin content in the finishing solution increased the amount of coated sericin, and a greater depth of color in dyed samples and reduced free formaldehyde content in treated samples were observed. The sericin content in samples was found to have a negligible influence on tensile strength and crease recovery angle. With increasing sericin content, electrical resistivity of the samples dramatically decreased and water retention increased, indicating that sericin‐treated fabrics may be comfortable to wear because of its maintenance of moisture balance with respect to human skin. Because cotton textile coated with sericin exhibited low formaldehyde content and no biocidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, the fabric may reduce skin irritation and disturbance of physiological skin flora arising from textile contact. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1421–1428, 2005     

降解壳聚糖在棉织物活性染料低盐染色中的应用

采用降解壳聚糖对棉织物进行预处理,比较处理前后棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率及耐摩擦牢度,在此基础上研究低盐工艺对棉织物活性染料染色的上染率、固色率的影响。实验结果表明降解壳聚糖预处理棉织物显著改善活性染料染色性能,提高染料上染率,减少了染整加工过程中对环境造成的污染。降解壳聚糖预处理的最佳工艺条件:浸渍温度80℃、降解壳聚糖用量0.8%(owf)、浸渍时间30 min。     

Improving the UV resistance of aromatic poly(l,3,4‐oxadiazole) fiber using a disperse dye modified with octavinyl POSS. Part 1: Preparation of dye and dyeing

Modified dyes were obtained by grafting of disperse dyes with octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) using a Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction and using different ratios of POSS and the original disperse dye. The modified dyes are used to dye aromatic poly(l,3,4‐oxadiazole) (p‐POD) fiber to improve its UV resistance. Then the structure of the modified dye is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR, and the effects of the structure of the modified dye and the dyeing conditions on the UV resistance and color strength (K/S value) of the dyed samples are investigated. The results indicated that the UV adsorption peaks of the modified dye solutions are located at the specified UV wavelengths. The UV resistance of the p‐POD fiber dyed with the modified dye (1:3) can be effectively improved, and the dyed p‐POD fiber can obtain a higher K/S value simultaneously. During the dyeing process, increasing the dyeing temperature and prolonging the dyeing time are both beneficial in improving the anti‐UV ability of the dyed p‐POD fiber; these changes can effectively promote the fixation of dye molecules into p‐POD fibers due to stimulating the motion of dye molecules and p‐POD macromolecules. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44745.     

Synthesis of acid dyes containing polyetheramine moieties and their low‐temperature dyeing properties on wool fiber

To realize the low‐temperature dyeing of wool fibers, the use of auxiliaries and wool modification are common methods. Low‐temperature auxiliaries may cause water‐pollution problems, and wool modification is a costly and uncontrollable process. In this study, new acid dyes, named D1–D3, containing polyetheramine groups were synthesized and applied to wool fiber by conventional and low‐temperature exhaust dyeing procedures. The results indicate that the new acid dyes could interact with wool‐fiber‐like auxiliaries and render a high exhaustion rate to the wool fiber at a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. In comparison with Acid Blue 25, the D1–D3 dyes showed an increased dyeing rate, especially under a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. Despite the bigger relative molecular masses of D1–D3, the exhaustion rates of D1–D3 were still higher, and the times of half‐dyeing were shorter than that of Acid Blue 25. The color differences between the wool fabrics dyed with the four dyes at 80 and 98 °C, respectively, were compared. We found that the color differences of D1–D3 between 80 and 98 °C were smaller than that of Acid Blue 25. The interactions between the dyes and wool fiber were analyzed and manifested by the measurement of the ζ potential of the dyes and wool fiber. The leveling and transfer properties of the D1–D3 dyes were also investigated, and the color differences of the wool fabrics dyed with Acid Blue 25, D1, and D2 were very low at all measured pH values and temperatures. The fastnesses of D1–D3 on wool fabric were almost the same as that of Acid Blue 25. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45793.     

Carrier‐free dyeing of radiation‐grafted polyester fabrics with disperse dyes

Carrier‐free dyeing of radiation‐grafted polyester fabrics with disperse red dye was studied in the temperature range 283–363 K. 1‐vinyl 2‐pyrrolidone (NVP), acrylic acid (AA) or their mixture was used to graft poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric. The effects of pH of the dye solution, graft yield (GY), dyeing time (t), dye concentration (C), and dyeing temperature (T) on the colour difference (CD) of PET fabric were studied. The best dyeing condition was achieved at pH 5.5. CD increases linearly with the increase in GY, with slopes depending on the type of grafted copolymer. CD increased rapidly as the dyeing time increased; this was followed by a relatively slow dyeing rate within a few minutes. The initial dyeing rate (R) was found to increase with an increase in C and T. The dyeing rates for all grafted samples followed 0.35‐order kinetics and are temperature‐independent. Average activation energy 9.26 kJ mol^?1 is calculated for the dyeing process and is independent of the fabric treatment. Pre‐exponential rate constants 1976, 1839, and 1579 (CD/GY) s^?1 were calculated for dyeing PET samples grafted with AA/NVP mixture, NVP and AA, respectively, while 1074 CD s^?1 was evaluated for carrier dyeing of ungrafted fabric. Analysis of the kinetic parameters and the dyeing mechanism revealed that dyeing PET fabric was diffusion‐controlled. Grafting PET fabric improved significantly the dyeing affinity of the DR dye over ungrafted samples dyed in solutions containing a carrier. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Injection molded noil hemp fiber composites: Interfacial shear strength,fiber strength,and aspect ratio

Noil hemp fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites were fabricated using intermixer and injection molding machines. X‐ray microtomography and Weibull statistical methods were employed to characterize the aspect ratio distributions of noil hemp fibers in the polypropylene matrices. The influence of fiber content (0–40 wt%) and compatibilizer addition (5 wt%) on IFSS (interfacial shear strengths) was evaluated by means of the modified Bowyer and Bader model. The evaluated IFSSs decreased from 9.7 to 7.2 MPa as the fiber content increased from 10 to 40 wt%. Also, the outcomes indicated increases to IFSSs for the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP)‐coupled composites than uncoupled ones. They were used to predict theoretical tensile strength of the composites. A good agreement has been found between the theoretical and the experimental tensile strengths of composites indicating that the developed model has excellent capability to predict the tensile strength of noil hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Ultimately, the influences of interfacial shear strength; fiber strength and fiber aspect ratio were investigated using the developed model to predict composite tensile strengths. POLYM. COMPOS., 213–220, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Cellulose fiber networks reinforced with glutaraldehyde–chitosan complexes

In this study, glutaraldehyde–chitosan complexes (GA–chitosan) were prepared and were used as functional additives to enhance the strength properties of cellulose fiber networks. The adsorption and distribution of GA–chitosan on the surface of cellulose fiber were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The effects of glutaraldehyde dosage and GA–chitosan to fiber ratio on the strength properties, including wet‐strength, wet‐web strength, and dry strength, were investigated. GA–chitosan did not require high temperature curing and had good cross‐linking rates at room temperature. Samples treated with GA–chitosan exhibited significant improvements in their mechanical properties. Wet tensile index and wet‐web tensile index (both at 50% solids), and dry tensile index, were increased by about 1300, 190, and 115%, respectively. The GA–chitosan additive developed in this study provides a useful approach to prepare high‐performance value‐added specialty wood‐fiber based products. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42375.     

Acid‐dye‐dyeable polyacrylonitrile/ poly(N,N‐dilkylaminoethylacrylate) acrylic blend fiber

An acid‐dye‐dyeable polyacrylonitrile/poly (N,N‐dilkylaminoethylacrylate) blend fiber was prepared. On the basis of research for the dye uptake, color strength, tensile strength, and breaking elongation of the polyacrylonitrile/poly (N,N‐dilkylaminoethylacrylate) blend fiber, it was found that the blend fiber and its fabrics for acid dyes possessed favorable dyeability and mechanical properties. The effect of the polyacrylonitrile ratio on the blend fiber was examined. The optimum dyeing‐process parameters were determined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Tensile properties of a poly(vinyl chloride) composite filled with poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted to oil palm empty fruit bunches

The influence of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber and oil palm empty fruit bunches grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate) (OPEFB‐g‐PMMA) on the tensile properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated. The OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber was first prepared with the optimum conditions for the grafting reaction, which were determined in our previous study. To produce composites, the PVC resin, OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber or ungrafted OPEFB fiber, and other additives were first dry‐blended with a laboratory blender before being milled into sheets on a two‐roll mill. Test specimens were then hot‐pressed, and then the tensile properties were determined. A comparison with the composite filled with the ungrafted OPEFB fiber showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break increased, whereas Young's modulus decreased, with the incorporation of 20 phr OPEFB‐g‐PMMA fiber into the PVC matrix. The trend of the tensile properties obtained in this study was supported by functional group analysis, glass‐transition temperature measurements, and surface morphological analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effect of fiber modification with a novel compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and water absorption of hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

Hemp‐fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were prepared by compression molding. The treatment of hemp fibers with N‐methylol acrylamide (NMA) and sulfuric acid as a catalyst significantly increased tensile strength, flexural modulus of rupture and flexural modulus of elasticity, and water resistance of the resulting hemp–UPE composites. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that some NMA was covalently bonded to hemp fibers. Scanning electronic microscopy graphs of the fractured hemp–UPE composites revealed that treatment of hemp fibers with NMA greatly improved the interfacial adhesion between hemp fibers and UPE. The chemical reactions between hemp fibers and NMA as well as the mechanism of improving the interfacial adhesion were proposed and discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Dyeing kinetics of methacrylic acid grafted polyester fabric with astrazonrot violet and rhodamine red basic dyes

The low‐temperature dyeing kinetics of radiation‐grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric were studied. The effects of the graft yield (GY), dye concentration, and dyeing temperature on the color difference (CD) of methacrylic acid grafted polyester fabric were studied for astrazonrot violet (AV) and rhodamine red (RR) basic dyes. CD increased sharply with an increase in GY and tended to level off at higher degrees of grafting. The best dyeing conditions were achieved for both dyes at pH 11.5. CD of the grafted fabric increased rapidly as the dyeing time increased; this was followed by a relatively slow dyeing rate within a few minutes, which depended on the concentration and temperature of the dye bath. The initial dyeing rates and rate constants for the AV dye were higher than those for the RR dye. The dyeing process followed 0.14‐order kinetics and was independent of the dyeing temperature or the type of dye. The dyeing rates and rate constants increased with an increase in the dyeing temperature. An Arrhenius‐type plot of the natural logarithm of the dyeing rate constant versus the inverse of the absolute temperature yielded apparent activation energies of 4.9 and 13.8 kJ/mol and pre‐exponential rate constants of 9.4 and 100.6 (CD/GY)s^?1 for the AV and RR dyes, respectively. The mechanism of the dyeing process for the two dyes was diffusion‐controlled, and their dyeing rates depended on the type of basic dye. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1070–1076, 2004