PAQM: an adaptive and proactive queue management for end‐to‐end TCP congestion control

Two functions, the congestion indicator (i.e. how to detect congestion) and the congestion control function (i.e. how to avoid and control congestion), are used at a router to support end‐to‐end congestion control in the Internet. Random early detection (RED) (IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 1993; 1 (4):397–413) enhanced the two functions by introducing queue length averaging and probabilistic early packet dropping. In particular, RED uses an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) queue length not only to detect incipient congestion but also to smooth the bursty incoming traffic and its resulting transient congestion. Following RED, many active queue management (AQM)‐based extensions have been proposed. However, many AQM proposals have shown severe problems with detection and control of the incipient congestion adaptively to the dynamically changing network situations. In this paper, we introduce and analyse a feedback control model of TCP/AQM dynamics. Then, we propose the Pro‐active Queue Management (PAQM) mechanism, which is able to provide proactive congestion avoidance and control using an adaptive congestion indicator and a control function under a wide range of traffic environments. The PAQM stabilizes the queue length around the desired level while giving smooth and low packet loss rates and high network resource utilization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种加强的主动队列管理算法--EBLUE

作为一种典型的主动队列管理算法,BLUE明显不同于其它方法,它使用丢包和连接空闲事件来控制拥塞。试验表明BLUE的丢包率明显小于RED,但是其参数设置仍然存在一些不足之处。本文在BLUE算法的基础之上,通过引进自适应的思想对其进行了改进,提出了一种加强的BLUE队列算法——EBLUE。大量的仿真实验表明本文的改进算法能够进一步提高BLUE的性能。     

基于反步滑模控制的TCP网络的主动队列管理

针对TCP网络的拥塞问题,考虑到网络本身存在参数不确定因素和非响应流的干扰,基于反步滑模控制提出了一种主动队列管理算法。在总的不确定的界已知而且不必很小的情况下,设计了一种反步滑模控制器来补偿系统不确定所带来的影响。仿真结果表明,该方法对TCP网络的复杂变化具有较好的鲁棒性和较快的系统响应。     

基于非线性干扰观测器的主动队列管理

针对主动队列管理系统存在UDP流干扰的拥塞问题,本文基于非线性干扰观测器提出了一种主动队列管理算法。采用非线性干扰观测器对UDP流干扰进行估计,从而减小了主动队列管理系统的干扰。然后利用设计的非线性干扰观测器,使用反步滑模方法设计了一种主动队列管理算法。由于观测误差的界未知,设计了一种自适应律来避免必须事先知道观测误差的界。仿真结果表明,该算法对UDP流干扰具有较强的鲁棒性,能使队列长度较好地稳定在期望的队列长度附近。     

预测控制主动队列管理算法的设计与分析

针对Intemet时滞网络系统,提出了基于模型预测控制的主动队列管理算法MPAQM.首先考虑时滞系统的因果性来定义预测输出,然后根据拥塞控制的要求描述优化问题,求得路由器缓冲区的分组丢失率;另外分析给出保证闭环时滞系统稳定的充分条件,为算法的参数调节提供理论指导,使得队列能快速、稳定地到达期望值.在单瓶颈和多瓶颈网络拓...     

Using TCP rate control for queue input‐output rate matching

In explicit TCP rate control, the receiver's advertised window size in acknowledgment (ACK) packets can be modified by intermediate network elements to reflect network congestion conditions. The TCP receiver's advertised window (i.e. the receive buffer of a TCP connection) limits the maximum window and consequently the throughput that can be achieved by the sender. Appropriate reduction of the advertised window can control the number of packets allowed to be sent from a TCP source. This paper evaluates the performance of a TCP rate control scheme in which the receiver's advertised window size in ACK packets are modified in a network node in order to match the generated load to the assigned bandwidth in the node. Using simulation and performance metrics such as the packet loss rates and the cumulative number of TCP timeouts, we examine the service improvement provided by the TCP rate control scheme to the users. The modified advertised windows computed in the network elements and the link utilization are also examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非线性控制方法的AQM算法

首先利用非线性控制方法中的积分反步法设计了一种AQM算法,接着使用非线性控制方法中的模糊滑模变结构控制方法进行AQM算法的设计.仿真结果表明,与积分反步法相比,基于模糊滑模变结构控制的AQM算法性能上优于基于积分反步法的AQM算法.与基于线性控制方法的PID控制方法相比,基于积分反步法的AQM算法性能上优于基于PID控制的AQM算法.     

Relative loss rate differentiation: performance of short‐lived TCP flows

The relative differentiated service model provides assurances for the relative quality ordering between service classes, rather than for the actual service level in each class. In this paper, we describe a relative loss rate differentiation scheme where packet drop probabilities are determined according to an active queue management (AQM) mechanism based on random early detection (RED) in a first‐in first‐out (FIFO) queue, are weighted in inverse proportion to the price that the network operator assigns to each service class. Basically, we describe a scheme where relative loss rate differentiation is incorporated directly into AQM. Most TCP flows today, particularly Web flows, can be characterized as short‐lived flows. Using simulations with short‐lived TCP flows, we show that the scheme is very effective in ensuring relative loss rate differentiation between service classes during times of network congestion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TCP/IP网络的动态模型描述

拥塞现象成为TCP/IP网络发展面临的一个重要问题。因此，拥塞控制对TCP/IP网络的鲁棒性和稳定性具有重要作用。目前，网络拥塞控制策略主要包括两类：端到端的控制机制，如TCP拥塞控制算法；网络内部的主动队列管理(AQM)策略。但由于缺乏对网络系统动态特性的了解，这些拥塞控制策略大都基于专家经验，并没有建立完整的理论分析框架。为此，本文从数据流的角度出发，通过建立网络基本单元状态方程模型来实现IP网络系统的数学解析模型，然后用混杂系统来描述TCP带有拥塞控制策略的数据传输过程，建立了TCP/IP网络的动态模型，为网络系统中动态性能的分析、拥塞控制策略的设计奠定了基础。实验结果表明，该数学模型与NS仿真实验的结果相一致。     

Proxy‐RED: an AQM scheme for wireless local area networks

Wireless access points (APs) act as bridges between wired and wireless networks. Since the actually available bandwidth in wireless networks is much smaller than the bandwidth in wired networks, there is a disparity in channel capacity which makes the access point a significant network congestion point in the downstream direction. A current architectural trend in wireless local area networks (WLAN) is to move functionality from APs to a centralized gateway in order to reduce cost and improve features. In this paper, we study the use of RED, a well known active queue management (AQM) scheme, and explicit congestion notification (ECN) to handle bandwidth disparity between the wired and the wireless interface of an access point. Then, we propose the Proxy‐RED scheme, as a solution for reducing the AQM overhead from the access point. Simulations‐based performance analysis indicates that the proposed Proxy‐RED scheme improves the overall performance of a network. In particular, the Proxy‐RED scheme significantly reduces packet loss rate and improves goodput for a small buffer, and minimizes delay for a large buffer size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A compensated PID active queue management controller using an improved queue dynamic model

Beside the major objective of providing congestion control, achieving predictable queuing delay, maximizing link utilization, and robustness are the main objectives of an active queue management (AQM) controller. This paper proposes an improved queue dynamic model while incorporating the packet drop probability as well. By applying the improved model, a new compensated PID AQM controller is developed for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. The non‐minimum phase characteristic caused by Padé approximation of the network delay restricts the direct application of control methods because of the unstable internal dynamics. In this paper, a parameter‐varying dynamic compensator, which operates on tracking error and internal dynamics, is proposed to not only capture the unstable internal dynamics but also reduce the effect of uncertainties by unresponsive flows. The proposed dynamic compensator is then used to design a PID AQM controller whose gains are obtained directly from the state‐space representation of the system with no further gain tuning requirements. The packet‐level simulations using network simulator (ns2) show the outperformance of the developed controller for both queuing delay stability and resource utilization. The improved underlying model leads also to the faster response of the controller. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主动队列管理算法的分类器实现

作为端到端拥塞控制的增强机制,主动队列管理(AQM)通过在网络中间节点有目的地丢弃分组来维持较小的队列长度和较高的链路利用率.已有的大多数主动队列管理算法沿用了随机早期探测(RED)算法首创的概率丢弃机制.本质上,判决是否丢弃分组的过程是一个依赖于网络拥塞状态的决策过程,因此,概率决策不应该是唯一的方法.在本文的研究中,我们首先归纳了理想AQM算法所应具备的品质,然后应用模式识别中分类器的设计思想提出了一种新颖简洁的主动队列管理策略实现框架,并基于Fisher线性判别方法为AQM设计了一个两维两类分类器(TCC).仿真试验表明TCC有效、敏捷、鲁棒,扩展性好,同时实现简单,计算开销小,有利于高速路由器的性能优化.     

一种基于动态阈值的主动队列管理算法

针对BLUE算法缺少早期拥塞检测机制,导致队列溢出或空闲现象频繁发生的问题,通过引进基于动态阈值算法的控制机制,借鉴RED算法所采用的早期拥塞检测机制,提出了DT-BLUE算法。仿真实验表明本文算法能保持队列长度的稳定性,有效降低队列空闲或溢出现象的发生,提高链路的利用率。     

一种基于速率和队列长度的主动队列管理机制

本文研究了拥塞产生的原因及其表现形式,提出了一种基于报文到达速率和队列长度的随机早丢弃算法(RQ).根据拥塞的严重程度和变化趋势将拥塞划分为六个级别,每个级别采用合适的丢弃概率,从而将队列控制在理想工作点附近.利用经典控制理论,分析了系统的稳定性,给出了参数配置的原则.最后,用NS网络仿真器对算法性能进行了验证.     

TFRC friendliness and the case of ECN

The TFRC protocol has been proposed as a TCP‐friendly protocol to transport streaming media over the Internet. However, its deployment is still questionable because it has not been compared to other important protocols, analysed in the presence of important mechanisms, such as the explicit congestion notification (ECN), and studied under more realistic network conditions. In this paper, we address these three aspects, including other congestion control protocols not considered before in the same investigation, such as TCP Tahoe, Reno, Newreno, Vegas, Sack, GAIMD, and the Binomial algorithms, the effect of using ECN in the friendliness of the protocols, and the fairness of the protocols under static and dynamic network conditions. We found that TFRC can be safely deployed in the Internet if competing with TCP Tahoe, New Reno and SACK since fairness is achieved under all scenarios considered. We also found that ECN actually helps in achieving better fairness. However, fairness problems arise when TFRC competes with TCP Reno, GAIMD, SQRT or IIAD in static or dynamic conditions, or both. We used normalized throughput, fairness index, and convergence time as the main performance metrics for comparison. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DRED: a random early detection algorithm for TCP/IP networks

It is now widely accepted that a RED [2] controlled queue certainly performs better than a drop‐tail queue. But an inherent weakness of RED is that its equilibrium queue length cannot be maintained at a preset value independent of the number of TCP active connections. In addition, RED's optimal parameter setting is largely correlated with the number of connections, the round‐trip time, the buffer space, etc. In light of these observations, we propose DRED, a novel algorithm which uses the basic ideas of feedback control to randomly discard packets with a load‐dependent probability when a buffer in a router gets congested. Over a wide range of load levels, DRED is able to stabilize a router queue occupancy at a level independent of the number of active TCP connections. The benefits of stabilized queues in a network are high resources utilization, predictable maximum delays, more certain buffer provisioning, and traffic‐load‐independent network performance in terms of traffic intensity and number of connections. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A resilient buffer allocation scheme in active queue management: a stochastic cooperative game theoretic approach

During the last decade, a plentiful number of active queue management schemes have been proposed, but their main objectives are simply allocating the buffer resource to all flows evenly, or protecting responsive flows from being degraded by unresponsive flows. However, the sending rates of the responsive flows can be determined diversely, and not all unresponsive flows have aggressively high sending rates. Furthermore, it is rational to reserve a portion of the buffer resource for certain privileged traffic. Grounded by these evidences, in this paper, we present a resilient active queue management algorithm, named Prior‐Core‐based Buffer Allocation considering diverse congestion control algorithms, fair‐unresponsive flows, and some privileged traffic. Our approach is based on stochastic cooperative game theory, where the payoffs yielded by cooperation are described by random variables, and the core is defined only over the distribution of these random payoffs; the core in this situation is called the prior‐core. As a result, it is shown that our buffer allocation, yielded by the prior‐core, achieves completely fair allocation for those flows whose requirement does not exceed the fair‐share regardless of the responsiveness, whereas aggressive flows are restricted according to availability of the buffer; all these are verified through ns‐2 simulation experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种改进的CSFQ算法的设计与仿真

针对CSFQ算法存在的对TCP流的抑制及缓存策略等问题,提出采用ARED作为缓存管理的CSFQ改进算法A-CSFQ,并在多瓶颈链路下对其性能进行仿真。仿真结果表明,改进算法在保持CSFQ其他优点的基础上,显著减弱了对TCP流的抑制作用,提高了其对TCP流的公平性。     

Active queue management algorithm focusing on fairness and low delay

The popularity of delay sensitive applications and high throughput applications in the Internet made the caches of routers and switches larger,resulting in the high latency and high jitter rate of network traffic.With the growth of mobile applications based on the high bandwidth non-response flows,the network bottleneck resource utilization becomes more unbalanced,and the resources distribution of the whole network was difficult to be guaranteed.In order to alleviate these problems,considering the delay control and suppression of high bandwidth non-response flow,an active queue management algorithm focusing on fairness and low delay named FLDA was proposed based on Sample-Match,L-LRU cache and probabilistic packets dropping.Experimental results show that under the interference with high bandwidth non-responsive flows,FLDA can better maintain the queue stability,the fairness of resource utilization of the bottleneck link and the low delay.     

Improving MANET performance by a hop‐aware and energy‐based buffer management scheme

A hop‐aware and energy‐based buffer management scheme (HEB) is proposed in this paper. HEB can provide better quality of service to packets with real‐time requirements and improve MANET power efficiency. In our algorithm, the buffer is divided into real‐time and non‐real‐time partitions. We consider the number of hops passed, the power levels of the transmitting node, the predicted number of remaining hops, and waiting time in the buffer to determine packet transmission priority. In addition, specialized queue management and a probabilistic scheduling algorithm are proposed to decrease retransmissions caused by packet losses. Mathematical derivations of loss rates and end‐to‐end delays are also proposed. Coincidence between mathematical and simulation results is also shown. Finally, the HEB is compared with first in first out, random early detection, and hop‐aware buffering scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces loss rates, power consumption, and end‐to‐end delays for real‐time traffic, considerably improving the efficiency of queue management in MANET. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.