The affective feelings of colored typefaces

This study aims to explore the relation of affective feelings to typefaces and colors. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment used 74 typefaces to investigate the affective feelings of typefaces. The second experiment used 72‐colored typefaces to investigate the influence of both colors and typefaces on affective feelings. The results showed the affective feelings for typefaces can be described by appearance and evaluation factors. The characteristic of serif and the print/handwriting look were found to be the criteria classifying the typefaces. Furthermore, the regression models for eight affective feelings were developed. These models showed that the typefaces were more influential than colors on the feelings of “complex–simple,” “beautiful–ugly,” “luxury–plain,” “active–passive,” “causal–regular,” and “like–dislike.” In comparison with typeface, color was more influential on “friendly–serious” and “soft–hard” feelings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012     

Comparing two‐step and one‐step chromatic adaptation transforms using the CAT16 model

Color‐appearance models, CIECAM02 and CAM16, usually include two one‐step chromatic adaptation transforms: a forward (one‐step) transform to convert data from a first illuminant to CIE illuminant E, plus a reverse (one‐step) transform to convert the results from CIE illuminant E to a second illuminant. In practice, however, one‐step chromatic adaptation models, that avoid the use of the intermediate CIE illuminant E, are also employed. Tests using the one‐step CAT16 model indicate failures of both the symmetry and transitivity properties, except in the case where the degree of adaptation D is equal to unity. The magnitude of these failures depends on the specific illuminants selected, and increases as the degree of adaptation decreases. From four possible two‐step CAT16 models, we have identified two that obey the symmetry and transitivity properties, one with slightly better predictions of the experimental corresponding‐color datasets available in the literature, and more consistent with the one‐step CAT16 model. The findings of this article confirm that, for incomplete adaptation, the use of the one‐step CAT is incorrect, and we propose that the use of a two‐step CAT16 model be mandatory for future applications.     

Controlling three‐dimensional ice template via two‐dimensional surface wetting

Directional freezing (DF) is a fast, scalable, and environmental friendly technique for fabricating monoliths with long‐range oriented pores, which can be applied toward a wide variety of materials. However, the pore size is typically larger than 20 μm and cannot be spatially controlled, which prevent the technique from being used more widely. In this work, effect of wettability of the freezing substrate on the pore size of monolithic polyethylene glycol cryogels is studied. Smaller pores can be generated via more hydrophilic substrates, and tubular pores smaller 5 μm can be created using a poly(vinyl alcohol) coated copper substrate. A numerical fitting between water contact angle of the substrates and pore size is then obtained. Moreover, pore size can be locally varied duplicating wetting patterns of the substrates. The concept of using two dimensional patterns to build monoliths with three dimensional microstructures can probably be extended to other material systems. DF is an effecient and scalable processing method for fabricating materials with long‐range oriented pores. However, the smallest pore feature size reported is around 20 µm, which is in many cases too large for application such as separation and catalysis. We show here, with exemplary cryogels, that both spatial control and feature size reduction (by one order of magnitude) can be realized in DF by controlling the wettability of the ice growth substrate. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4186–4192, 2016     

Testing CIELAB‐based color‐difference formulas

The CMC, BFD, and CIE94 color‐difference formulas have been compared throughout their weighting functions to the CIELAB components ΔL*, ΔC*, ΔH*, and from their performance with respect to several wide datasets from old and recent literature. Predicting the magnitude of perceived color differences, a statistically significant improvement upon CIELAB should be recognized for these three formulas, in particular for CIE94. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 49–55, 2000     

Assessing the application of an image color appearance model to basic self‐luminous scenes

Image color appearance models (Image CAMs) have been developed to predict the perception of complex scenes and are mainly used for image rendering and video reproduction applications. Among these Image CAMs, iCAM is an Image CAM that takes an image as the input and provides the perceptual attributes for each pixel. On the other hand, nonimaging CAMs are widely used and validated, but they always assume a simple test scene of a uniform flat stimulus, a quasi‐neutral background, and a surround. This study presents an evaluation of the performance of iCAM when applied to these simple self‐luminous scenes in predicting the influence of background luminance, background size, saturation, and stimulus size on stimulus brightness. The results show that iCAM is capable of predicting the effect of background luminance and some background size scenarios. However, for unrelated self‐luminous stimuli (dark background), the model predictions do not match the reference data. An evaluation of the effect of the filter kernel size and its relation to the physiological mechanism of image processing inside the visual system has been investigated. Furthermore, the impact of saturation and stimulus size on brightness seems to be underestimated by the model, because the Helmholtz‐Kohlrausch and stimulus size effects are not included. Hence, these findings call for an enhanced Image CAM.     

Prediction of Munsell appearance scales using various color‐appearance models

The chromaticities of the Munsell Renotation Dataset were applied to eight color‐appearance models. Models used were: CIELAB, Hunt, Nayatani, RLAB, LLAB, CIECAM97s, ZLAB, and IPT. Models were used to predict three appearance correlates of lightness, chroma, and hue. Model output of these appearance correlates were evaluated for their uniformity, in light of the constant perceptual nature of the Munsell Renotation data. Some background is provided on the experimental derivation of the Renotation Data, including the specific tasks performed by observers to evaluate a sample hue leaf for chroma uniformity. No particular model excelled at all metrics. In general, as might be expected, models derived from the Munsell System performed well. However, this was not universally the case, and some results, such as hue spacing and linearity, show interesting similarities between all models regardless of their derivation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 132–144, 2000     

Measuring linear density of threads in single‐system‐mélange color fabrics with FCM algorithm

According to the color yarns in the fabric, the fabrics can be divided into three categories: solid color fabrics, single‐system‐mélange color fabrics, and double‐system‐mélange color fabrics. The density of solid fabrics can be inspected with gray‐projection method or Fourier analysis method. But the methods cannot be applied to yarn‐dyed fabrics directly. A method for detecting the density of single‐system‐mélange color fabrics will be discussed in this article. By analyzing the pattern and color characters of single‐system‐mélange color fabrics, fuzzy C‐means algorithm is proposed to classify the colors in the fabric image based on CIELAB color space first. With the color segmentation results, the fabric can be divided into different blocks. The yarns can be located in different blocks with different average gray‐levels, and then the number of yarns can be counted in each block. The linear density of threads can be obtained by counting the yarns in a unit length finally. The experiment proved that the algorithm proposed in this study can inspect the density of single‐system‐mélange color fabric successfully. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 456–462, 2013     

Model for the outer cavity of a dual‐cavity die with parameters determined by two‐dimensional finite‐element analysis

A coating die forms liquid layers of uniform thickness for application to a substrate. In a dual‐cavity coating die an outer cavity and slot improves flow distribution from an inner cavity and slot. A model for axial flow in the outer cavity must consider the ever‐present cross flow. A 1‐D equation for the pressure gradient for a power‐law liquid is obtained as a small departure from a uniform flow distribution and no axial flow. The equation contains a shape factor dependent on cavity shape, Reynolds number, and power‐law index. The shape factor for five triangular cavity shapes is obtained by finite‐element analysis and correlated for application to die design up to the onset of flow recirculation which arises at the junction of the cavity and outer slot. The performance of the combined cavity and slot is considered and the most effective design determined. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 708–716, 2018     

A cross‐cultural colour‐naming study. Part III—A colour‐naming model

A colour‐naming model was developed to categorize volumes for each of the 11 basic names in CIELAB colour space. This was tested with three different sets of data for two languages (English and Mandarin), derived from extensive colour categorization experiments. The performance of the model in predicting colour names was satisfactory, with an average prediction error of 8.3%. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 270–277, 2001     

Munsell reflectance spectra represented in three‐dimensional Euclidean space

In this article we describe the results of an investigation into the extent to which the reflectance spectra of 1269 matt Munsell color chips are well represented in low dimensional Euclidean space. We find that a three dimensional Euclidean representation accounts for most of the variation in the Euclidean distances among the 1269 Munsell color spectra. We interpret the three dimensional Euclidean representation of the spectral data in terms of the Munsell color space. In addition, we analyzed a data set with a large number of natural objects and found that the spectral profiles required four basis factors for adequate representation in Euclidean space. We conclude that four basis factors are required in general but that in special cases, like the Munsell system, three basis factors are adequate for precise characterization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 182–196, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10144     

Identification and characterization of three‐dimensional turbulent flow structures

Many phenomena in chemical processes for example fast mixing, coalescence and break‐up of bubbles and drops are not correctly described using average turbulence properties as the outcome is governed by the interaction with individual vortices. In this study, an efficient vortex‐tracking algorithm has been developed to identify thousands of vortices and quantify properties of the individual vortices. The traditional algorithms identifying vortex‐cores only capture a fraction of the total turbulent kinetic energy, which is often not sufficient for modeling of coalescence and break‐up phenomena. In the present algorithm, turbulent vortex‐cores are identified using normalized Q‐criterion, and allowed to grow using morphological methods. The growth is constrained by estimating the influence from all neighboring vortices using the Biot‐Sawart law. This new algorithm allows 82% of the total turbulent kinetic to be captured, at the same time the individual vortices can be tracked in time. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1265–1277, 2016     

Diffuse reflectance‐factor measurements of rose petals

The diffuse reflectance factor for different colored rose petals is measured as a function of wavelength using a high resolution optical spectrometer. The tristimulus values, the CIE chromaticity coordinates, the dominant wavelength and purity, the CIE whiteness index, the tint index, the CIE 1976 LAB coordinates, as well as CIELAB hue‐angle and chroma are reported. The data on diffuse reflectance factor are presented in the 390?800 nm range at intervals of 10 nm. Using the data, one can generate the perceived color of the roses and the color coordinates in different illuminating light sources and environments. The present data will be useful for the color characterization of flowers, realistic rendering of flowers in computer graphics, color photography, and in the development of filters for color photography. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011     

New two‐phase and three‐phase Rachford‐Rice algorithms based on free‐water assumption

Based on the free‐water assumption that the water‐rich liquid phase contains only pure water, we develop two simple free‐water Rachford‐Rice methods: 1) a two‐phase free‐water Rachford‐Rice method where the phase fractions can be analytically solved; and 2) a three‐phase free‐water Rachford‐Rice method where there is only one unknown in the objective function (i.e. the vapour‐phase fraction) that is used for solving the phase fractions. Combining these two Rachford‐Rice methods, a new free‐water flash algorithm is developed to perform multiphase flash calculations where single‐phase equilibria, two‐phase equilibria, and three‐phase vapour‐liquid‐aqueous equilibria can be considered. In this free‐water flash algorithm, we first test if the mixture is stable; if the mixture is found to be unstable, we directly initiate the three‐phase free‐water flash. A set of criteria is developed for one to properly switch from a three‐phase free‐water flash to either a two‐phase free‐water flash or a conventional two‐phase flash, depending on whether a water‐rich phase is present in the two‐phase equilibrium. We also develop efficient and robust methods for initializing the equilibrium ratios for the two‐phase flashes. The negative flash is allowed in the flash calculation algorithms. A number of example calculations are carried out to demonstrate the robustness of the newly developed algorithm. A good agreement can be achieved between the flash results obtained by the new flash algorithm and those obtained by the conventional full three‐phase flash algorithm.     

Color vision assessment‐3. An efficient,two‐step,color assessment protocol

Color vision tests and multi‐test protocols in current use often fail to detect small changes in red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) color vision due to poor sensitivity. The tests also have low specificity. In this study, we examine how improved understanding of within‐ and inter‐subject variability in RG and YB color vision and accurate assessment of the differences in color thresholds between the least‐sensitive, age‐matched normal trichromats, and the least‐affected deutans and protans can be used to design an efficient color vision screener (CVS) test. To achieve this objective, we examined two extensive data sets from earlier studies and carried out new experiments to provide better estimates of within‐subject variability in color thresholds and to validate the CVS test. The data sets provide essential information on inter‐subject variability, the effects of normal aging on RG and YB thresholds, and the spread in RG color thresholds in deutan and protan subjects. A statistical model was developed to optimize the parameters of the CVS test and to predict the limits of what can be achieved in color assessment. The efficiency and repeatability of the CVS test were then assessed in 84 subjects. The results match model predictions and reveal close to 100% test efficiency. The test takes between 140 and 160 seconds to complete and has close to 100% repeatability. An efficient, “two‐step” protocol based on the initial use of the CVS test followed by full color assessment in only those who fail the CVS test is also described.     

Three‐dimensional color prediction modeling of single‐ and double‐layered woven fabrics

In this research, the three‐dimensional structural and colorimetric modeling of three‐dimensional woven fabrics was conducted for accurate color predictions. One‐hundred forty single‐ and double‐layered woven samples in a wide range of colors were produced. With the consideration of their three‐dimensional structural parameters, three‐dimensional color prediction models, K/S‐, R‐, and L*a*b*‐based models, were developed through the optimization of previous two‐dimensional models which have been reported to be the three most accurate models for single‐layered woven structures. The accuracy of the new three‐dimensional models was evaluated by calculating the color differences ΔL*, ΔC*, Δh°, and ΔE_CMC(2:1) between the measured and the predicted colors of the samples, and then the error values were compared to those of the two‐dimensional models. As a result, there has been an overall improvement in color predictions of all models with a decrease in ΔE_CMC(2:1) from 10.30 to 5.25 units on average after the three‐dimensional modeling.     

Fluidization regimes in two‐ and three‐phase fluidized beds: Comparison between measurement techniques

Fluidization regimes were studied in liquid‐solid and gas‐Liquid‐solid fluidized beds. The liquid velocities at which regime transitions occur in liquid‐solid and gas‐liquid‐solid systems were obtained for monosize and multicomponent systems. Minimum fluidization, complete fluidization and complete mixing velocities of particles were obtained from pressure drop measurements, a collision technique or a conductivity method. The collision technique provided accurate complete fluidization and complete mixing velocities by measuring directly the particle motion. The conductivity technique, which is easier to implement, gave similar but less accurate results.     

A methodology for predicting the color trend to get a three‐colored combination

A color design/selection system for predicting the color trend based on aesthetic measures is proposed in this article. In this method, the analytic hierarchy process theory was used to evaluate the weights for four major consumption style factors in human environment, including Economy, Education, Culture, and Technology. Then 10 product imageries were selected by using the questionnaire, and mapped the images and the factors with the weighted results and clustered both variables with the corresponding ranks. During the implementation procedure, 111 colors samples covering the entire domain of the PCCS (Practical Color Co‐ordinate System) color system were taken, and the aesthetic measure for three‐colored harmony based on aesthetic measure theory was calculated. Then 200 tri‐colored combinations were divided into 10 clusters by using fuzzy clustering. The three‐colored products were then mapped into each cluster with the calculated grand average and Standard Deviation of the imagery values obtained for the three‐colored products. According to the above implementation logic, the relationship among the consumption style factors, the images, as well as the tri‐colored cars can be obtained, and then used to construct a color trend based on market requirement. With the aid of this system, one can get a three‐colored car to match his/her requirement. Although the selection of three‐colored car is taken as an example to specify the methodology, it can also be used to develop a system for other products. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 102–114, 2017     

Sequencing of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/glycidyl methacrylate copolymers by one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Copolymers of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (V) and glycidyl methacrylate (G) monomers of different compositions were prepared by free‐radical solution polymerization. The copolymer composition of these copolymers was determined with ¹H‐NMR spectra. The reactivity ratios calculated from the Kelen–Tudos and nonlinear least‐square error‐in‐variable methods were r_V = 0.03 ± 0.01 and r_G = 5.05 ± 0.84 and r_V = 0.02 and r_G = 4.72, respectively. The triad sequence distribution in terms of V and G centered triads was determined from ¹³C{¹H}‐NMR spectroscopy. The complete spectral assignment of ¹³C{¹H}‐ and ¹H‐NMR spectra was performed with the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer and two‐dimensional ¹³C–¹H heteronuclear single quantum coherence. The ¹H–¹H couplings were explained with total correlation spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy spectra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 50–60, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10186     

Predictions of Munsell values with the same perceived lightness at any specified chroma irrespective of hues—Determination of any tonal colors

Simple formulas are proposed for predicting the Munsell value of colors with the same tone (the same values for whiteness‐blackness, perceived lightness, and chroma irrespective of hue). The formulas can be used for any tone. In other words, the method can determine the Munsell value with the same perceived lightness at any specified chroma irrespective of hue. The chromatic strength (CS) function is only used for the derivations. The formulas are very simple, and can be used not only in the colorimetry but also in the color design field. The concept described in this study is that a common CS function can be used for transforming each of the three color attributes (hue, lightness, and chroma) from their uniform color space metric to their corresponding color appearance space attribute. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011     

Assessing the color of red wine like a taster's eye

Color of 33 commercial red wines and five‐color reference wines was measured in the same conditions in which visual color assessment is done by wine tasters. Measurements were performed in the two distinctive regions, center and rim, which are the regions assessed by wine tasters when the wine sampler is tilted. Commercial wines were classified into five color categories using the color specifications in their taste cards. The five color categories describe the spread of red hues found in red wines from the violet to brown nuances. The performance of CIELAB color coordinates in terms of their ability to reproduce the observed classification has been established using discriminant analysis. The CIELAB hue angle, h_ab, measured in the rim, where wine thickness is of the order of few millimeters, gives the best results classifying correctly 71.1% of the samples. Classification results are not significantly improved when additional color coordinates are considered. Moreover, ΔE* color differences with color reference wines do not provide good classification results. The analysis of reference and commercial wines supports the fact that hue is the main factor in the classification done by wine tasters. This is reinforced by the linear correlation found between h_ab in the rim and the wine age (R² = 0.795) in accordance with the fact that wines change their hues from violet to brown tints with ageing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 153–162, 2009