A study of autonomous reactive power control method for distributed power generators to maintain power quality of the grid

Distributed power generators, such as cogenerators and renewable energy systems, have continued to advance and their penetration capacity is increasing. However, they may cause power quality problems in voltage regulation because of the reverse power flow. At present, when the distribution line voltage exceeds the limit value, distributed generators control reactive power to reduce the voltage, and if the reactive power output is not enough, they reduce the active power output. Therefore, an imbalance of active power output between distributed generators may occur because the voltage of generators varies by location and generators at lower voltage locations do not control the reactive power. A power control method for distributed generators needs to be established to solve these problems. In this study, an autonomous reactive power control method of sharing reactive power between distributed generators is proposed. The availability of this method is discussed experimentally and its applicability area is considered analytically by use of a model distribution system. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Extended flow algorithm for online reconfiguration of large‐scale distribution system with interconnected distributed generators

The interconnection of distributed generators (DGs) in a power system increases the difficulty of managing the system. The minimization of the voltage deviation by network reconfiguration is an important requirement for dealing with the issue. We had previously developed a reconfiguration technique, named the intelligent flow algorithm (IFA), for determining the optimum or suboptimum network configuration within a short computation time. In the present paper, we propose an extension of IFA, named the extended flow algorithm (EFA), for more effective determination of the optimal network configuration of a distribution system containing massive installations of DGs. EFA is a two‐stage method in which the configuration that produces uniform power supply, referred to as the balanced configuration, is first generated, and then used to seek the optimal configuration using an improved branch exchange approach. Accordingly, EFA is more simplified to improve its computation speed on large‐scale systems. The algorithm was tested by case studies of different test distribution systems in the MATLAB environment, and was confirmed to have high performance to cope with DG installations and large‐scale systems. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Evaluation of cost and reliability of power systems with large numbers of distributed generators

The authors have proposed the Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent ENergy Delivery System (called “FRIENDS”), which is a new concept for future power distribution systems. Also, a “micro grid” which is a similar concept to FRIENDS has been developed. In a micro grid, an independent distribution system can be constituted by a number of distributed generators. In this paper, FRIENDS, Micro grid, and conventional distribution systems are compared quantitatively in supply reliability and system cost through time sequential Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, for cost evaluation, interruption costs are included to show risk incurred by unsupplied energy. Finally, the authors search for preferable form with install and operation of distributed generators and network composition according to social cost including interruption cost and system cost. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 28–37, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20659     

A maximum power point tracking control method suitable for compact wind power generators with the passive self‐pitch‐controlled blade structure

This paper describes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method for propeller‐type compact wind power generators with passive self‐pitch‐controlled blades, which quickly makes the output current and voltage converge on the maximum power point based on wind speeds detected from an anemometer. The voltage and current output from these wind power generators vary with wind speeds at locations such as the roofs of buildings. Transient characteristics of the voltage output from compact wind power generators have two modes because of the self‐pitch‐controlled blades: mode I in which the output voltage hardly increases and mode II in which it rapidly increases. Thus, in order to acquire the generated power effectively, irrespective of how the wind speeds may change, a method to perform the MPPT control while searching for mode II is needed. Thus, by judging the mode from the change of the sign of the time differential of the voltage deviation between sampling times, the MPPT control method proposed here makes the output current converge on the maximum point using relationships between the maximum power and optimal current which give the maximum power and the wind speed. Effectiveness of the proposed MPPT control method is verified through simulations and experiments using a wind tunnel. IEEJ Trans 2010 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20609     

一种求解交直流互联电网分布式最优潮流的同步ADMM方法

对于具有多个调度中心的大规模多区域交直流互联电网,对最优潮流计算进行分布式求解更符合信息的保密性和安全性需求。通过将联络线复制同时放到相邻分区中和引入边界变量一致性约束的方法建立交直流互联电网分布式最优潮流模型,并提出了一种完全分布式的不需要任何协调中心的同步交替方向乘子法(Synchronous Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,SADMM)求解最优潮流模型。对于交直流系统直流部分的网络分区,提出将换流站保留在各自区域中只将中间直流线路复制的直流联络线处理方法。SADMM通过对高斯赛德尔型ADMM(GS-ADMM)进行改进,将当前迭代得到的相邻区域边界节点电压值的加权平均作为下一次迭代的固定参考值,实现不同区域间的并行同步计算。并根据优化问题的特点,确定算法中惩罚因子的合理取值,以加快算法的收敛性。以某一实际大规模交直流互联电网和两个修改的IEEE交直流系统为例,通过与集中式最优潮流计算比较,验证了所提算法的正确有效性。     

Hierarchical decentralized autonomous control in super‐distributed energy systems

This paper deals with a decentralized autonomous control strategy of a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure in order to reduce the complexity of control. In this paper, distribution systems are assumed to be composed of multiple small‐scale power systems in which many customers with dispersed generators exist. A small‐scale power system can be considered as a unit with a generator state and a load state, or as a customer with dispersed generators. Control components of small‐scale power systems are interconnected with each other and are used to operate distribution systems. An expanded decentralized autonomous control method for a super‐distributed energy system with a hierarchical structure is proposed on the basis of the Hopfield neural network. It is demonstrated that super‐distributed energy systems with a hierarchical structure can be controlled autonomously by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of output power fluctuation on short‐circuit current of induction‐type wind power generators

Effects of the fluctuation inherent in wind speed are studied by a probabilistic method. The random variation in wind speed is responsible for random behavior in output power and internal voltage of a wind power generator. In case of fault occurrence at the instant of high internal voltage, the resultant short‐circuit current will be big, and vice versa. The DC component is also affected. According to the study, 2.4% and 1.3% increase of short‐circuit current in AC and DC components are observed respectively in a large variation case. This implies that the wind speed variation should be considered for accurate short‐circuit study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 27–36, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20721     

A DC/DC converter topology for renewable energy systems

This paper presents a DC/DC converter topology for renewable energy systems. The proposed DC/DC converter can be used to obtain a well‐regulated output voltage from low‐voltage power source, such as wind turbine, photovoltaic array, fuel cell, etc. It has the merits of high efficiency, low device stresses, and low current ripple. The operating principle, theoretical analysis, and design criteria are provided in this paper. A laboratory prototype was successfully implemented. The simulation and experimental results are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Basic concept and decentralized autonomous control of super‐distributed energy systems

New small‐scale dispersed generation systems, such as fuel cells and micro gas turbines, have made remarkable advances lately and they will be applied practically in the near future. Although a large number of researches on the introduction of small‐scale dispersed generation systems have been carried out, only a small number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are considered in these researches. Therefore, little is known about problems to be solved when a large number of small‐scale dispersed generation systems are introduced into electric power systems. This paper deals with a super‐distributed energy system that consists of a great number of dispersed generation systems such as fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and so on. The behavior of a customer with a dispersed generation system is simulated as the Ising model in statistical mechanics. The necessity of a distribution network in super‐distributed energy systems is discussed based on the Ising model. The feasibility of decentralized autonomous control using vicinity information is also investigated on the basis of stability analysis of the Hopfield neural network model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 43–55, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10368     

A DC‐side damping control method for power converters to suppress resonance in DC power network

This paper describes a damping control method of power converters for suppression of resonance in DC power network. The resonance occurs when a resonant frequency of the DC distribution line coincides with the frequency of the harmonic or interharmonic components generated by the power converters. For detailed investigation, a combined system which consists of a pulse‐width modulated (PWM) rectifier and a PWM inverter is treated as the simplest example. To suppress the resonance, a DC‐side damping control method is proposed and its implementation and design method are discussed in detail. Then, the proposed damping control method is applied to the combined system of a PWM rectifier and a PWM inverter. Experimental results verify the validity and practicability of the proposed damping control method. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于最优占空比的风力发电机MPPT方法研究

针对目前已有的最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制方法的不足,为提高风力发电的最大风能利用效率,根据风力发电机和boost变换器的输出特性,在变风速条件下,通过给定最佳机械转矩,直接计算最优占空比,控制风机电磁转矩,实现最大功率追踪控制.针对GP-300和FD-5型直驱式永磁风力发电机,进行功率跟踪控制仿真实验,实验结果表明所提出方法的有效性和可靠性,并具有良好的工程应用前景.     

A study on cooperative tap control method for voltage profile maintenance in distribution networks with distributed generators

The introduction of distributed generators (DGs) that can utilize renewable energy is of prime importance to solve the energy and environmental issues. When a distribution network has a large number of DGs, voltage maintenance becomes a serious problem. To solve this problem, we had proposed the ‘voltage profile control method’ using reactive power control of DGs. However, the control is limited to continuous reactive power control so far, and tap control has not been considered. It is important that the conventional voltage control equipment such as the load ratio tap changer (LRT) or step voltage regulator (SVR) is utilized in order to enhance the control efficiency of the voltage profile control method. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a new method that can realize a cooperative work between inverters and tap control of LRT and SVR. The proposed method is tested in 8‐ and 24‐node model systems and its effectiveness is shown. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

风光互补逆变器串联发电系统功率平衡控制

介绍了风光互补逆变器串联发电系统的拓扑结构,采用载波移相正弦波脉宽调制(CPS-SPWM)技术控制各个发电单元逆变器的通断,该调制方式下系统输出电压为多电平,且电压、电流的谐波含量大大降低。在功率预测和功率分配的基础上对发电系统进行能量管理,根据负载功率需求分别通过调节发电单元DC/DC变换器和蓄电池双向DC/DC变换器,控制各个发电单元以及蓄电池的输出功率,达到系统功率平衡控制的目的。仿真结果表明,该功率平衡控制策略能够保证系统功率平衡,满足系统在独立运行时负载功率跟踪控制的要求。     

Hybrid configuration of Darrieus and Savonius rotors for stand‐alone wind turbine‐generator systems

The suitable hybrid configuration of Darrieus lift‐type and Savonius drag‐type rotors for stand‐alone wind turbine‐generator systems is discussed using our dynamic simulation model. Two types of hybrid configurations are taken up. Type A installs the Savonius rotor inside the Darrieus rotor and Type B installs the Savonius rotor outside the Darrieus rotor. The computed results of the output characteristics and the dynamic behavior of the system operated at the maximum power coefficient points show that Type A, which has fine operating behavior to wind speed changes and can be compactly designed because of a shorter rotational axis, is an effective way for stand‐alone small‐scale systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 13–22, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20071     

Maximum output power control system of variable‐speed small wind generators

This paper proposes a maximum output power control system for variable‐speed small wind generators. The proposed control system adjusts the rotational speed of a single‐phase AC generator to the optimum rotational speed, which yields the maximum output power according to the natural wind speed. Since this adjustment is performed on‐line in order to adapt to variations in wind speed, the rotational speed of the single‐phase AC generator is adjusted by controlling the generated current flowing in an FET (field‐effect transistor) device, serving as the generated power brake, which is linked directly to the single‐phase AC generator. In order to reduce heat loss from the FET device, a PWM (pulse width modulation) controller is introduced. An experimental model of the proposed control system was built and tested, and the validity and practicality of the proposed control system were confirmed by the experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 9–17, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20692     

分布式电源并网动态无功优化调度的研究

根据分布式电源并网的控制特性,将分布式电源设计为电压控制型和无功补偿型,考虑其与地区电网的电压无功控制手段相结合,参与地区电网动态无功优化调度。建立以降低地区电网网损、抑制电压波动为综合目标的地区电网模糊动态无功优化调度模型。在该模型中,通过构造模糊评价函数,将目标函数转化为对优化结果的满意度,并利用自适应权重法将综合目标进行归一化处理。最后采用改进遗传算法有效求解含分布式电源的地区电网动态无功优化调度策略。算例表明,提出的模型和方法是合理的,具有一定参考价值。     

柔性多端直流的智能分布调控

随着风电、光伏等新能源在传统电力系统中渗透率的增加,常规的交流电网已不能满足远距离、大容量输送电能的需要,柔性多端直流电网将成为区域互联和风电消纳的发展方向。首先对柔性多端直流电网的控制策略进行研究;然后,在每个换流站都设置一个智能体,提出柔性多端直流电网的智能分布调控策略;最后,搭建一个典型的四端柔性直流输电系统进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制策略能够同时兼顾集中式控制和分布式控制的优点,每个智能体都能够计划并制定适当的决策,通过TCP/IP协议与其他智能体交换数据,在环境突变(系统故障或者大扰动)的情况下迅速做出反应,减少通信延迟以及上级电网智能体优化计算的时间损耗。     

多端口分布式光伏接入直流配电系统整体故障穿越协调控制

因新能源渗透率高,多端口光伏分布式接入直流配电系统在并网换流器交流送出线路发生故障时应具备故障穿越的能力.然而,并网换流器与光伏直流变压器的容量、控制方式不同,即使两者在故障穿越期间可以相互高速通信协调,但是由于不同换流设备功率调节响应存在差异,直流母线电压容易发生较大波动,进而导致整个系统脱网.为此,提出了基于光伏端...     

单相分布式发电接入台区电网的谐波补偿控制

非线性负荷不断增加导致台区电网的谐波问题愈加严峻,而越来越多分布式发电(DG)接入在实现新能源就地并网的同时,也为台区电网的谐波治理提供了一个有效途径。以含单相DG的台区电网为对象,考虑三相不对称负荷的接线方式差异,提出了一种利用单相DG的分相谐波补偿控制策略。首先对含单相DG的台区电网接线方式和典型台区谐波源负荷情况进行分析,将不对称负荷等值成星形有中性线、星形无中性线和三角形接线方式,分别讨论了台区电网的谐波电流分布,进而推导了单台和两台单相DG接入时的谐波电流补偿函数。据此,采用基于延时环节和同步坐标变换的谐波电流检测方法,提取各相负荷电流和线路电流的谐波分量,建立不同接线方式下单相DG的谐波补偿控制方案。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink验证了所提的分相谐波补偿控制对台区电网谐波的治理效果。