Power maximization control of variable‐speed wind generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes sensorless output power maximization control of a wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information on wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 11–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20043     

变速变负载无轴承永磁同步发电机悬浮力及发电性能研究

针对普通发电机轴承磨损严重的问题,提出一种无轴承永磁同步发电机。首先分析了无轴承永磁同步发电机的悬浮原理和发电原理;其次,推导了感应电压表达式,利用麦克斯韦张量法建立悬浮力和电磁转矩的数学模型并验证其正确性;再次,运用参数化分析法设计并优化了发电机结构,仿真结果验证了发电机具有良好的悬浮力和电磁性能;另外,将设计的样机进行试验,验证了该发电机具有良好的动态性能;最后针对发电机常见的变速、变负载的问题,基于有限元仿真分析了其对发电机运行性能的影响。仿真结果说明该发电机在特殊工况下具有良好的悬浮性能。研究表明提出的新型发电机具有良好的动静态性能可以稳定运行。     

并网永磁直驱式风电系统的模态分析

为研究永磁直驱风电系统（PMSG）并网后自身的稳定性问题,进行了并网风电系统的模态分析。建立了适用于系统小扰动稳定分析的PMSG风电系统模型,研究了并网风机无穷大系统的模式特性。采用特征值法分析了轴系模型、轴系刚性参数、运行点、并网距离对并网风电系统模式的影响。并在PSCAD/EMTDC上建立了相应的非线性模型,利用Prony方法对输出功率曲线进行模式识别,验证了模态分析结论。研究从模态分析的角度说明了轴系双质块建模的重要性,以及上述参数对并网PMSG稳定性影响的相关结论,结果有助于了解并网PMSG风电系统稳定性问题的本质。     

直驱永磁同步风电机组在全风速范围内的控制策略研究

为实现直驱式永磁同步风电机组在全风速范围内的高效、稳定运行,提出了一种基于最优转速给定的最大功率点跟踪控制策略与一种变桨距控制策略。当风速波动时,发电机转子转速的参考值将根据风电机组运行状态的不同选择不同的计算方式,使得风力机功率系数最大或稳定在额定转速不超速。而桨距角的大小将根据发电机的输出功率变化,当输出功率小于额定值时保持为0,大于额定值时增大使得输出功率稳定在额定值附近。最大功率点跟踪控制系统及桨距角控制系统都以发电机的输出功率大小作为控制方式的切换条件,无需复杂的切换规则。在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台上全风速范围内的风电机组的运行结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性与有效性。     

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机性能研究

通过等效磁路法设计了额定功率1.5MW的直驱式永磁风力发电机;为了深入研究额定功率1.5MW的直驱式永磁风力发电机的运行特性,采用场路结合法分析了永磁风力发电机在空载、额定负载和短路情况下的运行特点,并验证了所设计永磁风力发电机的可行性;在此基础上,将极孤系数、负载变化对永磁同步发电机输出功率的影响进行了仿真;对比研究了每极每相槽数对永磁同步发电机性能的影响.结果表明:极槽匹配对直驱式风力永磁发电机性能有很大影响;通过合理选择极数、槽数以及极弧系数,可以减少输出电压谐波分量的影响,降低永磁材料的使用,节省成本,有助于直驱式风力永磁发电机获得良好的性能.     

直驱永磁风力发电系统仿真与优化控制

分析了直驱永磁风力发电系统的基本原理及各模块的控制策略,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建风电系统及其控制器的仿真模型,仿真验证了模型的正确性。在发电机精确模型的基础上,忽略发电机定子暂态得到实用模型,并对两种模型的适用性进行讨论。仿真分析表明:当分析发电机本身的动态问题时,可采用精确模型;当进行并网计算时,实用模型和精确模型均可以准确描述。最后利用粒子群算法对直驱永磁风力发电系统中的控制器参数进行优化,提高了系统的动态特性,实验结果验证了该直驱永磁风力发电系统控制器参数优化方法的有效性和可行性。     

高速永磁同步风电机组低电压穿越的研究

研究高速永磁同步风电机组的控制策略,提高其低电压穿越能力.在Matlab/Simulink环境下构建了背靠背双PWM变流器并网的高速永磁同步风电机组仿真模型.模拟了发电机和变流器在电网电压跌落30％(0.6s),60％(2s)时的运行情况.仿真结果表明,高速永磁同步发电机机组功率跟踪良好,在电网电压跌落时对电网提供无功支持,具有较强的低电压穿越能力.     

Wind turbine emulator based on blade element momentum theory for variable‐speed wind power generation system

This paper proposes a wind turbine emulator (WTE) based on the blade momentum theory, and tests the variable‐speed wind power generation system using a pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter to verify the accuracy of the emulator. The behavior of the wind turbine for natural wind is reproduced by the WTE based on the proposed theory. The variable‐speed wind power generation system employs a vector control system to control the torque and speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator in the converter side. The windmill rotational speed is controlled to maximize the efficiency of the wind turbine against wind velocity. And the active power and reactive power are controlled in the inverter side, and the generated power is sent to the grid while controlling the DC link voltage to be constant at the same time. The behaviors of the WTE are compared with the simulation results and experimental results using a real wind turbine. These experimental and simulation results show that the test bench with the proposed WTE has sufficient performance and accuracy to verify variable‐speed wind generator systems. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

直驱永磁同步风力发电机无位置传感器控制

为了在无位置传感器的情况下,实现对直驱式永磁同步风力发电机的矢量控制,研究用简化卡尔曼滤波器进行电机转子位置和转速估计的方法.选取转子位置和转速作为状态变量,两相定子电流作为输入,建立了基于简化卡尔曼滤波器的永磁同步发电机状态估计离散模型,采用转子磁场定向的控制策略,实现了无位置传感器矢量控制.仿真结果表明:这种方法能够准确估计出电机的转子位置和转速信息,动静态性能良好,并基于此实现了最大功率追踪控制.     

一种新型的永磁同步风力发电机并网系统

提出一种基于固态变压器的永磁同步风力发电机并网系统。在并网变流器中加入高频变压器,实现整流和逆变部分的电气隔离,高压侧变流器的输出电压达到10 kV, 从而减小了并网电流。在直流侧增加超级电容储能装置,使风电机组具备较强的低电压穿越能力。对系统的关键控制部分进行分析设计,建立了系统仿真模型。研究结果表明,所设计的新型风电并网系统能够明显减小并网冲击电流,并具有很强的低电压穿越能力,是一种有效的永磁同步风力发电机并网方法。     

风速突变工况下永磁风力发电机静态偏心磁场分析

为了研究风速突然变化对永磁风力发电机主轴的电磁力作用,特别是在已发生一定的主轴偏心的情况下风速突变对主轴的影响,利用数学表达式和仿真对气隙磁场进行了计算和分析。根据发电机气隙偏心故障时气隙磁场变化的特点,计算气隙磁导和磁场密度,并利用ANSOFT MAXWELL软件建立永磁风力发电机的二维模型,分析电流变化引起的电磁力及其对主轴的作用。仿真结果表明:风速突变引起的电流变化影响永磁风力发电机气隙磁密。转子偏心使发电机转子产生沿偏心方向的磁拉力,风速突变时转子收到的不平衡磁拉力比正常风速运行更大。     

直驱永磁同步风电机组的最优功率运行控制

构建了直驱永磁同步风电机组的最优功率控制模型,包括低风速下的最大风能捕获控制模型和高风速下的桨距角控制模型.最大风能捕获控制以永磁同步发电机输出功率为反馈量,转速为控制对象,桨距角控制以转速为反馈量,桨距角为控制对象.在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上搭建了相应的仿真系统,对直驱永磁同步风电机组联网运行进行了仿真分析,对所建立的数学模型和最优功率控制方法的有效性进行了验证.     

直驱永磁同步风电机组不对称故障穿越的研究

分析电网发生不对称故障对直驱永磁风力发电机组(D-PMSG)的影响,研究其控制策略,以提高其不对称故障穿越的能力。把电网电压实时引入机侧整流器参考功率的计算中,提出了按照电网正序电压和其额定电压的比减小发电机输出功率的控制策略。建立了经背靠背双PWM变流器并网的D-PMSG仿真模型。机侧整流器控制内环采用电流前馈控制,外环采用功率环控制发电机输出功率。网侧逆变器控制内环采用电流前馈控制,并控制负序电流为零,外环采用电压环稳定直流电压。仿真结果表明,在不对称故障时,这种策略保持了发电机功率平衡和变流器功率平衡,限制了直流电压的升高,保持了逆变器三相电流对称,实现了机组不对称故障穿越。     

变频器参数对永磁同步发电机定子损耗的影响

为了研究调制比和载波比等PWM变频器参数对直驱型风力永磁同步发电机定子谐波损耗的影响,在考虑变频器谐波负载作用的情况下,采用二维场路耦合时步有限元法,建立永磁同步发电机电磁场计算的数学模型,进而给出定子谐波铁耗和铜耗的数值计算方法,计算结果与解析法的对比验证了算法的正确性.结果表明,当载波比相同时,随着调制比的减小,定子铁耗增加,定子铜耗减小;而当调制比相同时,随着载波比的减小,定子铁耗和铜耗均有所增加.研究结果对风力永磁同步发电机的设计与控制具有参考价值.     

永磁同步发电机的无传感器滑模辨识及控制

针对坐标旋转法永磁同步发电机无速度传感器控制中忽略定子电流微分项带来的估计偏差大等问题,提出基于旋转坐标系的自适应锁相环和滑模辨识方法.采用近似滑模控制对模型电机定子电流进行控制,使发电机和模型电机电流相等,从而获得两电机转子相位差的正弦和余弦分量.建立直驱式永磁同步电机无速度传感器辨识模型和自适应锁相环模型,并利用基于反步法的自适应锁相环进行速度和相位观测,在此基础上利用Lyapunov函数设计法设计控制器.采用近似滑模辨识使模型电机电流快速逼近原电机电流且到近似正弦的控制量,自适应数字锁相环相位收敛快,采用Lyapunov函数设计的控制器能保证系统收敛.仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

小型直驱式永磁同步风力发电机快速最大功率追踪仿真研究

直驱式永磁同步发电系统的功率输出直接受发电机转速的影响。为了提高小型直驱式永磁同步发电系统的输出功率,通过分析风力机的工作特性以及最大功率追踪原理,指出经典爬山法的缺点,并提出一种新的变步长爬山法。根据前一次转速扰动和功率变化的梯度关系来决定下一次的扰动步长,可以提高系统的动态响应,扰动方向与经典爬山法一致。在最大功率点附近,功率波动小于一定值时,停止搜索,来实现最大功率追踪的快速性和稳定性。用仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

A new implementation of PID‐type fuzzy controller for a battery grid‐supporting inverter in an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new implementation of a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID)‐type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) for a battery grid‐supporting inverter to regulate the frequency and voltage of an autonomous distributed variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT). The VSWT which drives a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is assumed for demonstration. The PIDfc is built from a set of control rules that adopts the droop control method and uses only locally measurable frequency and voltage signals. The output control signals are determined from the knowledge base and the fuzzy inference. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a protection scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). Several simulation experiments are performed by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. Next, to verify the scheme's effectiveness, the simulation results are compared with the results of a conventional controller through some performance indices. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PIDfc scheme to control a grid‐supporting inverter of battery in the reduction of frequency and voltage fluctuations. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Examination of new vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor for high‐speed drives

A new vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives has been developed. To stabilize the current control loop in the high‐rotating‐speed region, a novel configuration of current controller is introduced. The unique characteristic of the proposed current controller is that the current regulator is connected to the conventional motor model in a series. By analyzing the transfer characteristics of the control, it became clear that the influence of the coupling component between the d–q axes can be deleted theoretically if the control parameters are set properly. The stability and torque response of the proposed vector control system were improved, and the effectiveness of the proposed controller was demonstrated by a time domain simulation and some experiments. In addition, the robustness of the controlling system was investigated experimentally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 61–72, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21123     

Maximum output power control system of variable‐speed small wind generators

This paper proposes a maximum output power control system for variable‐speed small wind generators. The proposed control system adjusts the rotational speed of a single‐phase AC generator to the optimum rotational speed, which yields the maximum output power according to the natural wind speed. Since this adjustment is performed on‐line in order to adapt to variations in wind speed, the rotational speed of the single‐phase AC generator is adjusted by controlling the generated current flowing in an FET (field‐effect transistor) device, serving as the generated power brake, which is linked directly to the single‐phase AC generator. In order to reduce heat loss from the FET device, a PWM (pulse width modulation) controller is introduced. An experimental model of the proposed control system was built and tested, and the validity and practicality of the proposed control system were confirmed by the experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 9–17, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20692     

带感应耦合器的永磁同步风力发电系统建模与分析

对一种新型风力发电系统——带感应耦合器的永磁同步风力发电系统进行了研究.建立了自然风、风力涡轮机、感应耦合器及永磁同步发电机的数学模型和仿真模型.建立基于传递函数的系统整体动态仿真模型,并将其作为分析研究系统动态特性的工具.对阵风和涡轮机转矩产生7.5Hz波动条件下,有和无感应耦合器两种情况下永磁同步风力发电机的特性进行对比分析.讨论了感应耦合器的等效电阻对系统特性的影响.研究结果表明,引入感应耦合器有效削弱了干扰对系统的影响,降低了电压闪变程度,改善了风速变化或涡轮转矩波动时系统运行不稳定的情况.另外,耦合器等效电阻的减小可减小其运行的转差率,提高系统效率,但稳定性有所下降.