Meat waste treatment methods and potential uses

Meat waste management has been and continues to be one of the most important issues related to pollution management. This was due to the high concentration of meat waste materials like blood, hair, tail, horns and bones, among others that have to be thoroughly and effectively treated prior to their disposal. Methods like aerobic and anaerobic digestion [mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures, composting (windrows, aerated static piles and bins or aerated chambers)] are currently extensively used. Nowadays, the emphasis is on reusing the so‐called waste materials for production processes, i.e. meat and bone meal. The latter was widely recommended and used in animal nutrition as a protein source in place of proteinaceous feeds. However, this approach greatly suffered from Small Bowel Enteroclysis (SBE) occurrence and micro‐organism presence. Heavy metal absorption by means of charred bones appears to be one of the most promising applications of bones apart from other use for production of edible materials. The aim of this review was to summarise most updated references in the field of meat waste treatment and potential uses of treated waste by means of nine informative tables and six figures.     

橄榄油的开发应用

橄榄油是一种绿色营养保健食用植物油脂。本文着重阐述油橄榄的营养成分、脂质特性及橄榄油的制取工艺、质量要求以及开发应用前景。     

初榨橄榄油中的微生物群及其对橄榄油品质的影响

初榨橄榄油生产环境相对开放,榨取橄榄油的原料、环境及设备中的微生物群都可能进入初榨橄榄油,对油脂品质产生影响。为全面认识初榨橄榄油中微生物群以及从微生物层面控制初榨橄榄油品质,从食品微生物学研究的视角,综述了初榨橄榄油中酵母菌、细菌和霉菌等主要微生物群,分析了油橄榄枝叶、果实和初榨橄榄油中的微生物群对油脂品质的影响,介绍了采后储存的油橄榄果实及储存期的初榨橄榄油品质与微生物群之间的关系,探讨了对有害微生物群影响初榨橄榄油品质的防控措施。研究认为酵母菌对初榨橄榄油储存期间的品质起主要的影响作用。通过避免采摘和储存过程中油橄榄果实的损伤,保证加工过程中清洗用水和设备的洁净,控制储存环境温度、光照和氧含量等措施,可以有效防控有害微生物对橄榄油品质的负面影响。     

花生油与橄榄油营养价值的比较

花生、花生油中不仅富含油酸、亚油酸,而且白藜芦醇、β-谷固醇、辅酶Q、Mg2 、Zn2 、VE等含量也很丰富.这些营养成分具有多种药用价值和保健功能.花生油与橄榄油的理化特性指标相似,两种植物油的脂肪酸组成相近.花生油中SFA、MUFA和PUFA之比值,比橄榄油更接近1:1:1国际公认的膳食脂肪酸供能标准.花生油是中国人自己的非常经济的"橄榄油".     

添加新鲜橄榄叶和复合果胶酶压榨对油橄榄果出油率和初榨橄榄油品质的影响

为提高油橄榄果出油率、改善初榨橄榄油(VOO)品质,以甘肃陇南主栽的成熟度为7的莱星品种油橄榄鲜果为原料,考察压榨过程中新鲜橄榄叶(0、3%、5%)和复合果胶酶(0、0.01%、0.02%)添加量(以油橄榄果质量计)对油橄榄果出油率和VOO色泽、叶绿素含量、基本理化性质、总酚含量、脂肪酸组成及含量的影响。结果表明：添加适量的新鲜橄榄叶可提高出油率及总酚含量,降低酸值,但色泽加深,叶绿素含量和过氧化值升高;添加适量的复合果胶酶在提高出油率的同时,VOO的总酚含量上升,叶绿素含量和过氧化值降低,但酸值升高,色泽加深;压榨过程中添加新鲜橄榄叶和复合果胶酶对VOO脂肪酸组成没有影响,但对油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸等主要脂肪酸含量有一定影响。在压榨制取VOO时添加适量的新鲜橄榄叶与复合果胶酶可提高出油率,获得富含多酚的VOO。     

Corn and rice waste: a comparative and critical presentation of methods and current and potential uses of treated waste

Although corn and rice waste can be hardly classified among the most hazardous waste, their treatment is very important in view of the great volume of waste materials involved. In this review article, an update is provided for most of the waste treatment techniques (composting, pyrolysis, gasification, combustion) used to alter the physical, chemical or biological character of the waste, to reduce its volume and/or toxicity and to make the waste safer for disposal. Furthermore, all current and potential uses of treated corn and rice waste such as fertilisers, biomass and biogas/biofuel are summarised. Four comprehensive tables and six figures provide a thorough presentation of both waste treatment methods (characteristics, advantages and disadvantages) and uses of treated corn and rice waste.     

橄榄油氧化过程中风味化合物变化

橄榄油具有良好保健功能,是较为理想食用油脂;但在贮存过程中也存在氧化变质现象;橄榄油氧化将产生对人体有毒、有害副产物,其独特风味发生劣化,产生难以接受气味。该文详细介绍橄榄油氧化机理,总结引起橄榄油风味改变的醛、酮、醇、短链脂肪酸等氧化产物。     

初榨橄榄油风味化合物研究进展

阐述了初榨橄榄油风味的主要来源途径即脂氧合酶途径,对影响初榨橄榄油风味特征的若干因素如品种和地理环境,油橄榄果实成熟度,加工工艺,储藏条件等因素进行了讨论和分析.介绍了初榨橄榄油中挥发性化合物的分析检测方法,并且展望了橄榄油风味化合物研究的应用和发展前景.     

Current and potential uses of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste

Food industries produce huge amounts of processing waste that are often disposed of incurring expenses and impacting upon the environment. For these and other reasons, food processing waste streams, in particular marine processing waste streams, are gaining popularity amongst pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules. In the last 30 years, there has been a gradual increase in processed marine products with a concomitant increase in waste streams that include viscera, heads, skins, fins, bones, trimmings and shellfish waste. In 2010, these waste streams equated to approximately 24 million tonnes of mostly unused resources. Marine processing waste streams not only represent an abundant resource, they are also enriched with structurally diverse molecules that possess a broad panel of bioactivities including anti‐oxidant, anti‐coagulant, anti‐thrombotic, anti‐cancer and immune‐stimulatory activities. Retrieval and characterisation of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste also contributes valuable information to the vast field of marine natural product discovery. This review summarises the current use of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste in different products and industries. Moreover, this review summarises new research into processing waste streams and the potential for adoption by industries in the creation of new products containing marine processing waste bioactives. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

进口橄榄油存在的主要问题及监管措施

近年来我国橄榄油的进口量逐年快速增长,虽然我国已经制定了橄榄油国家标准,但进口橄榄油仍然存在着诸多的问题,严重影响了橄榄油市场健康发展,损害了消费者的利益。文章介绍了橄榄油的特点及在我国进口橄榄油的发展趋势,分析了当前进口橄榄油存在的掺杂使假、以次充好、标签不规范等主要问题,提出了对策措施。     

Optimisation of extra virgin olive oil quality

This study investigated the correlation between total polyphenol content and the stability (ie induction time by Rancimat) of oil samples according to different regions, cultivars, extraction technologies and ripening times of raw material. Results indicate a correlation of oil stability with total polyphenols, (r=0·88), a chemical variable easy to determine. We have set up an oil quality index as a measure of desirability including legal parameters, especially the Council Olive Oil International score (COI Score), stability (phenol content) and process yield into account. The study of the effects of olive ripening and storage prior to processing and olive paste mixing times and temperatures on the quality index using an experimental factorial design (2⁴) were investigated. The process variables selected in the experimental factorial design were studied and the main effects on desirability were identified. Based on this information, the extraction process was optimised for quality index in relation to fruit ripening and olive paste mixing time using a response contour to identify optimal experimental conditions. This innovative procedure shows that process conditions can be optimised as a function of D_tot, evaluated according to scientific determinations. © 1998 SCI.     

橄榄油中生物酚准确定量的瓶颈及对策

橄榄油中的生物酚是具有广泛生物活性的极其复杂的极性酚类物质,不仅化学结构异质、性质多不稳定、异构化程度高,而且橄榄多酚等歧义概念的长期共存,使得生物酚始终没有理想的测定方法,一定程度上影响了橄榄油的品质控制及贸易。为了寻求突破橄榄油中生物酚测定瓶颈的对策,为橄榄油中生物酚的准确定量提供理论参考,综述了多酚、酚类化合物、橄榄油多酚与生物酚等类似术语使用范围的异同,分析了欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）关于橄榄油多酚健康声称中术语模糊、缺失适用分析方法的争议,从裂环烯醚萜类化合物的复杂异构体与衍生物、色谱基线分离不可行、标准品缺失、单体酚法与总酚法的不兼容性4个方面阐述了橄榄油中生物酚准确定量的瓶颈,并对突破瓶颈的4个具有潜力的研究方向进行展望,即实现全回收率与零人工产物的直接进样法,提升分辨力与准确性的离子淌度质谱（IM-MS）,降低基质效应与提升灵敏度的二维液相色谱（LC×LC）,加速裂环烯醚萜类标准品研制。橄榄油生物酚准确定量的瓶颈将长期存在,方法突破有赖于更深入的基础研究与创新技术的应用。     

Use of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to reduce phytotoxicity and promote humification of pre‐composted olive oil mill wastewater

BACKGROUND: Olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) contain a high recalcitrant organic load and an associated toxicity that make their treatment necessary before environmental application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of promoting the valorization and reducing the phytotoxicity of OMWW through a pre‐composting process together with straw‐chip bulking materials followed by the application of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in the presence of oat seedlings (Avena sativa L.) seedlings. RESULTS: After 3 months, the pre‐composted material showed properties similar to a partially digested compost with some significant amelioration of chemical–physical and biochemical properties. The application of earthworms permitted a significant decrease in chemical (total organic carbon, water‐extractable organic carbon, total nitrogen) and biological parameters (dehydrogenase enzyme activity), and an increase in humic substances and available nitrogen forms. In the presence of plants a higher C/N ratio and a lower content of nitrates were observed. In addition, the reduction in phenolic compounds observed in treatments with earthworms caused a decrease in phytotoxicity by about 50% with respect to the pre‐composted material, which results in an increase in germination index. CONCLUSION: The utilization of earthworms, in particular in the presence of plants, may be an ecologically sound and economically feasible technology to obtain a non‐toxic, high‐value product useful for agricultural purposes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Detection of hazelnut oil in virgin olive oil by a spectrofluorimetric method

The possibilities of a spectrofluorimetric method joined to multivariate analysis to assess the genuineness of olive oil in admixtures with hazelnut oils were studied. Virgin olive, virgin hazelnut and refined hazelnut oil samples and admixtures between them at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% adulteration were analysed at _ex=350 nm. The precision of the method, in terms of repeatability and internal reproducibility, was established by means of the analysis of a virgin olive oil sample under different conditions, the RSD showing values less than 10%. Raw data of the spectra were subjected to mathematical treatment by calculation of the first derivative, selection of the maximum values and application of one-way ANOVA, to assess the most prominent variables in the discrimination process. The response to the addition of adulterant was linear, adjusted-R²=0.99 for virgin olive and refined hazelnut oil mixtures, and 0.98 for virgin olive and virgin hazelnut oil mixtures. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis applied to each admixture separately and to the whole set of samples allowed 100% correct classifications.     

油橄榄果实油脂积累的转录组分析

采用高通量测序技术对云南引种油橄榄佛奥及国内选育品种鄂植8号2个品种的3个生长时期的果实进行转录组测序,参考油橄榄基因组文献,共选出208个具有高表达量的油脂合成相关基因; 2个品种油橄榄的基因表达活性在7月很接近,而在5月和9月差异较大,这与果实发育规律趋于一致,即果实发育初期,细胞分裂旺盛,内含物质新陈代谢旺盛,而发育后期,油脂积累趋于稳定所致。研究结果可为油橄榄分子育种,基因手段提高橄榄油品质和营养价值奠定一定的理论基础。     

Unlocking the potential of olive residues for functional purposes: update on human intervention trials with health and cosmetic products

Olive mill waste (OMW) is a promising source of valuable compounds such as polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, and other bioactive compounds, which are of interest to the pharmaceuticals and cosmeceutical industries. This review examines the potential of OMW extracts for health and beauty applications based on evidence reports from human clinical trials. The results achieved to date indicate health-enhancing properties, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms of action, dose–response relationships, and long-term impacts. Therefore, while olive by-products, extracted using eco-friendly methods, present opportunities for the development of high-value health and cosmetic products, further studies are necessary to determine the full range of their effects and establish specific therapeutic strategies. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

进口橄榄油存在的主要问题及对策研究

介绍了橄榄油的特点及在我国进口橄榄油的发展趋势,分析了当前进口橄榄油存在的标签不规范、以次充好、掺杂使假等主要问题,针对我国进口橄榄油的现状提出了相应对策。     

Pesticide residues in washing water of olive oil mills: effect on olive washing efficiency and decontamination proposal

BACKGROUND: Washing olives in the olive oil mill (a commonly used preliminary step to remove foreign materials and leaves) can help to remove pesticide residues, especially herbicides that are present in olives due to contamination either during application or as a consequence of contact with contaminated soil. The aim of the present work was the study of washing efficacy during washing cycles, i.e., from the beginning of the cycle until the water was changed. RESULTS: Four active ingredients, namely diuron, oxyfluorfen, terbuthylazine and endosulfan (α and β isomers) as well as the latter's degradation product endosulfan sulfate, were the most frequently found pesticides in raw olives after harvest. At the beginning of the washing cycle, diuron, terbuthylazine and oxyfluorfen residues were effectively removed from olives. However, progressive water contamination with pesticide residues decreased the efficiency of the washing step, specially for diuron and terbuthylazine residues. CONCLUSION: A decontamination method to enable water recycling in olive oil mills was proposed and optimized. It employed FeCl₃ as coagulant and active charcoal as adsorbent, and was effective in removing both suspended solids and pesticide residues. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry