糯米膨化法对黄酒酿造及其风味的影响

通过对膨化过程中糯米物理、化学性质一系列变化的研究发现 ,膨化后糯米微观上呈片层状结构。膨化使淀粉颗粒解体 ,发生降解、糊化、糊精化等变化 ,蛋白质变性 ,脂肪分解 ,从而使淀粉含量减少 ,还原糖含量增加 ,同时糊化度显著提高 ,蛋白质趋向降解 ,氨基酸增加 ,脂肪减少。这些变化都有利于微生物发酵利用。发酵得到的黄酒有其独特的香味 ,口味较清淡     

膨化技术及其在酿酒工业中的应用

谷物在膨化过程中，其营养成份发生了很大的变化，淀粉发生糊化、降解等作用，还原糖、糊精含量增高。蛋白质变性、降解、胨、氨基酸、缩氨酸等物质有所增加。脂肪分解，转化。这些都有利于微生物发酵利用，为膨化技术应用于酿酒工业提供了有力的理论依据。     

谷物组成对挤压膨化产品品质的影响

该实验以6种谷物(粳米、小麦、玉米、糯米、小米、燕麦)为原料,考察不同谷物原料组成成分与产品膨化特性之间的相关性。结果表明,挤压后谷物膨化制品的一些指标得到很大提高,如吸水性指数、水溶性指数;蛋白质含量及脂肪含量与膨胀度呈负相关,淀粉含量与膨胀度呈正相关,膨化制品中蛋白质及脂肪含量要控制在合理范围内;水溶性指数与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;糊化度与总淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质、粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。粳米、小麦以及糯米的膨化特性要优于玉米、小米以及燕麦,其中糯米在膨胀度、体积密度、水溶性指数、糊化度、硬度以及脆度方面都表现较为优异,膨化性能最好。综上所述,6种谷物原料中,糯米、小麦和粳米的挤压特性较好,可作为挤压膨化的主要原料,玉米、小米以及燕麦可根据成本适量添加。     

挤压加工中原料成分变化对谷物早餐质构的影响

研究挤压加工中原料水分含量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量对谷物早餐质构的影响。选取脆性、保脆性、WAI、WSI、体积密度、固体密度和膨化度为主要指标进行研究。结论:随着水分含量的增加,保脆性相对降低,WAI、WSI都呈升高趋势,膨化度降低,淀粉颗粒可以较好保持其原有的晶型结构;随着蛋白质含量的增加,保脆性显著降低,WAI升高幅度较大,WSI降低,膨化度明显降低;随着脂肪含量的升高,脆性降低,保脆性增高,WAI和膨化度都有所降低,淀粉颗粒可以保持其原有的晶型结构。     

挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响

以发芽糙米为原料,分析了发芽糙米经过挤压膨化前后的淀粉、蛋白质和氨基酸组成等营养成分含量的变化,研究了挤压膨化对发芽糙米理化性质的影响。结果表明:挤压膨化后发芽糙米中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量弱有减少,还原糖含量增加,氨基酸含量和组成变化不明显。挤压膨化后,发芽糙米的吸水性和水溶性都分别比未膨化的高出1.28和0.78倍;容重明显降低,糊化度大幅提高;挤压膨化发芽糙米的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度、最终黏度和峰值时间较发芽糙米的升高,其他特征值均有所下降;发芽糙米经挤压膨化后变为网状多孔的结构。     

挤压加工对米糠主要营养成分影响的研究

挤压机瞬时、高温、高压、高剪切的加工特点使其具有生化反应器的功能。对挤压改性加工后的米糠粉的主要营养成分变化情况进行了测试,结果表明:挤压加工后的米糠SDF含量增加了7.26%;米糠蛋白降解,蛋白质分子量整体降低;淀粉含量减少,部分淀粉降解为糊精,糊化度大幅度增大,直链淀粉含量增加;在240d的时间里FFA值仅增加了0.6%,很好地解决了米糠稳定化问题;矿物质含量几乎不变;米糠的组织结构疏松,均匀,其融合及组织化程度均有提高。挤压后的米糠主要营养成分均发生了有益的变化,更利于人体的消化吸收和利用。     

挤压膨化处理对亚麻籽粕理化性质的影响

利用DSE-25型双螺杆挤出机对亚麻籽粕进行挤压膨化质量研究。结果表明,挤压膨化过程中亚麻籽粕的理化性质发生了改变。在高温、高压、高剪切力环境下,蛋白质变性,总膳食纤维部分降解,有毒成分生氰糖苷被消除,氨基酸和可溶性膳食纤维含量增加,游离脂肪和水分含量减少,淀粉发生糊化裂解,组织结构疏松均匀,水溶性指数升高,吸水性指数下降。     

挤压膨化对亚麻籽粕中化学成分及结构的影响

采用DSE-25型双螺杆挤出机对亚麻籽粕进行试验研究。结果表明,挤压膨化过程中物料化学成分和结构发生了复杂的物化变化。在高温、高压、高剪切力环境下,蛋白质变性,总膳食纤维部分降解,有毒成分生氰糖苷失活,氨基酸和可溶性膳食纤维含量增加,游离脂肪和水分含量减少,淀粉发生糊化、裂解,组织结构疏松均匀。     

谷物食品挤压膨化过程中影响膨化度因素的探讨

本文在大量实验基础上,综合阐述影响谷物如大米和玉米等挤压膨化过程中膨化度的诸多因素。论文对谷物原料及是压膨化机结构影响膨化度的因素进行探讨。就物科本身而言,主要因素有：谷物淀粉的特性、物料水份、物料粒度、均匀率。就设备的结构而言：喷嘴的截面积、螺杆与螺套的螺距、间隙、转速、是累套螺纹的泞浅是影响膨化度的主要因素。     

食品的膨化及影响其膨化率的因素

一、绪言 膨化食品的类别较多,从膨化食品的原料来分有粮食谷物类的膨化大米、膨化玉米、膨化淀粉制品;有植物蛋白类的膨化大豆及其制品,象油炸豆腐、人造猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉,还有一些动物蛋白质与淀粉的混合膨化食品,象膨化虾片、膨化鱼片以及其它膨化水产品。目前生产量较大的主要是粮食制品与大豆制品。 食品的膨胀是靠食品在加热后由于温度和压力变化而使食品体积增大。其加工的方     

Micronised-roasted coffee from unripe fruits improves bioactive compounds and fibre contents in rice extruded breakfast cereals

Unripe green coffee is one of the by-products from coffee processing that does not have many applications in higher value-added food products. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical, technological, and sensory properties of rice-based breakfast cereal made with micronised-roasted coffee (MRC) from green coffee fruits. The products were elaborated with different MRC concentrations (2, 5 and 9%) and manufactured in a single screw extruder. Data were analysed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The increase in MRC concentration improved the contents of caffeine, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the breakfast cereals, and reduced the luminosity and expansion index due to the presence of brown colour and fibres from coffee beans. The cereal made with 5% of MRC was more accepted by consumers. Thus, MRC has proven to be a potential source of bioactive compounds, fibres and natural brownish colour for breakfast cereals.     

Antioxidant Properties of Cereal Products

Four commercial cereal products were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties, chelating capacity, and total phenolic contents. The Quaker Oat Bran? ready‐to‐eat cold cereal showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH radicals, while the Quaker oatmeal had the highest capacity against ABTS+. Significant Fe²+ chelating activity was also detected in these cereal products with EDTA equivalents of 0.08 to 0.48 mg/g cereals. The total phenolic contents were 203 to 524 mg per gram of cereal products. These results indicate that readily available cereal products contain significant levels of antioxidants and may be an important source of dietary antioxidants.     

谷物蛋白的组成特点及分离方法研究现状

谷物是优质蛋白和生物活性物质的来源, 其水解产物可以作为植物蛋白提供体和有益活性成分替代物。谷物蛋白在蛋白领域一直是国内外学者的研究热点及重点, 尤其是小麦、水稻、玉米等大宗谷物提供了大量优质的植物蛋白, 其他广泛的小宗谷物品种也提供了优质并具有不同功能特性的蛋白质。本文对几种常见的谷物蛋白的分级及分离方法、常见谷物蛋白的结构与功能特性、谷物蛋白的使用价值及开发前景进行了综合阐述, 以期为谷类蛋白质的进一步研究提供参考。     

Application of enzyme-treated corn starches in breakfast cereal coating

Presently ready-to-eat cereals are coated with high levels of sugar coating to extend the bowl life. Because of health concerns of added sugar, there is a need to identify alternative coating materials. This study was designed to test the efficacy of debranched corn starches with varying amylose contents as a cereal coating. Hylon VII (70% amylose), common, and waxy corn starches were gelatinized and debranched, and then sprayed onto ready-to-eat breakfast cereal flakes. The surface morphology, milk absorption, texture, and digestibility of coated cereals were determined. A starch film with a thickness of 50 to 130 μm was observed with scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the cereals coated with Hylon VII. All starch-coated cereals had a lower milk absorption value than the uncoated and glucose-coated controls. Among starch coatings, common corn starch and Hylon VII resulted in lower milk absorption than did waxy corn starch. After soaking in milk for 3 min, the peak force and work to peak of the cereals coated with corn starches were higher than those of the glucose control and uncoated reference. The cereals coated with Hylon VII were found to have an increase in dietary fiber content. The results suggest that debranched amylose-containing corn starches could extend the bowl-life of ready-to-eat cereals. Practical Application: Currently, many cereals are coated with sugar to keep them from becoming soggy in milk. However, added sugar has been linked to obesity, hyperactivity, and dental caries. This has led to the investigation of alternative coating materials. This study employed the film-forming properties of enzyme-treated corn starch to function as a coating material in breakfast cereal flakes. In addition, the enzyme-treated high amylose corn starch also increased the dietary fiber content of the cereal flakes.     

Superheated steam processing of cereals and cereal products: A review

The concept of superheated steam (SS) was proposed over a century ago and has been widely studied as a drying method. SS processing of cereals and cereal products has been extensively studied in recent years for its advantages of higher drying rates above the inversion temperature, oxygen-free environment, energy conservation, and environmental protection. This review provides a brief introduction to the history, principles, and classification of SS. The applications of SS processing in the drying, enzymatic inactivation, sterilization, mycotoxin degradation, roasting, and cooking of cereals and cereal products are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the effects of SS processing on the physicochemical properties of cereals and the qualities of cereal foods are reviewed and discussed. The applications of SS for cereal processing and its effects on cereal properties have been extensively studied; however, issues such as the browning of cereal foods, thermal damage of starch, protein denaturation, and nutrition loss have not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, further studies are required to better understand the mechanism of the quality changes caused by SS processing and to expand the fields of application of SS in the cereal processing industry. This review enhances the understanding of SS processing and presents theoretical suggestions for promoting SS processing to improve the safety and quality of cereals and cereal products.     

Nutritional improvement of cereals by sprouting

Cereal grains form a major source of dietary nutrients for all people, particularly those in the developing countries. However, the nutritional quality of cereal grains and sensory properties of their products are inferior due to lower protein content, deficiency of certain essential amino acids, lower protein and starch availabilities, presence of certain antinutrients, and the coarse nature of the grains. The consumption of sprouted cereals is becoming popular in various parts of the world. Sprouting of grains for a limited period causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvement in the contents of certain essential amino acids, total sugars, and B-group vitamins, and a decrease in dry matter, starch, and antinutrients. The digestibilities of storage proteins and starch are improved due to their partial hydrolysis during sprouting. The magnitude of the nutritional improvement is, however, influenced by the type of cereal, seed quality, sprouting conditions, and it is not large enough to account for in feeding experiments with higher animals. In this review, the available literature concerning the nutritional improvement of cereals by sprouting and utilization of sprouted cereals in traditional and processed foods has been compiled and is critically reviewed.     

Relationship between acrylamide and thermal-processing indexes in commercial breakfast cereals: a survey of Spanish breakfast cereals

Breakfast cereals are significant contributors to the daily intake of food-derived acrylamide in Western countries. Acrylamide was determined by LC-MS in 60 commercial breakfast cereals marketed in Spain. Several SPE cartridges were evaluated for clarification of the aqueous extract. LOQ was 62 microg/kg . Acrylamide content ranged from < 62-803 microg/kg (average 292 microg/kg , and median 258 microg/kg , with an estimated acrylamide intake from breakfast cereals of 2.68 microg acrylamide/person/day. According to the German concept of minimization, a signal value 450 microg/kg was calculated. Relationships among acrylamide and some parameters of the studied samples such as type of cereal, its physical form (puffed and flaked) or certain ingredients in the formulation (proteins and dietary fibre content) were also investigated. Wheat-based cereals contained significantly higher levels of acrylamide, as did samples with higher fibre or protein content. In addition, puffed breakfast cereals also contained significantly higher levels of acrylamide. There was no significant correlation between acrylamide levels and contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furosine or cereal browning.     

The sodium,potassium and chloride contents of some feedingstuffs used in British poultry diets

The sodium, potassium and chloride contents of feedingstuffs used in practical and purified diets are reported. The sodium contents of some cereals and cereal by products are considerably lower than those in the literature.     

我国婴幼儿米粉发展现状、存在问题及发展对策

近年来,婴幼儿米粉行业发展迅速,产品种类和产量不断增加,但同时存在产品质量及营养卫生等方面的诸多问题。本文综述了我国婴幼儿米粉的发展现状,并与国外米粉的发展现状进行了对比分析,从而获得了国内外米粉行业存在的共性问题,进一步分析了我国婴幼儿米粉产品存在卫生及营养成分不达标等主要问题,剖析了存在上述问题的主要原因,并从技术等方面提出了婴幼儿米粉的发展对策,为婴幼儿米粉行业的发展提供了有益的参考。     

三种杂粮及其复合低温火腿肠营养成分分析及评价

分别检测了燕麦、苦荞麦、小米3种杂粮原料,以及所对应的杂粮复合低温火腿肠的营养成分,并对其进行了营养价值评价。结果表明:燕麦片、苦荞麦粉、小米3种杂粮原料的脂肪含量都较低,均在10%以下。燕麦片的蛋白质含量最高,达到13.4%,且所含钙、铁、锌均较高,分别为683、48.1、25.3mg/kg。苦荞麦粉硒元素的含量最高,达到0.12mg/kg。对杂粮原料进行了氨基酸营养评价,小米的E/N值为55.03%,最接近FAO/WHO标准模式。杂粮复合低温火腿肠中,蛋白质含量均高于GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》国家标准指标,淀粉含量均在10%以下。小米复合低温火腿肠中VB1、VB2含量相对较高,分别达到156.6μg/100g和12.8μg/100g。其他的功能性营养成分检测结果表明:苦荞麦复合低温火腿肠中特有的生物活性物质黄酮含量达到了2mg/kg,膳食纤维含量最高,达到了3.4%。对杂粮低温复合火腿肠进行了INQ值评价,3种复合低温火腿肠的钙、铁、锌、VB1的INQ值均高于1,其中小米复合低温火腿肠的INQ值总体最高。杂粮复合低温火腿肠理化及卫生指标结果表明,3种低温火腿肠的理化及卫生指标均符合GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》的相关规定,表明产品卫生安全指标合格。