清洁煤技术与CO_2地质封存

中国能源资源特点决定现在以煤为主的消费结构,但煤炭在消费过程中存在高污染和低效率的问题,因此为提高资源利用率,煤炭行业面临结构调整。煤炭行业的清洁化、高效化、低碳化将是产业发展方向,煤炭高效洁净转化将取代传统的转化技术,如何解决煤炭利用过程中产生的CO2是清洁煤技术面临的新问题。通过研究清洁煤技术与CO2地质封存技术,特别是深部盐水层封存技术,为煤炭利用中产生的CO2排放提供了一种大规模、安全、稳定的存储方式,从而解决目前中国能源结构造成的CO2排放问题。     

Research progress in hydrate-based technologies and processes in China: A review

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as an alternative energy resource in the future as it is proven to contain about 2 times carbon resources of those contained in the fossil energy on Earth. Gas hydrate technology is a new technology which can be extensively used in methane production from NGH, gas separation and purification, gas transportation, sea-water desalination, pipeline safety and phase change energy storage, etc. Since the 1980s, the gas hydrate technology has become a research hotspot worldwide because of its relatively economic and environmental friendly characteristics. China is a big energy consuming country with coal as a dominant energy. With the development of the society, energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming great obstacles to the progress of the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the society, it is of great significance to develop and utilize NGH and vigorously develop the gas hydrate technology. In this paper, the research advances in hydrate-based processes in China are comprehensively reviewed from different aspects, mainly including gas separation and purification, hydrate formation inhibition, sea-water desalination and methane exploitation from NGH by CH₄-CO₂ replacement. We are trying to show the relevant research in China, and at the same time, summarize the characteristics of the research and put forward the corresponding problems in a technical way.     

二氧化碳减排技术路线探讨

CO2减排是目前国内外研究的热点,笔者对绿色能源技术、化石能源减排技术和CO2封存利用技术进行了分析探讨.将CO2转化为高附加值的三聚氰酸等固体产品也是一条比较可行的CO2减排技术路线,不仅可以实现CO2的封存,而且能够实现CO2的高值有效利用,对于解决CO2的减排具有重要意义.     

Fabrication and application of porous materials made from coal gangue: A review

Coal gangue (CG), which is mainly generated during coal excavation, mining, and coal washing, is an industrial solid waste that is recognized as an environmental pollutant. The ever-increasing amount of CG produced is a serious threat to the ecological environment and property safety, especially in China, which is the largest coal producer and consumer in the world. Considerable studies have investigated means for utilizing CG worldwide. This review summarizes and discusses various porous inorganic materials made from CG, including cement-based porous materials, porous bricks, porous ceramics (cordierite and mullite) and glasses, porous geopolymers, zeolites, aerogels, and porous carbon materials. Different preparation processes and performances of each type of porous inorganic materials were reviewed. Porous CG-based materials can be used as promising adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants and have good potential for use in construction industry as well as catalyst material applications. Besides, porous materials obtained from CG have also been tested as slow-release fertilizers after the absorption of phosphate, as electrode materials, and as oil-in-water separation agents. The systematic summary of porous materials based on CG aims at promoting high-value-added applications for this waste. Future research directions for the use of CG as a raw material are also presented.     

碳中和目标下的煤化工变革与发展

碳中和目标的达成将对我国煤化工产业的发展产生深刻的影响。本文分析了煤炭消费与煤化工的CO₂排放情况及煤化工在国家经济中的作用,指出碳减排技术与煤化工工艺耦合是实现煤化工碳减排与可持续发展的关键,现实地选择优化产业结构与提高能量利用效率的措施可明显但有限地降低CO₂排放量,认为要实现煤化工亿吨级规模的碳减排必须采用绿电绿氢、碳捕获与封存/碳捕获利用与封存（CCS/CCUS和CO₂）资源化利用技术。文中评述了近年来绿电绿氢、CCS/CCUS和CO₂资源化利用技术应用的主要进展,指出2030年碳达峰前这些碳减排技术将处于关键的示范考验期,能否成熟可靠将决定之后的煤化工发展走向,同时预测氢冶金与绿氨合成示范技术的推广应用将可能导致煤化工产业格局的重大变化。最后基于空气直接捕集CO₂技术与光电催化CO₂转化或模拟光合反应的研究进展,设想了未来可能呈现的零碳化工体系。     

乌东煤矿急倾斜特厚煤层H_2S防治技术研究

针对神华新疆能源股份有限公司乌东煤矿急倾斜特厚煤层以及H_2S涌出浓度高的特殊性,采用现场实测分析手段,对煤体H_2S赋存运移规律、煤体H_2S抽放半径以及煤体注水湿润半径进行了研究;提出了抽、注、喷、洒、排、护H2S综合防治技术体系。研究结果表明,H_2S涌出浓度降至6.6×10-6以下,解决了采煤工作面H_2S气体超限难题,为H_2S煤矿的安全、高效开采提供有效的技术保障。     

中国煤炭科技发展现状及展望

经济的高速增长,依靠能源的稳定供给,中国经济社会的良性运转对煤炭工业的发展提出了更高的要求,煤炭工业持续、稳定、健康地发展离不开科技进步。简要介绍了世界煤炭科技发展现状和中国煤炭科技与产业发展现状,总结了中国煤炭科技在煤炭资源与地质勘探、煤矿开采、煤炭加工与利用、煤层气资源开发与利用等领域取得的主要成绩,分析了目前中国煤炭科技发展存在的问题和差距,并在此基础上结合国家能源科技"十二五"规划中煤炭科技发展的目标对中国煤炭科技进行了展望。     

Applications of high-gravity technologies in gas purifications: A review

The traditional gas purification techniques such as wet gas desulfurization, with their advantages of large-scale implementation and maturity, have still been widely used. However, the main drawback of these techniques is the low transfer efficiency, which normally needs towers as tall as tens of meters to remove the pollutants. Therefore, new technologies which could enhance the mass transfer efficiency and are less energy-intensive are highly desirable. As a process intensification technology, high-gravity technology, which is carried out in a rotating packed bed(RPB), has recently demonstrated great potential for industrial applications due to its high mass transfer efficiency, energy-saving, and smaller volume. This consequently provides higher efficiency in toxic gas removal, and can significantly reduce the investment and operation costs. In this review, the mechanism,characteristics, recent developments, and the industry applications of high-gravity technologies in gas purifications, such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and nanoparticle removal are discussed, most of the demonstration projects and practical application examples in gas purification come from China. The perspective and prospective of this technology in gas purification and other fields are also briefly discussed.     

高灰熔点煤的加压催化气化：K2CO3催化活性及钾回收特性

以高灰熔点煤和含钾催化剂的灰渣为研究对象,分别考察了加压固定床反应器中K₂CO₃催化半焦水蒸气气化的反应性和灰渣中钾催化剂的回收特性。实验结果表明煤中添加K₂CO₃能够促进碳的转化,随着K₂CO₃负载量和气化温度的增加,碳转化率增大,CH₄收率增加。在3.5 MPa和800℃下,K₂CO₃负载量为15%时,碳转化率达到96.1%,CH₄收率达到0.24 m³·（kg C）^-1。灰渣中钾催化剂的回收率随碳转化率的增加先升高后减小,这与催化剂在灰渣中的存在方式有关。通过优化水洗和消解条件,高碳转化率下灰渣中的钾催化剂的总回收率高达96.5%。     

具有突出危险性煤层群煤气共采技术

为保障具有突出危险性煤层群的煤气共采,以谢一矿为试验矿井论证了开采保护层的可行性,并对保护层工作面进行了突出危险区域划分和采用多种方法抽采煤层群瓦斯。试验结果表明：开采保护层并结合多方法的抽采措施后,被保护保护效果及瓦斯抽采效果明显,实现了具有突出危险性煤层群的煤气共采。     

壳牌粉煤气化高摩尔分数CO变换技术进展

介绍了目前与壳牌粉煤气化相配套的具有代表性的3种高摩尔分数CO变换技术,即高水气比(摩尔比)变换技术、低水气比变换技术和低串中水气比变换技术.对3种变换技术的蒸汽消耗、最高变换温度、甲烷化副反应等主要工艺参数进行了对比分析.详细总结了3种变换技术在化工企业的实际生产运行状况,并结合目前运行现状对3种变换技术各自的优缺点...     

中国动力煤应用现状及碳捕集与封存展望

为提高动力煤利用效率,分析了中国不同牌号动力煤和各大产区动力煤的煤质特性,阐述了中国动力煤的应用现状。针对动力煤燃烧过程中CO2排放量逐年增长的现状,提出了碳捕集与封存战略,并介绍了目前中国运行中的碳捕集项目。结果表明,中国动力煤中以弱黏煤灰分最低为13.10%,发热量最高为29.59 MJ/kg;贫煤灰分、硫分最高,但水分、挥发分较低;褐煤硫分、发热量最低,水分和挥发分最高。动力煤主要用来发电,其次是锅炉燃烧。褐煤主要用作发电燃料,部分用于气化和合成气;长焰煤多为电厂、机车、窑炉燃料,也可为气化用煤;不黏煤、弱黏煤除用于发电外,还可作为动力及民用燃料。最后提出开展碳捕集与封存技术（CCS）是降低燃煤CO2排放,缓解温室效应的重要措施。     

高硫煤制甲醇净化废气回收利用制取食品级液体CO2

高硫煤制甲醇净化废气回收利用装置,采用国内先进技术高效回收净化废气中二氧化碳,制取食品级液体CO2,对装置开车过程中发现的问题及时分析优化整改。该装置建设运行,实现了CO2节能减排,符合煤化工产业绿色、低碳可持续发展思路。     

磷肥生产中的氟回收

分析我国磷肥生产中氟回收利用现状:磷肥生产废气中的氟、硅资源每年分别达数十万t,但回收利用很差。介绍一种利用磷肥生产中的含氟废气生产氟化合物与白炭黑的清洁生产方法:用氟化铵或氨直接吸收含氟气体生成氟硅酸铵,然后氨化得氟化铵与白炭黑(S iO2),氟化铵可进一步加工为其它高价值氟化物产品。提出磷肥生产中的氟、硅资源化和接替战略资源——萤石的可能性。并介绍了该技术的开发现状,呼吁有关部门重视,促成该技术早日产业化。     

Reviews of clean coal conversion technology in China:Situations & challenges

It is important to develop the advanced coal to chemicals industry (ACCI) against a backdrop of coal-based energy structures,excessive imported oil and natural gas,and strict environmental con-straints in China.In this study,the technology and industry of China's ACCI are reviewed to explain the effect of using coal to replace oil and natural gas,and the corresponding resource and environmental burdens that this will create.Development trends in technology and industry are also proposed to explore future scenarios.The review shows that although excellent progress has been made on an indus-trial scale,demonstrative level,and in terms of technology and equipment,the lack of strategic under-standing,severe external constraints,partly underdeveloped technologies,and weak foundations must be immediately addressed.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify the importance that the ACCI has on the energy revolution and energy system.Based on technological innovation,a variety of external factors should be considered as a whole with emphasis on filling the knowledge gap of theoretical foundations and industry standards to support high-quality development for ACCI.     

煤与煤层气共采技术——在晋煤集团的应用研究

介绍了煤与煤层气共采技术的形成与发展,阐述了煤与煤层气共采技术的内涵与外延,并以晋城煤业集团经验及成果为例对实现煤气共采的技术进行了详细论述,对今后煤炭开采与煤层气开发的紧密结合提出了建议。     

府谷煤CO2催化气化反应性的研究

加入适宜的催化剂可以提高气化反应速率,降低起始气化温度。为了研究不同阴离子（SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-、Cl^-）盐对府谷煤热失重过程的影响,利用热重分析仪对负载了8种催化剂（K₂CO₃、K₂SO₄、KCl;Na₂CO₃、Na₂SO₄、NaCl;FeSO₄、FeCl₂）的煤样进行了CO₂气化实验,其中每克府谷煤的K⁺、Na⁺、Fe²⁺负载量分别为0.001mol。同时采用升温动力学模型进行了数据拟合。实验结果表明：催化剂对煤与CO₂的低温热解并无明显的催化作用,而在高温气化阶段催化效果显著。对于钾盐和钠盐催化剂,当阳离子相同时,其催化活性顺序为：CO₃^2->SO₄^2->Cl^-。对于铁盐催化剂,FeSO₄的催化活性优于FeCl₂。动力学结果发现：负载催化剂煤样的活化能大小符合上述实验规律,分布在169～232.6kJ/mol之间,相比原煤（267.9kJ/mol）都有一定程度的降低。     

烟煤热解全流程脱硫技术应用及研究进展

为实现烟煤热解提质增效,从脱硫角度,调研了各工段脱硫技术的应用及研究现状,试图厘清烟煤热解全流程脱硫的思路。烟煤热解全流程脱硫包括炉前煤炭脱硫、炉中热解脱硫和炉后煤气脱硫3部分。炉前煤炭脱硫方面,重介质洗选和浮选工业应用成熟,电选、磁选、微生物及各类化学脱硫方法仍处于研究阶段;热解脱硫方面,不同气氛下热解脱硫和与添加剂共热解脱硫均处于实验室研究阶段;炉后煤气脱硫以湿法氧化法应用最为广泛。为实现全流程有效脱硫,现阶段应重点加强以下几方面工作:(1)加大炉前脱硫技术的应用范围和研究力度;(2)加强针对有机硫脱除技术的研发;(3)研发配套环保技术,减少过程污染。     

西山矿区利用贫瘦煤洗选电精煤的实践

西山煤电集团前山矿区为了提高下组高硫贫瘦煤开采比例,在各矿建设不同洗选工艺的选煤厂生产电精煤,这样可以调整产品结构、减少无效运输、保护环境、实现矿井可持续发展,同时提高供需双方的经济效益;某电厂的生产实践表明,燃烧电精煤发电,可少用煤、多发电,并可节约用电,节约助燃油,减少设备磨损,减轻环境污染。     

气体膜分离技术在煤清洁化利用中的应用

归纳分析了燃煤电厂减排CO2的途径,以煤气化为核心的多联产系统具有提高燃煤利用效率和减排CO2的最大潜力。CO2的分离是未来零排放火电厂所面临的主要挑战之一,在CO2的各分离技术中,膜分离法对电厂效率影响最小。无机膜在涉及高温的分离过程中具有有机高分子膜所无法比拟的优势,为使回收的CO2达到理想的纯度,一方面应开发性能更好的无机膜材料,另一方面还应把膜法和其它有关分离技术进行优化集成。