Enhanced convective heat transfer using graphene dispersed nanofluids

Nanofluids are having wide area of application in electronic and cooling industry. In the present work, hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) dispersed deionized (DI) water, and ethylene glycol (EG) based nanofluids were developed. Further, thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties of these nanofluids were systematically investigated. HEG was synthesized by exfoliating graphite oxide in H2 atmosphere at 200°C. The nanofluids were prepared by dispersing functionalized HEG (f-HEG) in DI water and EG without the use of any surfactant. HEG and f-HEG were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal and electrical conductivities of f-HEG dispersed DI water and EG based nanofluids were measured for different volume fractions and at different temperatures. A 0.05% volume fraction of f-HEG dispersed DI water based nanofluid shows an enhancement in thermal conductivity of about 16% at 25°C and 75% at 50°C. The enhancement in Nusselts number for these nanofluids is more than that of thermal conductivity.     

Density,refractive index and liquid–liquid equilibrium data of polyethylene glycol 3000 + potassium formate + water at different pH values

New liquid–liquid equilibrium data for polyethylene glycol(PEG) 3000 + CHO_2K + H_2O systems were measured at 298.15 K and pH values of 7.95, 8.40 and 9.98. It was found that an increase in pH caused the binodal curve to be displaced downward and the two-phase region to expand. Accordingly, the binodal curve was adjusted to the Pirdashti equation and the tie-line compositions were correlated using the Othmer–Tobias, Bancroft and Hand equations. The study measured the refractive index and densities of several homogeneous binary and ternary solutions. The solutions were used for calibration within a range of 0% to 30% of the mass of the PEG and potassium formate. The density and refractive index data show a linear variation with the mass fraction of the polymer and the salt. The effect of pH on the binodal, tie-line lengths(TLL) and slope of the tie-line(STL) in the systems was examined. It was found that an increase in pH increased the TLL and decreased the STL. It was observed that the density of the aqueous two-phase system was influenced by the TLL. The difference in density between phases(Δρ) increased as the TLL and pH increased. It was found that the TLL and Δρ showed a linear relationship. The effective excluded volume(EEV) of the PEG was obtained and it was found that EEV also increased as the pH increased.     

乙二醇基纳米流体黏度的实验研究

实验研究了3种乙二醇基纳米流体（Al₂O₃-EG、ZnO-EG、CuO-EG）在不同质量分数（0.5%/3.0%/5.0%/7.0%）下的相对黏度随温度的变化规律,实验所用乙二醇基纳米流体采用两步法配制获得。结果表明：在30～60℃温度范围内乙二醇基纳米流体的相对黏度同温度之间并无较强的函数关系（单调递增或递减）;但在质量分数较高时,3种乙二醇基纳米流体的相对黏度随温度的变化会出现波动,且以非球形颗粒的ZnO乙二醇基纳米流体的波动最为显著;乙二醇基纳米流体的相对黏度均随纳米颗粒体积分数的增大而增大,其中CuO乙二醇基纳米流体相对黏度的增长速度最快,Al₂O₃乙二醇基纳米流体的增长速度最慢。最后比较分析了文献中相对黏度预测公式与本文实验数据的相符程度。     

Influence of dehydrating agents on the oxidative carbonylation of methanol for dimethyl carbonate synthesis over a Cu/Y-zeolite catalyst

The influence of the dehydration by metal oxides on the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate(DMC) via oxidative carbonylation of methanol was studied. A Cu/Y-zeolite catalyst was prepared by the ion exchange method from CuCl_2·2 H_2O and the commercial NH_4-form of the Y type zeolite. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray fluorescence(XRF), N_2 adsorption(BET method), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD) to evaluate its Cu and Cl content, surface area, structure, and acidity. Reaction tests were carried out using an autoclave(batch reactor) for 18 h at 403 K and 5.5 MPa(2CH_3OH + 1/2O_2+CO?(CH_3O)_2CO + H_2O). The influence of various dehydrating agents(ZnO, MgO, and CaO) was examined with the aim of increasing the methanol conversion(X_(MeOH), MeOH conversion). The MeOH conversion increased upon addition of metal oxides in the order CaO MgO ZnO, with the DMC selectivity(SDMC) following the order MgO CaO ZnO. The catalysts and dehydrating agents were characterized before and after the oxidative carbonylation of methanol by thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric(TG/DTG), and XRD to confirm that the dehydration reaction occurred via the metal oxide(MO + H_2O → M(OH)_2). The MeOH conversion increased from 8.7% to 14.6% and DMC selectivity increased from 39.0% to 53.1%, when using the dehydrating agent CaO.     

Discussion on the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids

Increasing interests have been paid to nanofluids because of the intriguing heat transfer enhancement performances presented by this kind of promising heat transfer media. We produced a series of nanofluids and measured their thermal conductivities. In this article, we discussed the measurements and the enhancements of the thermal conductivity of a variety of nanofluids. The base fluids used included those that are most employed heat transfer fluids, such as deionized water (DW), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, silicone oil, and the binary mixture of DW and EG. Various nanoparticles (NPs) involving Al₂O₃ NPs with different sizes, SiC NPs with different shapes, MgO NPs, ZnO NPs, SiO₂ NPs, Fe₃O₄ NPs, TiO₂ NPs, diamond NPs, and carbon nanotubes with different pretreatments were used as additives. Our findings demonstrated that the thermal conductivity enhancements of nanofluids could be influenced by multi-faceted factors including the volume fraction of the dispersed NPs, the tested temperature, the thermal conductivity of the base fluid, the size of the dispersed NPs, the pretreatment process, and the additives of the fluids. The thermal transport mechanisms in nanofluids were further discussed, and the promising approaches for optimizing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids have been proposed.     

PEG4000/(NH_4)2SO_4双水相制备超顺磁性Fe_3O_4纳米粒子及性能表征

以PEG4000和(NH_4)2SO_4为双水相体系、二异丙胺为沉淀剂,对共沉淀法进行改进,合成了四氧化三铁(Fe_3O_4)纳米粒子。采用XRD、TEM、VSM、FT-IR等对Fe_3O_4进行性能表征,证明所合成的Fe_3O_4粒子为具有反尖晶石结构、稳定性和分散性良好、尺寸均一、粒径大小为11 nm左右的球形纳米粒子,具备优异的超顺磁性和高磁化强度等特性。同时对反应温度及铁离子浓度比、PEG4000/(NH_4)2SO_4的质量浓度对双水相体系的形成进行条件探索,确定了最优工艺方案为n(Fe2+)∶n(Fe3+)=2∶3、1.0 g Fe Cl2·4H2O、1.2 g Fe Cl3、10 m L二异丙胺,PEG4000/(NH_4)2SO_4双水相体系中PEG4000的质量分数为18%、(NH_4)2SO_4的质量分数为25%,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为1 h。     

Experimental investigation of the thermal transport properties of a carbon nanohybrid dispersed nanofluid

A hybrid nanostructure consisting of 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D graphene was successfully synthesized. Nanofluids were made by dispersing the hybrid nanostructure in deionized (DI) water and ethylene glycol (EG) separately, without any surfactant. Later the thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids were experimentally measured. Meanwhile, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD), and hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) was synthesized by exfoliating graphite oxide in a hydrogen atmosphere. The hybrid nanostructure (f-MWNT+f-HEG) of functionalized MWNT (f-MWNT) and functionalized HEG (f-HEG) was prepared by a post mixing technique, and the sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was measured for different volume fractions of f-MWNT+f-HEG at different temperatures. The hybrid nanostructure dispersed in the DI water based nanofluid shows a thermal conductivity enhancement of 20% for a volume fraction of 0.05%. Similarly, for a Reynolds number of 15,500, the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient is about 289% for a 0.01% volume fraction of f-MWNT+f-HEG.     

Cu/SiO2-ZnO催化苯胺和乙二醇合成吲哚

以等体积浸渍-焙烧-原位还原法制备Cu/SiO2>-ZnO催化剂,采用固定床管式反应器考察反应温度、H2与H2O2的通入量以及助剂ZnO含量对苯胺和乙二醇合成吲哚反应的影响.结果表明,反应温度325 ℃、H2流速65 Ml·min-1、H2O流速42 Ml·h-1和加入ZnO助剂质量分数为1.0%条件下,吲哚收率为91...     

Round-robin test on thermal conductivity measurement of ZnO nanofluids and comparison of experimental results with theoretical bounds

Ethylene glycol (EG)-based zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofluids containing no surfactant have been manufactured by one-step pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) method. Round-robin tests on thermal conductivity measurements of three samples of EG-based ZnO nanofluids have been conducted by five participating labs, four using accurate measurement apparatuses developed in house and one using a commercial device. The results have been compared with several theoretical bounds on the effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous systems. This study convincingly demonstrates that the large enhancements in the thermal conductivities of EG-based ZnO nanofluids tested are beyond the lower and upper bounds calculated using the models of the Maxwell and Nan et al. with and without the interfacial thermal resistance.     

Investigation on two abnormal phenomena about thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids

The thermal conductivity of boron nitride/ethylene glycol (BN/EG) nanofluids was investigated by transient hot-wire method and two abnormal phenomena was reported. One is the abnormal higher thermal conductivity enhancement for BN/EG nanofluids at very low-volume fraction of particles, and the other is the thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids synthesized with large BN nanoparticles (140 nm) which is higher than that synthesized with small BN nanoparticles (70 nm). The chain-like loose aggregation of nanoparticles is responsible for the abnormal increment of thermal conductivity enhancement for the BN/EG nanofluids at very low particles volume fraction. And the difference in specific surface area and aspect ratio of BN nanoparticles may be the main reasons for the abnormal difference between thermal conductivity enhancements for BN/EG nanofluids prepared with 140- and 70-nm BN nanoparticles, respectively.     

R1234yf+CO2和R1234ze (E)+CO2二元混合物的比容平移Soave-Redlich-Kwong方程

采用温度相关比容平移项的比容平移Soave-Redlich-Kwong（VTSRK）方程计算新工质R1234yf和R1234ze（E）的热力学性质以及两种物质与CO₂的二元混合物性质,混合物计算采用van der Waals混合规则,二元交互作用系数由密度数据拟合得到。对纯净物计算与专用状态方程进行对比,VTSRK方程比SRK方程显著改善了液相密度表征效果。对混合物的密度计算结果与实验数据进行对比,对于R1234yf+CO₂二元混合体系方程与实验数据相对均方根偏差为1.17%,对于R1234ze（E）+CO₂二元混合体系相对均方根偏差为0.82%。结果显示,采用温度相关比容平移项的VTSRK方程应用于R1234yf和R1234ze（E）纯流体以及R1234yf+CO₂和R1234ze（E）+CO₂密度性质计算,可获得较高精度。     

Statistical mechanics and artificial intelligence to model the thermodynamic properties of pure and mixture of ionic liquids

In this paper, the volumetric properties of pure and mixture of ionic liquids are predicted using the developed statistical mechanical equation of state in different temperatures, pressures and mole fractions. The temperature dependent parameters of the equation of state have been calculated using corresponding state correlation based on only the density at 298.15 K as scaling constants. The obtained mean of deviations of modified equation of state for density of al pure ionic liquids for 1662 data points was 0.25%. In addition, the performance of the arti-ficial neural network (ANN) with principle component analysis (PCA) based on back propagation training with 28 neurons in hidden layer for predicting of behavior of binary mixtures of ionic liquids was investigated. The AADs of a col ection of 568 data points for al binary systems using the EOS and the ANN at various temperatures and mole fractions are 1.03%and 0.68%, respectively. Moreover, the excess molar volume of all binary mixtures is predicted using obtained densities of EOS and ANN, and the results show that these properties have good agree-ment with literature.     

PET/ZnO纳米复合材料的制备及结晶性能

通过纳米ZnO存在下的对苯二甲酸／乙二醇(TPA／EG)酯化和缩聚反应制备聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)／ZnO纳米复合材料，研究了纳米ZnO用量及其分散方式对PET粘均摩尔质量、纳米ZnO在复合物中的分散及聚乙二醇(PEG)结晶性能的影响。发现纳米ZnO及分散改性剂(PEG)的加入，对合成PET的粘均摩尔质量均有一定影响；纳米ZnO在EG中直接分散再缩聚形成的复合物中，纳米ZnO团聚严重、分散性差，PET的结晶度和结晶速率降低；在纳米ZnO分散过程中加入PEG可以降低纳米ZnO在复合物中的团聚，提高分散性，PET的结晶度和结晶速率提高。     

Deep eutectic solvents for efficient capture of cyclohexane in volatile organic compounds: Thermodynamic and molecular mechanism

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as promising green absorbents were first proposed to capture the condensable cyclohexane gas. Choline chloride–ethylene glycol (EG) (Ethaline) and choline chloride–urea (Reline) were prepared using choline chloride as the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) and urea or EG as the hydrogen-bond donor (HBD). To explore the potential application of DESs in condensable gas capture, the COSMO-RS model was used to predict the solubility of cyclohexane in Ethaline and Reline. The thermodynamic properties, that is, Henry's constant and excess enthalpy, were estimated by correlating solubility data with Henry's law equation. Quantum chemical (QC) calculation was applied to understand the absorption mechanism at the molecular level. The results showed that the absorption performance of cyclohexane in Ethaline and Reline was dependent on the weak interaction between O of EG (or N of urea) and H of cyclohexane as well as the free volume effect of DESs.     

Machine learning specific heat capacities of nanofluids containing CuO and Al2O3

Empirical work and modeling approaches have shown that fundamental thermophysical parameters of constituents, nanoparticles, and base liquids have complex but synergistic effects on the specific heat capacity of nanofluids. In this work, we develop the Gaussian process regression model to investigate the statistical relationship among temperature, specific heat capacities of nanoparticles and base liquids, nanoparticle volume concentrations, and specific heat capacities of nanofluids. The model is developed with a dataset containing nanofluids with CuO and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, and water and ethylene glycol (EG) as base liquids. The model also applies well to nanofluids containing mixtures of water and EG, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with different particle size distributions. The model is highly accurate and stable that contributes to fast and low-cost estimations of specific heat capacities of nanofluids over a wide range of compositions and temperature.     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3/ZnO/ZrO2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

沉淀法由Fe（NO3）3、Al（NO3）3、Zn（Ac）2、ZrOCl2和H2 SO4制备SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3/ZnO/ZrO2催化剂,用于催化合成苯乙酮乙二醇缩酮,研究了醇酮摩尔比、反应时间、带水剂用量、催化剂用量等对产品收率的影响.结果表明,在n（苯乙酮）∶n（乙二醇）=1∶1.2,苯乙酮物质的量为0.2 mol,催化剂的量是反应物料总质量的1.5％,带水剂甲苯20 mL,100～120℃回流反应60 min的条件下,苯乙酮乙二醇缩酮的收率达98.8％.     

Effects of coagulation-bath conditions on polyphenylsulfone ultrafiltration membranes

Polyphenylsulfone(PPSU)ultrafiltration membrane with different structures was prepared by non-solvent-induced phase separation.The effects of coagulation bath conditions(concentration and temper-ature)on membrane morphology,pure water flux,pore size,porosity,and contact angle were studied and discussed based on ternary-phase diagrams.Results indicated that water had stronger coagulant power than ethanol,and that the morphology of the membrane prepared from the polyphenylsulfone/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone/H2O(PPSU/NMP/H2O)system had finger-like structures.Conversely,sponge-like struc-tures were observed for the PPSU/NMP/(NMP-H2O)and PPSU/NMP/(70NMP-EtOH-H2O)systems.Ethanol also greatly influenced on membrane structures.According to the Scanning electronic micro-scopy(SEM)image,the composition(mass fraction)of casting solution is 16％PPSU-84％NMP and the coagulation bath consisting of 70％NMP-26％H2O-4％C2H5OH.Meanwhile,the PPSU ultrafiltration mem-brane with spong-like was prepared under 8℃coagulation bath.The formation of sponge-like structure reduces the pure water flux of ppsu membrane from 488.39 L·m-2·h-1 to 36.04 L m-2·h-1.It also reduces the gas permeability,porosity,and pore size of the membrane.The addition of ethanol and NMP into the coagulation bath increases the roughness of the PPSU ultrafiltration membrane and reduces the hydrophilicity of the membrane.     

Subchannel analysis of nanofluids application to VVER-1000 reactor

In this study a thermal-hydraulic analysis is performed of nanofluids as a coolants in subchannels in hot fuel assembly of VVER-1000 reactor by subchannel method. Water-based nanofluids containing various volume fractions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are analyzed. The conservation equations and conduction heat transfer equation for fuel and clad have been derived and discretized by finite volume method. The transfer of mass, momentum and energy between adjacent subchannels are split into diversion crossflow and turbulent mixing components. The governing non linear algebraic equations are solved by numerical iteration methods. Finally the nanofluids analysis results are compared with the pure water results. To validate the applied approach, the model and COBRA-EN code results are compared for the case of pure water. Results show that the heat transfer increases with nanoparticles volume concentration in the subchannel geometry.     

CO2对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前体老化及催化性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂前体,在通入CO2条件下老化,采用XRD、FT-IR、DTG、H2-TPR、XPS等表征手段对制备的前体及焙烧后的催化剂进行表征,研究不同CO2通入量对前体晶相转变、微观结构及其焙烧后催化性能的影响。研究结果表明,老化阶段通入CO2后,沉淀母液的pH值趋于7,产生CO32?离子,进而影响Zn2+的沉淀,促进Cu2+进入Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6晶格中取代Zn2+形成绿铜锌矿(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相,有助于增强焙烧后催化剂的Cu-Zn之间协同作用,增加活性组分Cu分散度。CO2通入量为40 mL/min时,制备的催化剂在浆态床合成甲醇过程中表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,甲醇时空收率（STY）达到301.78 g/(kg?h),失活率仅为0.15%/d,与未通入CO2辅助老化制备的催化剂相比,时空收率提高了9.72%,平均失活率降低了33.33%。