Recovery of nickel,cobalt, copper and zinc in sulphate and chloride solutions using synergistic solvent extraction

A number of synergistic solvent extraction (SSX) systems have been developed to recover nickel, cobalt, zinc and copper from sulphuric and chloride leach solutions by the solvent extraction team of CSIRO, Australia. These in-clude (1) Versatic 10/CLX50 system for the separation of Ni from Ca in sulphate solutions, (2) Versatic 10/4PC system for the separation of Ni and Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions, (3) Cyanex 471X/HRJ-4277 system for the separation of Zn from Cd in sulphate solutions, (4) Versatic 10/LIX63 system for the separation of Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions, (5) Versatic 10/LIX63/TBP system for separation of Ni and Co from Mn/Mg/Ca in sulphate solutions, (6) Versatic 10/LIX63 system for the separation of cobalt from nickel in sulphate solutions by difference in kinetics, (7) Cyanex 272/LIX84 system for the separation of Cu/Fe/Zn from Ni/Co in sulphate solutions, (8) Versatic 10/LIX63/TBP system to recover Cu/Ni from strong chloride solutions, and (9) Versatic 10/LIX63 system to separate Cu from Fe in strong chloride solutions. The synergistic effect on metal separation and efficiency is presented and possible industrial applications are demonstrated. The chemical stability of selected SSX systems is also reported.     

Simple separation method of Zn(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) from brine solution of zinc plant residue and synthetic chloride media using solvent extraction

In this work, the possibility of separation of Zn~(2+) and Cd~(2+) metal ions from chloride(brine) solutions was examined. For this purpose, simple solvent extraction(SX) experiments by di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid(D2EHPA)in kerosene as a diluent was performed on synthetic and industrial chloride solution obtained from brine leaching of zinc filter cakes(by-product of zinc hydrometallurgical processing). The optimal conditions for separation were determined. The zinc extraction efficiency was 99% with negligible co-extraction of cadmium.Therefore, a high ΔpH_(0.5) value for Zn(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) was achieved. FT-IR and slope analysis indicated that ZnClA·3HA and CdClA·3HA species were probably extracted.     

Deep Purification of Zinc Ammoniacal Leaching Solution

Deep purification of zinc ammoniacal leaching solution by cementation using zinc dust was studied. The effects of relative amount of metallic impurities, dosage of zinc dust, purification time, temperature, pH value and total ammonia concentration in the solution on the purification of the solution were investigated. The results indicate that total ammonia concentration in the solution had no effect on the purification, but relative amount of metallic impurities, dosage of zinc dust, purification time, temperature and pH value of the solution were the main factors influencing the purification. Keeping appropriate molar ratio of copper to cadmium or nickel to cadmium was beneficial to the cementation of cadmium. Nevertheless, the presence of cobalt went against the cementation of cadmium and cobalt. All metallic impurities could be decreased to acceptable levels under the optimized conditions of 2 g/L of zinc dust dosage, 1 h of purification time, 35℃, pH value 9.03 of zinc ammoniacal leaching solution. The deeply purified zinc ammoniacal solution obtained by one-stage purification meets the requirements of zinc electrowinning.     

Deep Purification of Zinc Ammoniacal Leaching Solution by Cementation with Zinc Dust

Deep purification of zinc ammoniacal leaching solution by cementation using zinc dust was studied.The effects of relative amount of metallic impurities,dosage of zinc dust,purification time,temperature,pH value and total ammonia concentration in the solution on the purification of the solution were investigated.The results indicate that total ammonia concentration in the solution had no effect on the purification,but relative amount of metallic impurities,dosage of zinc dust,purification time,temperature and pH value of the solution were the main factors influencing the purification.Keeping appropriate molar ratio of copper to cadmium or nickel to cadmium was beneficial to the cementation of cadmium.Nevertheless,the presence of cobalt went against the cementation of cadmium and cobalt.All metallic impurities could be decreased to acceptable levels under the optimized conditions of 2 g/L of zinc dust dosage,1 h of purification time,35℃,pH value 9.03 of zinc ammoniacal leaching solution.The deeply purified zinc ammoniacal solution obtained by one-stage purification meets the requirements of zinc electrowinning.     

Extraction and Separation of Cadmium and Zinc with a Mixture of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)- Dithiophosphoric Acid and Trioctyl Amine

The extractlon of cadmium and zinc with di-(2-ethylbexyi)-dithiophosphoric acid(D2EHDTPA)-toluene and D2EHDTPA-trioctyl amine(TOA)-toiuene has investiated. in-frared spectrum analsis,the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum(NMR) analysis and conductivity measurements confirm that the probable structures of the extracted complexes are CdA2 and ZnA2, Cadmium can be extracted by D2EHDTPA very eui]y. Almost all the cadmium can be extracted, but stripping of cadmium from the organic phase is very difficult. When a mLxture of D2EHDTPA and TOA is used, selective extraction of cadmium from zinc sulfate solution can be achieved. Cad-mium can be easily stripped from the organic phase.     

Selective extraction of In(Ⅲ),Ga(Ⅲ) and Zn(Ⅱ) using a novel extractant with phenylphosphinic acid

A new extractant,[N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)amino]methylphenylphosphinic acid(DEAPP),was synthesized to develop the mutual separation techniques of In(III),Ga(III) and Zn(II).The extraction selectivity for In(III),Ga(III)and Zn(II) with DEAPP was higher than that of the commercial phosphorus acid extractants such as D2 EHPA and PC-88 A.The extraction selectivity for metal ions in 1 mol·L-1aqueous ammonium nitrate solution with DEAPP was in the following order:In(III) N Ga(III) N Zn(II).These selective extraction behaviors indicate that the amino moiety of DEAPP plays an important role in the mutual separation of In(III),Ga(III) and Zn(II).The extraction equilibria of In(III),Ga(III) and Zn(II) with DEAPP(=HR) were expressed by the following reactions:In3++ 2HRT2In R3HRT + 3H+,Ga3++ 1.5HRT-2+ NO3 GaR 2eHRT N O3T + 2H+,and Zn2++ 2HRT2 Zn R2HRT2+ 2H+.The extraction equilibrium constants of In(III),Ga(III) and Zn(II) with DEAPP were determined to be Kex,M= 1.7 × 104[dm3·mol-1],4.17 [(dm3·mol-1)0.5],and 1.55 x 10-2[–],respectively.     

Zeolite P synthesis based on fly ash and its removal of Cu(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) ions

Zeolite P was synthesized through hydrothermal method based on a kind of Class C fly ash(FA). X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) were used to analyze and characterize the synthetic sample. The kinetics and thermodynamics of copper and nickel ions removed by the zeolite samples were experimentally explored in detail. The results of kinetic treatment showed the second-order exchange second-order saturation model(SESSM) can well describe the removal process of copper ions, while the first-order empirical kinetic model(FEKM) is the best kinetic model for nickel ions. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the equilibrium concentration of Cu(Ⅱ) or Ni(Ⅱ) under certain conditions. Whether for copper or nickel ion, the Langmuir model is in good agreement with the experimental equilibrium concentration.The apparent theoretical removal capacities for Cu(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) can reach to 138.1 mg·g~(-1) and 77.0 mg·g~(-1),respectively.     

Liquid–liquid equilibrium extraction of ethanol with mixed solvent for bioethanol concentration

The extraction of ethanol with the solvents of aldehydes mixed with m-xylene was studied for the bioethanol concentration process.Furfural and benzaldehyde were selected as extraction solvents,with which the solubility of water is small,expecting large distribution coefficient of ethanol.The liquid–liquid two-phase region was the largest with m-xylene solvent,followed by benzaldehyde and furfural.The region of two liquid–liquid phase became larger with the mixed solvent of m-xylene and furfural than that with furfural solvent.The NRTL model was applied to the ethanol–water–furfural–m-xylene system,and the model could well express the liquid–liquid equilibrium of the system.For any solvent used in this study,the separation selectivity of ethanol relative to water decreased as the distribution coefficient of ethanol increased.The separation selectivity with m-xylene was the largest among the employed solvents,but the distribution coefficient was the smallest.The solvent mixture of furfural and m-xylene showed relatively high distribution coefficient of ethanol and separation selectivity,even in the higher mass fraction of m-xylene in the solvent phase.The ethanol extraction with a countercurrent multistage extractor by a continuous operation was simulated to evaluate the extraction performance.The ethanol content could be concentrated in the extract phase with relatively small number of extraction stages but low yield of ethanol was obtained.     

Direct extraction of Mo(Ⅵ) from sulfate solution by synergistic extractants in the rotation column

Direct extraction of molybdenum from sulfate solution with synergistic extractants(mixture of D_2EHPA and TBP)was studied in the rotation column. The influence of extractant concentration and initial pH of aqueous phase was studied in the bench scale experiments. The outcomes demonstrated that the synergistic solvent extraction enhances the constancy of the extracted complexes for transfer into the organic phase. In the continuous experiments, the effect of different operating parameters such as speed of agitation, inlet solvent flow rate and inlet aqueous flow rate on the holdup, mean drop size, drop size distribution, slip and characteristic velocities and extraction percentage were examined. Modified correlations were proposed for prediction of hydrodynamic parameters with consideration of reaction extraction condition in the rotation column. Furthermore, these correlations were compared with the experimental data. According to the results, the direct extraction of Mo(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution and sulfuric media with extraction efficiency of 90.4% was obtained at higher rotor speed(240 r·min~(–1) rpm) in this column.     

Determination of Teicoplanin A2's Partition Coefficient in Different Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems

Teicoplanin is one of the macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics, which is active against Gram-positive bacteria, and has attracted a lot of attention in the field of chiral separation recently. In this work, the partition coefficients and extraction ratio of teicoplanin in three different solvent systems were studied: conventional extraction, reactive extraction and reverse micelle extraction. With conventional solvent extraction, n-butanol demonstrated high partition coefficient for teicoplanin, but low extraction ratio because of its high solubility in water. Reactive extraction of teicoplanin showed the highest partition coefficient with almost 100% recovery in organic phase when tri-n-octylmethyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC) was used as extractant and pH value was above 5.0. A reverse micelle system, consisted of isooctane 10mmol-L-1 TOMAC 1% n-octanol, also offered high separation factor for teicoplanin. The results are beneficial for the design of teicoplanin separation and purification process.     

N^α-9-芴甲氧羰基-N^ε-叔丁氧基羰基-L-赖氨酸的合成研究

Using H2O-acetone as solvent, sodium bicarbonate as acid binder and catalyst, N^ε-tert-butoxycarbony- L-lysine copper （Ⅱ） complex was synthesized successfully by Nε-tert-butoxycarbonylation of L-lysine copper （Ⅱ） complex which was furnished by protection of the α-amino and carbonyl of L-lysine with copper （Ⅱ） sulfate pentahydrate. The free α-amino was released from Nε-tert -butoxycarbonylation of L-lysine copper （Ⅱ）complex promoted by copper catching regent, and followed by Nα-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylation catalysted by sodium carbonate with H2O-acetone as solvent to form Nα-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-Nε-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine （Fmoc-L-Lys （Boc） -OH）. The effects of four kinds of copper catching regents on the Nα -9- fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylation were studied, and the results showed the excellent copper catching regent were sodium sulfide and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The reaction conditions of Nα-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylation such as ratio of Nε-tert-butoxycarbony-L-lysine copper （Ⅱ） complex to Fmoc-Osu, reaction time, reaction temperature were investigated in detail. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follow： the mole ratio of Nε-tert- butoxycarbony-L-lysine copper （Ⅱ） complex to Fmoc-Osu is 1.00 ： 0.98, the reaction temperatureare is room temperatureare and the reaction time is 3 h. Under those conditions, Fmoc-L-Lys （Boc）-OH was reached in 91.7% yield with 99.1% purity.     

Extraction Equilibria of Trimellitic and [ 1,1′-Biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic Acid with 1-Octanol, 50%TBP,and 10%TRPO in Kerosene

To explore the feasibility of extracting aromatic acid products from oxidizing coal, two aromatic acids, trimellitic and [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid, were selected as the solutes, and the extraction equilibrium of the acids were studied with 1-octanol, 50% tributyl phosphate （TBP） in kerosene, and 10% trialkylphosphine oxide （TRPO） in kerosene. The results showed that the degree of extraction of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid was larger than that of trimellitic acid for all of the solvent, and the extraction capacity with TRPO is more effective than the one with TBP. The extraction behavior of aromatic polyacid is different from that of carboxylic acid, and the reactive extraction function of aromatic acids with TBP and TRPO is not as effective as that of carboxylic acid. 1-octanol could be used to remove [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid from the mixture of trimellitic acid and [1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid. Because the weak hydrogen bond association exists between -OH in 1-octanol and -COOH in aromatic acid, the extractive selectivity of [ 1, 1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-dicarboxylic to trimellitic acid depends on the stoichiometric ratio.     

Recovery of Copper from Leaching Solution of Copper Smelting Ash

An efficient and reliable approach based on solvent extraction to selectively recover copper from leaching solution of Jinchuan copper smelting ash has been developed in this work. And the extraction isotherm of 50%(j) N902 with initial aqueous acidity of 19.6 g/L was determined at 25℃. The results show that the extractant, N902, has good selectivity to copper, and its saturated capacity of copper under the given conditions is over 23 g/L. The recovery rate of copper in the extraction is over 99%. And copper extraction equilibrium is reached in 90 s using 50% N902 with kerosene as the diluenting agent at an organic and aqueous volume phase ratio (O/A) of 1. Furthermore, over 99.5% of the loaded copper in the organic phase could be stripped by applying 196 g/L H2SO4 as the stripping agent.     

采用极性及非极性溶剂从酸洗后的红法夫酵母中高效萃提虾青素的研究(英文)

method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated.The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P.rhodozyma cells.When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol·L-1,the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control.Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most effective solvent in our research.With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane(volume ratio of 2:1),the maximal extraction efficiency was achieved,approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent.The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized.Under the optimum extraction conditions,the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.     

采用不同载体的中空纤维更新液膜Cu(Ⅱ)传质的研究(英文)

The extraction ability of organophosphorus extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) and hydroximic extractant Lix984N are investigated by the extraction equilibrium experiments. Effects of carrier concentration and organic/aqueous volume ratio on the mass transfer of hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM) are studied. Results show that, in the extracting process, kerosene and n-heptane are more suitable than methyl-isobutyl ketone, butylacetate and benzene as the diluents of D2EHPA or Lix984N. The favorable feed pH is 4.4 for D2EHPA and 2.6 for Lix984N. The mass transfer flux of HFRLM increases with carrier concentration and finally reaches a plateau. The mass transfer flux and the overall transfer coefficient increase with the or-ganic/aqueous volume ratio, reach the maximum and then decrease.     

Design and optimization of purification process of sinomenine hydrochloride

Sinomenine hydrochloride is generally produced from Caulis Sinomenii. At present, the purification process in industrial production suffers from large amount of solid waste, high solvent toxicity, and low sinomenine hydrochloride yield. In this study, a new purification process for sinomenine hydrochloride was proposed by using the extract obtained from acid extraction of Caulis Sinomenii as the starting material.The process included the following steps: alkalization, extraction, water washing, ...     

Enrichment of nervonic acid in Acer truncatum Bunge oil by combination of two-stage molecular distillation,one-stage urea complexation and five-stage solvent crystallization

Nervonic acid is the world’s first and only potent substance that can repair damaged nerve fibers and promote nerve cell regeneration with high nutritional value. The wide variety of fatty acids in plant oils and fats with similar structures makes the large-scale separation and purification of high-purity nervonic acid very difficult. A new combined process of molecular distillation, urea inclusion and solvent crystallization was established to prepare high-purity nervonic acid with the mixed fa...     

替考拉宁在不同液液萃取体系中分配系数的测定

Teicoplanin is one of the macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics, which is active against Gram-positive bacteria, and has attracted a lot of attention in the field of chiral separation recently. In this work, the partition coefficients and extraction ratio of teicoplanin in three different solvent systems were studied: conventional extraction, reactive extraction and reverse micelle extraction. With conventional solvent extraction, n-butanol demonstrated high partition coefficient for teicoplanin, but low extraction ratio because of its high solubility in water. Reactive extraction of teicoplanin showed the highest partition coefficient with almost 100% recovery in organic phase when tri-n-octylmethyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC) was used as extractant and pH value was above 5.0. A reverse micelle system, consisted of isooctane 10 mmol-L^-1 TOMAC -t-1% n-octanol, also offered high separation factor for teicoplanin. The results are beneficial for the design of teicoplanin separation and purification process.     

有机磷(膦)酸对碱土金属的萃取

Solvent extraction equiliria of four main alkaline earth metals (magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium) with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-(2-ethylhexyl) ester, di(2,4,4-tri-methylpentyl) phosphinic acid and IR spectra of the extracts have been studied. The selectivity order is dependent of the e/r value and hydration energy of the metal ions. The minor shift of the P→O in IR absorption of the alkaline earth metal extracts indicates that the interaction between the metal ions and P→O is much weaker for alkaline earth metals than for transitional metals. The distribution of the four alkaline earth elements between aqueous solutions and solutions of DEHPA and neutral organophosphorus compunds, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) or tri-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene have been determined at varying ratio of TBP or TOPO to DEHPA and the positive synergism is observed. The synergic effects is explained by using IR spectra of the loaded organic phase.     

Effects of solvent and impurities on crystal morphology of zinc lactate trihydrate简

The crystal morphology of zinc lactate trihydrate in the absence or presence of impurities （viz. succinic acid, L-malic acid and D-malic acid） is investigated by molecular simulation based on surface docking model and COMPASS force field. Combing simulation results with our previous experimental results, it is found that the solvent mainly has an inhibition effect on the （0 0 2） surface, and succinic acid impurity will inhibit the growth of （0 0 2） and （0 1 1） surfaces while two enantiomers of malic acid impurity will inhibit the （0 0 2） and （1 0 0） surfaces, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.