城市生活垃圾管理信息系统的数据库设计

城市生活垃圾已成为困扰我国城市人民生活环境的一个严重问题，从开发全国城市生活垃圾管理信息系统出发，以数据库设计的要求、数据来源、数据库整体结构、系统用户数据窗体设计、数据库设计的实现和数据库的管理和维护等方面分析了系统数据库的具体设计情况。     

绿色建筑技术在高层办公建筑节能优化中的应用

针对高层办公建筑季度性能耗较大的问题,将绿色建筑技术应用于高层办公建筑节能优化中。为反映各种经济发展水平城市的高层办公建筑实际形态特征,根据信息环境模型,综合利用绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的节能优化。将绿色建筑技术分成两部分,应用主动式绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的基础节能优化,应用被动式绿色建筑技术进行高层办公建筑的智能节能优化。实验结果表明,该方法的全年照明能耗、夏季制冷能耗均较低,以季度性节能实现了高层办公建筑整体节能。     

城市超高层建筑供电方式的研究探讨

随着城市商区地块趋于紧张,高层建筑的崛起成为必然,对高层建筑供电系统设计水平要求越来越高。在借鉴国内超高层建筑典型供电模式的基础上,对当前城市超高层建筑供电中负荷特性预测、供电电源选择、配电房规划配置、接线方式选择等方面提出研究建议,为城市高层供电提供参考依据。     

微型混流式水轮机在高层建筑采暖系统中的应用

针对高层建筑采暖系统回水余压的利用问题,开发了一种微型混流式水轮机,用以代替采暖系统中的回水阻力调节阀。以某高层采暖系统为例,结合其工作环境特点,确定了水轮机基本参数,并对此水轮机进行了全流道三维数值模拟和优化。结果显示,水轮机效率可达86%以上;水轮机与供暖系统的连接方式分析说明,设计出的微型水轮机效率高、安装方便、减少了电能消耗,从而为水轮机在供暖系统中的应用提供了理论和实践依据。     

超高层楼房雨水资源水力发电系统设计研究

为了改善城市生态环境,提高城市自然资源利用率,首先提出了超高层建筑雨水资源利用水力发电的总体架构设计(包括管路设计和涡轮机选型);其次基于流体力学基本方程,构建了涡轮机水流模型,分别应用流体力学模拟、试验和数值解的方法研究了涡轮机出力情况及其设计实体模型的数值解问题;最后选择我国南方某城市的一座50层210m高的楼房为例,对雨水资源利用发电出力进行了研究。结果表明,利用高层楼房雨水水力发电可行,年降水量在1 600mm的条件下,平均1.0×104 m2的超高层楼房雨水蓄积可实现年发电量为271.3×104 kW·h。     

中国城市新能源发展决策支持指标体系构建及应用

由于我国缺乏有效的城市新能源开发利用指标体系,导致在选择需要优先发展的城市新能源领域以及开发排序方面一直存在不同的意见与观点,不利于科学决策。文章通过城市新能源对城市的经济、社会、环境和政府财政负担4个方面的影响,选取了8项城市影响因子,并根据我国国情引用层次分析法建立了城市新能源发展决策支撑指标体系。在泰安市新能源城市规划中运用此指标体系,根据泰安市的城市定位、发展目标、城市特色给出泰安市的新能源发展建议。     

基于构件形态的高层大跨厂房光伏遮阳设计方法

为建立基于构件形态参数的高层大跨厂房光伏遮阳设计评价与优化方法,以长沙同有科技项目为例,进行高层大跨厂房光热平衡算法研究。选取光伏遮阳构件的尺寸、倾斜角度以及阵列方式为变量参数,通过对参数化建模、环境性能模拟以及多目标算法的技术集成得到基于构件形态的光热平衡算法模型,其应用结果显示,随着多种光伏遮阳构件形态变量的调控,模型综合性能呈现出非线性的复杂变化模式。     

车用燃油加热系统的设计

为解决车辆在低温环境下的冷启动问题,设计开发了基于AT89S52单片机的车用燃油加热系统。本文从设计思路和工作原理上对该系统的硬件、软件进行了介绍。     

车用燃油加热系统的设计

为解决车辆在低温环境下的冷启动问题,设计开发了基于AT89S52单片机的车用燃油加热系统。本文从设计思路和工作原理上对该系统的硬件、软件进行了介绍。     

城市型燃机电厂景观设计浅析

大规模电力建设及日渐加速的城市化不可避免地使一部分燃机电厂选址于城市范围内。定义了城市型燃机电厂的概念并描述了其基本特征,强调其“城市性”及其与城市的关系。以其“城市性”为基础,浅析了其景观设计所遵循的基本原则,从地域性、文化性、城市设计、工艺设计、物理环境设计等多方面描述景观设计应侧重的内容,最后归纳出城市型燃机电厂景观设计应达到的预期目标。     

Effects of stacked condensers in a high-rise apartment building

The effects of condensers installed in the stacked air-conditioning plant rooms of a high-rise apartment building were studied numerically. The performance of the condensers was evaluated using the coefficient of performance (COP) and condenser group performance indicator (CGPI) parameters. The effects of wind direction, wind velocity, and the arrangement and location of the condensers were investigated. The performance of condensers above the 30th floor was seriously degraded due to the stacking effects. The heat dissipation performance of the condensers in the higher floors dropped significantly when the frontal wind was greater than 4 m/s and the side wind was greater than 8 m/s. The condenser should be arranged in such a manner that the fan of the condenser faces the outside of the building to exhaust the hot air directly to the outside. To prevent the hot air from reentering the air-conditioning plant room and to allow fresh air to enter instead, the condenser considered in this study must be located at the lower left corner of the air-conditioning plant room.     

高层住宅采暖系统降噪隔振研究

以中国空空导弹研究院豫航公寓采暖系统为研究对象,对产生噪声和振动的原因进行分析和现场测试。针对豫航公寓换热站存在夜间住宅噪音大、影响居民休息等问题,采取了综合降噪隔振处理措施。经实测,改造后住宅卧室内夜间噪音低于25dB,满足国家设计规范规定的民用建筑夜间23:00～5:00室内噪声值小于30～35dB的要求,为高层建筑采暖系统的设计、施工、安装提供重要的技术指导。     

HELIOS: Solar rights analysis system for apartment buildings

In Korea, the development of high-rise apartment buildings has brought about residential environment problems such as violation of solar rights. The number of civil petitions and disputes over solar rights has increased recently. Solar rights are demanded when buildings are restricted to solar access by adjacent buildings. In other words, the geometrical characteristics of new buildings influence the solar access of adjacent buildings. This problem has negatively affected human health, work productivity, thermal comfort, and visual comfort-Comment. As a measure, the Korean building code on solar rights was enacted to protect the rights of residents to solar access. As a result, a solar rights analysis system was developed to evaluate the solar rights in apartment buildings, quantitatively. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to standardize the solar rights analysis process and data structure, and develop a solar rights analysis system (HELIOS). To this end, the definition of ‘solar right’ is examined by studying the various relevant literatures, and solar rights assessment methods are investigated to apply to the solar rights analysis system. The geometrical characteristics of apartment buildings are observed, and the geometric elements are extracted to create the data structure. Then the hierarchy and the relationships between these geometric elements are systematically clarified. Data structure for solar rights analysis system using XML is designed, HELIOS is developed by system integration of data structure, and analysis algorithms are developed according to the assessment processes and verified by field measurements.     

高楼火灾逃生装置的研究和分析

对高楼火灾发生频率和危害程度进行统计分析,阐述火灾发生后受灾居民心理状况,同时提出在没有配置高楼火灾逃生装置情况下,居民可选择的合适逃生途径,引出配置高楼火灾逃生用品的必要性.结合国内外高楼火灾逃生用品设计和配置现状,指出该系列用品存在的问题,运用现有科技提出一个崭新的高楼火灾逃生装置设计方向,以保证更多用户及时高效地进行逃生.     

Influence of architectural design on indoor environment in apartment buildings in Havana

The paper presents the results of research focused on evaluating the influence of the architectural design of apartment buildings located in different locations in Havana city. The object under study has been the volume of buildings in relation to their surroundings, which determines the relationship between indoor and outdoor spaces and how indoor spaces are exposed to daylight and solar radiation.Three urban areas were selected taking into account the opinion of some architectural experts. The apartment buildings were classified according to their architectural volume, considering the transitional spaces: streets and corridors, yards and indentations. Sixty six indoor spaces linked to different transitional spaces with varied dimensions, proportions and orientation were chosen to take temperature measurements and make daylight simulations.The comparative assessment of the results considered the difference between the indoor temperature and that measured in an external reference point, mainly at night, when the family is at home. The temperatures taken in the reference points confirmed the effect of the urban heat island. The best transitional space from the thermal point of view is the corridor type. On the contrary, yards offer the worse conditions, except in compact urban areas as Centro Habana.Regarding daylight, no studied space meets the minimum daylight requirement established by Cuban daylight standards, and only one achieves minimum uniformity. The best transitional space is also the corridor type, which guarantees a higher percentage of daylight with respect to an unobstructed outdoor space on a roof.Based on these results, urban form generated from detached buildings separated by corridors is more appropriate for the warm and humid climate of Havana than the compact colonial urban model, although it was considered a good option in studies carried out twenty years before. These results reinforce some conclusions reached at during the last ten years regarding the advisability of reducing land occupancy in current compact urban areas and to avoiding the use of small yards to provide daylight and natural ventilation in apartment buildings.     

高楼火灾危险性分析

近年来,社会经济快速发展,城市人口增速较快,从而促进了楼房建筑甚至高层建筑的建设和发展.为有效降低高楼火灾的人员伤亡率,列举了高楼火灾的特点,即引发因素多、烟囱效应强烈、蔓延速度快、建筑材料本身耐热性差、救援能力受限等,以及高楼火灾对人员伤害的几个方面,提出了火灾发生后被困人员安全逃生的建议.分析结果表明:高楼火灾的救援受到多方面限制,预防与自救是减少人员伤亡的有效途径.另外,对目前市场上的逃生装置进行优化设计将提高人员存活率.     

Automatic computation for optimum height planning of apartment buildings to improve solar access

The objective of this study is to suggest a mathematical model and an optimal algorithm for determining the height of apartment buildings to satisfy the solar rights of survey buildings or survey housing units. The objective is also to develop an automatic computation model for the optimum height of apartment buildings and then to clarify the performance and expected effects. To accomplish the objective of this study, the following procedures were followed:

(1)

The necessity of the height planning of obstruction buildings to satisfy the solar rights of survey buildings or survey housing units is demonstrated by analyzing through a literature review the recent trend of disputes related to solar rights and to examining the social requirements in terms of solar rights. In addition, the necessity of the automatic computation system for height planning of apartment buildings is demonstrated and a suitable analysis method for this system is chosen by investigating the characteristics of analysis methods for solar rights assessment.

(2)

A case study on the process of height planning of apartment buildings will be briefly described and the problems occurring in this process will then be examined carefully.

(3)

To develop an automatic computation model for height planning of apartment buildings, geometrical elements forming apartment buildings are defined by analyzing the geometrical characteristics of apartment buildings. In addition, design factors and regulations required in height planning of apartment buildings are investigated. Based on this knowledge, the methodology and mathematical algorithm to adjust the height of apartment buildings by automatic computation are suggested and probable problems and the ways to resolve these problems are discussed. Finally, the methodology and algorithm for the optimization are suggested.

(4)

Based on the suggested methodology and mathematical algorithm, the automatic computation model for optimum height of apartment buildings is developed and the developed system is verified through the application of some cases. The effects of the suggested model are then demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively.

     

Identification of the building parameters that influence heating and cooling energy loads for apartment buildings in hot-humid climates

Identifying the building parameters that significantly impact energy performance is an important step for enabling the reduction of the heating and cooling energy loads of apartment buildings in the design stage. Implementing passive design techniques for these buildings is not a simple task in most dense cities; their energy performance usually depends on uncertainties in the local climate and many building parameters, such as window size, zone height, and features of materials. For this paper, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most significant parameters for buildings in hot-humid climates by considering the design of an existing apartment building in Izmir, Turkey. The Monte Carlo method is selected for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses with the Latin hypercube sampling (LHC) technique. The results show that the sensitivity of parameters in apartment buildings varies based on the purpose of the energy loads and locations in the building, such as the ground, intermediate, and top floors. In addition, the total window area, the heat transfer coefficient (U) and the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glazing based on the orientation have the most considerable influence on the energy performance of apartment buildings in hot-humid climates.     

Low energy architecture and solar rights: Restructuring urban regulations, view from Jordan

The concept of solar energy conscious design has emerged worldwide with the growing number of high-rise apartment buildings. It is important to think of maximizing solar energy utilization in buildings through architectural design strategies. This should lead to the setting up of mandatory regulations on both urban and building design levels.This study analyzes the current building regulations of Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) from the standpoint of solar accessibility. It suggests new regulations that ensure adequate solar accessibility in new constructions of residential apartments in Amman. Computer simulations associated with sun masks analyses have been conducted to obtain a firm judgment towards setting up new dimensions of setbacks and building heights for apartment blocks in Amman. The study gives clear and flexible guidelines for urban and architectural designers to determine the number of sunlit floors based on the desired distances between apartment blocks. To achieve the goals of this study, the authors suggest that the current urban regulations in Jordan be modified on energy-based design strategies.     

城市住宅小区建筑室内外环境对局部气候的影响

以天津某高层住宅小区为对象,建立了小区建筑和室内户型的计算分析模型。基于CFD方法,开展了在冬、夏季典型气候下的室外风气候特性、室内自然通风情况的模拟分析研究。得到了住宅小区室外风速、风压的分布场、室内三维速度场、温度场分布场。探讨了风向、风速、窗户对局部气候的影响。研究表明对室外风环境,由于小区建筑的分布特征,存在着局部增强的强风区,最大速比达到1.8;就室内气候而言,具有自然对流效果的A型房间的自然通风效果要优于B型房间。通过对既有城市住宅小区的室内外气候环境的模拟分析,可以为建筑气候的设计提供重要的参考价值。