Rice straw as a bio-oil source via pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis

The pyrolysis of rice straw was studied to estimate the effect of pyrolysis conditions on product yields and bio-oil composition when the heating rate was 5 K/min. Pyrolysis temperature, particle size, sweeping gas flow rate and steam velocity were the experimental parameters. Among the four pyrolysis temperatures; namely, 673, 773, 823 and 973 K; 823 K gave the highest bio-oil yield of 27.26%. Six different particle sizes were examined and sample having a particle size of 0.425<D_p<0.85 mm had a bio-oil yield of 27.77%. Nitrogen was used as the sweeping gas with the flow rates of either 50, 100, 200 and 400 ml/min and the highest bio-oil yield was obtained when flow rate was 200 ml/min. The bio-oil yield reached a maximum value of 35.86% with the steam velocity of 2.7 cm/s. Liquid products obtained from pyrolysis, inert atmosphere pyrolysis and steam pyrolysis were then fractionated into aspalthanes and maltanes. The aliphatic subfraction obtained by column chromatography was then analysed by GC/MS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils were conducted with ¹H-NMR, oils and aliphatic subfractions with FT-IR. The chemical characterisation has shown that the oil obtained from rice straw may be potentially valuable as fuel and chemicals feedstocks.     

Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production via autothermal steam reforming of selected components of aqueous bio-oil fraction

From a technical and economic point of view, autothermal steam reforming offers many advantages, as it minimizes heat load demand in the reformer. Bio-oil, the liquid product of biomass pyrolysis, can be effectively converted to a hydrogen-rich stream. Autothermal steam reforming of selected compounds of bio-oil was investigated using thermodynamic analysis. Equilibrium calculations employing Gibbs free energy minimization were performed for acetic acid, acetone and ethylene glycol in a broad range of temperature (400–1300 K), steam to fuel ratio (1–9) and pressure (1–20 atm) values. The optimal O₂/fuel ratio to achieve thermoneutral conditions was calculated under all operating conditions. Hydrogen-rich gas is produced at temperatures higher than 700 K with the maximum yield attained at 900 K. The ratio of steam to fuel and the pressure determine to a great extent the equilibrium hydrogen concentration. The heat demand of the reformer, as expressed by the required amount of oxygen, varies with temperature, steam to fuel ratio and pressure, as well as the type of oxygenate compound used. When the required oxygen enters the system at the reforming temperature, autothermal steam reforming results in hydrogen yield around 20% lower than the yield by steam reforming because part of the organic feed is consumed in the combustion reaction. Autothermicity was also calculated for the whole cycle, including preheating of the organic feed to the reactor temperature and the reforming reaction itself. The oxygen demand in such a case is much higher, while the amount of hydrogen produced is drastically reduced.     

Comparative study on pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis upgrading of biomass model compounds: Thermochemical behaviors,kinetics, and aromatic hydrocarbon formation

In order to understand the pyrolysis mechanism, reaction kinetic and product properties of biomass and select suitable agricultural and forestry residues for the generation desired products, the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis characteristics of three main components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) of biomass were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) with a fixed-bed reactor. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis were used for further characterization. The results showed that: the thermal stability of hemicellulose was the worst, while that of cellulose was higher with a narrow range of pyrolysis temperatures. Lignin decomposed over a wider range of temperatures and generated a higher char yield. After catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5 catalyst, the conversion ratio increased. The ratio for the three components was in the following order: lignincellulose < biomass < xylan. The Starink method was introduced to analyze the thermal reaction kinetics, activation energy (Ea), and the pre-exponential factor (A). The addition of HZSM-5 improved the reactivity and decreased the activation energy in the following order: xylan (30.54%) > biomass(15.41%) > lignin (14.75%) > cellulose (6.73%). The pyrolysis of cellulose gave the highest yield of bio-oil rich in levoglucosan and other anhydrosugars with minimal coke formation. Xylan gave a high gas yield and moderate yield of bio-oil rich in furfural, while lignin gave the highest solid residue and produced the lowest yield of bio-oil that was rich in phenolic compounds. After catalytic pyrolysis, xylan gave the highest yield of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 76.40%, and showed selectivity for benzene and toluene. Cellulose showed higher selectivity for xylene and naphthalene; however, lignin showed enhanced for selectivity of C10 + polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, catalytic pyrolysis method can effectively improve the properties of bio-oil and bio-char.     

Comparison of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Growth studies on the recovered hydrothermal aqueous phase

The production of bio-oil by pyrolysis with a high heating rate (500 K s⁻¹) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was compared. HTL led to bio-oil yield decreasing from 67% mass fraction at 220 °C to 59% mass fraction at 310 °C whereas the bio-oil yield increased from 53% mass fraction at 400 °C to 60% mass fraction at 550 °C for pyrolysis. Energy ratios (energy produced in the form of bio-oil divided by the energy content of the initial microalgae) between 66% at 220 °C and 90% at 310 °C in HTL were obtained whereas it was in the range 73–83% at 400–550 °C for pyrolysis. The Higher Heating Value of the HTL bio-oil was increasing with the temperature while it was constant for pyrolysis. Microalgae cultivation in aqueous phase produced by HTL was also investigated and showed promising results.     

Low energy consumption and high quality bio-fuels production via in-situ fast pyrolysis of reed straw by adding metallic particles in an induction heating reactor

An in-situ fast pyrolysis of biomass by adding metallic particles in an induction heating reactor was proposed to produce high quality bio-fuels. After adding metallic particles into biomass, the times required to reach complete pyrolysis during reed straw pyrolysis process were significantly reduced up to 28.9%. The yields of combustible gas and bio-oil products were significantly increased. Furthermore, higher-quality combustible gas and bio-oil products were obtained with the LHV of gas products and HHV of bio-oil (dry basis) increased by 14.2%–19.1% and 4.16%–16.35%, respectively, under 400–600 °C. The lower oxygen content and higher yields of aromatics, alkenes and alkanes contents in bio-oil were obtained after metallic particles addition. More importantly, up to 26.5% of the total energy consumption during pyrolysis process was reduced after adding metallic particles into biomass in an induction heating reactor. The results indicate that adding metallic particles into biomass in an induction heating reactor can significantly enhance the heat transfer, decomposition reaction intensity and energy utilization efficiency of biomass pyrolysis process with lower energy consumption and higher-quality bio-fuel production.     

Optimisation of bio-oil production by hydrothermal liquefaction of agro-industrial residues: Blackcurrant pomace (Ribes nigrum L.) as an example

This work reports bio-oil production by hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace (Ribes nigrum L.), a fruit residue obtained after berry pressing. The bio-oil has a higher heating value of 35.9 MJ kg⁻¹ and low ash content, which makes it suitable for energy applications. We report the influence of process parameters on yields and carbon distribution between products: temperature (563–608 K), holding time (0–240 min), mass fraction of dry biomass in the slurry (0.05–0.29), and initial pH (3.1–12.8) by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Depending on the experiments, the bio-oil accounts for at least 24% mass fraction of the initial dry biomass, while char yields ranges from 24 to 40%. A temperature of 583 K enhances the bio-oil yield, up to 30%, while holding time does not have a significant influence on the results. Increasing biomass concentrations decreases bio-oil yields from 29% to 24%. Adding sodium hydroxide decreases the char yield from 35% at pH = 3.1 (without NaOH) to 24% at pH = 12.8. It also increases the bio-oil yield and carbon transfer to the aqueous phase. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that a 43% mass fraction of the bio-oil boils in the medium naphtha petroleum fraction range. The bio-oil is highly acidic and unsaturated, and its dynamic viscosity is high (1.7 Pa s at 298 K), underlining the need for further upgrading before any use for fuel applications.     

Upgraded biofuel from residue biomass by Thermo-Catalytic Reforming and hydrodeoxygenation

Research is focused on the utilisation of waste or residue biomass for bioenergy conversion. A promising conversion technology for the production of liquid biofuels from residue biomass is a process called Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR^®​) which is a combination of prior thermal treatment of the biomass at mild temperatures (intermediate pyrolysis) followed by a second catalytic treatment step at elevated temperatures (reforming). This article focuses on the conversion of TCR^® liquids from digestate as a feedstock for subsequent hydrocarbon production. The generated bio-oil showed a lower heating value of 34.0 MJ kg⁻¹ with an oxygen content of 7.0% and a water content of 2.2%. The bio-oil was hydrodeoxygenated using an industrial NiMo–Al₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures of 503 K–643 K and a pressure of 14 MPa. The hydrodeoxygenated bio-oil reached a lower heating value of 42.3 MJ kg⁻¹ with an oxygen content below 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ and water content of 30 ppm. Product yields and catalyst life give confidence that upgrading of the TCR^®​ bio-oil offers a suitable option to meet the high standards of common fuels.     

Improving the quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by reduced pressure distillation

In the present study, reduced pressure distillation was performed to obtain distilled bio-oil from fast pyrolysis bio-oil. The experiments were completed at temperature 80 °C with a residual pressure of 15 mmHg. The distilled bio-oil yields of 61 wt% from reduced pressure distillation of fast pyrolysis bio-oil were obtained. The oxygen contents of the distilled bio-oil is 9.2 wt% and the distilled bio-oil has lower content of oxygen than the fast pyrolysis bio-oil. For this reason, compared with the fast pyrolysis bio-oil, the distilled bio-oil has higher heating value, lower corrosivity and better stability. The heating value of distilled bio-oil is 34.2 MJ/kg, which is about 2 times of that of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. It is found that the distilled bio-oil stored at 60 °C results in a weight loss of about 0.3% for mild steel and the distilled bio-oil’s viscosity hardly increases during storage. These properties of distilled bio-oil make it more suitable for fuel oil use or as a source of chemicals than fast pyrolysis bio-oil.     

Multi-response optimization of bio-oil production from catalytic solar pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis

In this work, the solar catalytic pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis microalgae using hydrotalcite as a catalyst was studied to improve the yield and quality of the bio-oil obtained from the algae. The effects of biomass loading, reaction time, and catalyst percentage on the product distribution and bio-oil composition were evaluated. The desirability function was used to identify the pyrolysis conditions that maximize the bio-oil yield and its hydrocarbon content. The experimental results indicated that the catalytic pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis produced considerable solid product content, and high liquid yields were reached in some tests favored by the catalyst presence. The hydrotalcite contributed to increasing the hydrocarbon formation in the bio-oil at lower reaction times, demonstrating the great performance of this catalyst for microalgae pyrolysis. At the optimal conditions, a bio-oil yield of 35.94% with 21.71% hydrocarbon content was achieved.     

Valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass investigating different pyrolysis temperatures

Presently, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and oat hulls (OH) have a distinctive potential as a renewable source of biomass, due to its global availability, which is advantageous for producing liquid and gaseous fuels by thermochemical processes. Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR) is a pyrolysis based technology for generating energy vectors (char, bio-oil and syngas) from biomass wastes. This work aims to study the conversion of SB and OH into fuels, using TCR in a 2 kg/h continuous pilot-scale reactor at different pyrolysis temperatures. The pyrolysis temperatures were studied at 400, 450 and 500 °C, while the subsequent reforming temperature remained constant at 500 °C. The bio-oil contained the highest calorific value of 33.4 and 33.5 MJ/kg for SB and OH, respectively at 500 °C pyrolysis temperature, which represented a notable increase compared to the raw material calorific value of SB and OH (16.4 and 16.0 MJ/kg, respectively), this was the result of deoxygenation reactions occurring. Furthermore, the increment of the pyrolysis temperature improved the water content, total acid number (TAN), viscosity and density of the bio-oil. The syngas and the biochar properties did not change significantly with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature. In order to use TCR bio-oil as an engine fuel, it is necessary to carry out some upgrading treatments; or blend it with fossil fuels if it is to be used as a transportation fuel. Overall, TCR is a promising future route for the valorisation of lignocellulosic residues to produce energy vectors.     

Rapid and slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product

This study reports the experimental results for the pyrolysis of pistachio shell under different conditions in a tubular reactor under a nitrogen flow. For the different conditions of pyrolysis temperature, nitrogen flow rate and heating rate, pyrolysis temperature of 773 K gave the highest bio-oil yield with a value of 27.7% when the heating rate and carrier gas flow rate were chosen as 300 K min⁻¹ and 100 cm³ min⁻¹, respectively. Column chromatography was applied to this bio-oil and its subfractions were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Aliphatic subfraction was conducted to gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy for further characterization. The results for the characterization show that using pistachio shell as a renewable source to produce valuable liquid products is applicable via pyrolysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of fractional condensers on characteristics,compounds distribution and phenols selection of bio-oil from pine sawdust fast pyrolysis

Bio-oil is a multicomponent mixture of more than 400 types of organic compounds, with high water content. Fractionation of bio-oil may be a more efficient approach for primary separation of bio-oil. In this work, to better understand the effect of fractional condensers on bio-oil yield, physicochemical characteristics, compounds distribution and phenols selection during biomass fast pyrolysis process, a semi-automatic controlled fluidized bed reactor biomass fast pyrolysis system with four-stage condensers was developed. Average temperatures of Condensers 1, 2, 3, 4 were 32.39 °C, 26.74 °C, 24.06 °C and 23.68 °C, respectively. And the bio-oil yields of Condenser 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 26.82%, 7.31%, 1.48% and 9.69%, respectively. Bio-oil collected from Condenser 4 had the lowest water content (9.68 wt%), the lowest acidity (pH = 3.67), and the highest HHV (29.2 MJ/kg). The highest relative contents of compounds collected from Condenser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone (6.95%), trans-Isoeugenol (6.63%), Creosol (5.28%), and trans-Isoeugenol (6.69%), respectively. Fractional condensers affected the compounds distribution, but it has a stronger effect on relative heavy compounds (molar mass > 250) and a weaker effect on relative light compounds (molar mass < 200). Fractional condensers were more conducive to the selection of phenols with relative yield of more than 30%. Phenols, acids and furfurans tended to distribute at higher temperature, while alcohols, ethers and hydrocarbons tended to distribute at relative lower temperature, but the difference was small. The research has provided a reference for the production of bio-oil.     

Non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of Ulva prolifera macroalgae for production of quality bio-oil

Pyrolysis of Ulva prolifera macroalgae (UM), an aquatic biomass, was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor in the presence of three zeolites based catalysts (ZSM-5, Y-Zeolite and Mordenite) with the different catalyst to biomass ratio. A comparison between non-catalytic and catalytic behavior of ZSM-5, Y-Zeolite and Mordenite catalyst in the conversion of UM showed that is affected by properties of zeolites. Bio-oil yield was increased in the presence of Y-Zeolite while decreased with ZSM-5 and Mordenite catalyst. Maximum bio-oil yield for non-catalytic pyrolysis was (38.5 wt%) and with Y-Zeolite catalyst (41.3 wt%) was obtained at 400 °C respectively. All catalyst showed a higher gas yield. The higher gas yield might be attributed to that catalytic pyrolysis did the secondary cracking of pyrolytic volatiles and promoted the larger small molecules. The chemical components and functional groups present in the pyrolytic bio-oils are identified by GC–MS, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and elemental analysis techniques. Phenol observed very less percentage in the case of non-catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil (9.9%), whereas catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil showed a higher percentage (16.1%). The higher amount of oxygen present in raw biomass reduced significantly when used catalyst due to the oxygen reacts with carbon and produce (CO and CO₂) and water.     

Microwave assisted catalytic pyrolysis of bagasse to produce hydrogen

Using Ni/SiC as a catalyst, bagasse was microwave-assisted pyrolysis in a homemade quartz reactor. The results showed that with the continuous increase of Ni content, the experimental catalytic pyrolysis effect on bio-oil became more and more obvious, and the hydrogen yield gradually increased. When Ni content exceeded 8%, the hydrogen yield and bio-oil catalytic pyrolysis efficiency decreased, and the lowest bio-oil yield was 9.55% when Ni content was 15%, With the increase of power, the catalytic cracking efficiency and hydrogen yield of bio-oil increased, With the increase of catalyst dosage, the catalytic efficiency and the hydrogen yield increase gradually. When the catalyst quality exceeds 1/4 of the material, the growth rate of catalytic efficiency decreases, after alkali treatment, the variation law of hydrogen yield and bio-oil is consistent with that without alkali treatment. In contrast, more hydrogen can be produced after alkali treatment. Under the optimum conditions, the hydrogen yield was 35.85 g/kg biomass.     

Studies on catalytic pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) using Taguchi's L9 Orthogonal Array

This paper investigates the effects of four reaction parameters that include type of catalyst, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and nitrogen gas flowrate on the liquid (bio-oil) yield from the catalytic pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB). The experimental design is based on Taguchi's L9 Orthogonal Array in which the reaction parameters are varied at three levels. The maximum liquid yield is predicted based on systematic experimental runs, and is found to be at 5 wt-% of H-Y catalyst, 500 °C and at nitrogen flowrate of 100 ml min⁻¹. The predicted maximum liquid yield is validated with an experimental run at the corresponding predicted conditions. The bio-oil produced at the optimum reaction condition is characterized and compared with known bio-oil standards in the literature.     

The influence of harvest and storage on the properties of and fast pyrolysis products from Miscanthus x giganteus

The research investigates the fuel property variations associated with the time of harvest and the duration of storage of Miscanthus x giganteus over a one year period. The crop has been harvested at three different times: early (September 2009), conventional (April 2010) and late (June 2010). Once harvested the crop was baled and stored. Biomass properties of samples taken from different storage zones were compared. The thermochemical properties have been investigated using a range of analytical equipment including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). In addition, bio-oil has been produced from the early, conventional and late harvest using a laboratory scale (300 g h⁻¹) fast pyrolysis unit. The potential organic liquid yield (on dry basis, also excluding the reaction water generated) based on the laboratory fast pyrolysis processing undertaken in this study, was found to vary between 2.82 and 3.18 dry t ha⁻¹ for the early and the late harvest respectively. The bio-oil organic yield was reduced by approximately 11% (0.36 t ha⁻¹) between the early and the late harvest. Char yield was also reduced by approximately 18% (0.61 t ha⁻¹). The highest gas yield (18.03%-1.60 t ha⁻¹) was observed for the conventional harvest. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the bio-oil shows that levoglucosan, methylbenzaldehyde and 1,2-benzenediol all increase as a consequence of delayed harvest. It was also observed that by delaying the harvest time the O:C atomic ratio is reduced and a more carbonaceous feedstock is produced.     

Impact of a pressurized hot water treatment on the quality of bio-oil produced from aspen

The bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis is a genuine alternative to fossil resources. However an improvement of its quality is required in order to improve its application.To upgrade the quality of bio-oil, Pressurized Hot Water Treatment (PHWT) has been applied on trembling aspen whole wood chips prior to fast pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis was then performed in an auger reactor at the temperature of 723 K. The effects of PHWT on yields, physicochemical properties, and composition of bio-oils were investigated.Although PHWT does not seem to influence the bio-oil yield, which remains around 56% for both untreated and pre-treated wood, it does improve its quality. The main effect of pre-treatment is the lower water content of the oil obtained from pre-treated wood, which is thus meeting the requirements of ASTM D7544 Standard. Moreover, PHWT appeared to favor the levoglucosan production and to decrease the syringol derivatives content of the bio-oil. The elementary composition revealed an increase of the C/O ratio when the biomass was pre-treated. This is in agreement with the heating value of bio-oil from pre-treated biomass which was found to be higher than that of bio-oil from untreated biomass.     

Producing Bio-oil from Olive Cake by Fast Pyrolysis

Abstract

This article reports on physico-chemical properties of olive cakes to evaluate them as a raw material in energy production through thermo-chemical pyrolysis conversion process. The present study focuses on the actions related to the possibilities to utilize in particularly olive cake as an agricultural residue. Olive cake is a very promising material for the production of bio-oil. Liquid, solid, and gaseous products were obtained from olive cake by pyrolysis. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. Flash pyrolysis gives high oil yields. The heating was carried out from 298 K to 1,050 K in the absence of oxygen. The yields of liquid products were obtained from the olive cake by pyrolysis for the runs of different heating rates: 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s. The highest bio-oil yields from the olive cakes were 31.0% at 700 K, 36.0% at 700 K, and 41.0% at 700 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively. The highest bio-oil yields olive stone shells were 27.0% at 700 K, 31.0% at 700 K, and 34.5% at 750 K obtained from 10 K/s, 20 K/s, and 40 K/s heating rate runs, respectively.     

Hydrogen production by steam reforming of bio-oil/bio-ethanol mixtures in a continuous thermal-catalytic process

The feasibility of the steam reforming of bio-oil aqueous fraction and bio-ethanol mixtures has been studied in a continuous process with two in-line steps: thermal step at 300 °C (for the controlled deposition of pyrolytic lignin during the heating of the bio-oil/bio-ethanol feed) followed by steam reforming in a fluidized bed reactor on a Ni/α-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The effect of bio-ethanol content in the feed has been analyzed in both the thermal and reforming steps, and the suitable range of operating conditions (temperature and space-time) has been determined for obtaining a high and steady hydrogen yield. Higher ethanol content in the mixture feed improves the reaction indices and reduces coke deposition. Operating conditions of 700 °C and space-times higher than 0.23 g_catalyst h (g_bio-oil+EtOH)⁻¹ are suitable for attaining almost fully conversion of oxygenates (bio-oil and ethanol) and hydrogen yields above 93%, with low catalyst deactivation.     

Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae: Influence of zeolites based catalyst on products

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Ulva prolifera macroalgae (UP) was carried out in the presence of three zeolites based catalysts (ZSM-5, Y-Zeolite and Mordenite) with the different weight percentage (10–20 wt%) at 260–300 °C for 15–45 min. A comparison between non-catalytic and catalytic behavior of ZSM-5, Y-Zeolite, and Mordenite in the conversion of Ulva prolifera showed that is affected by properties of zeolites. Maximum bio-oil yield for non-catalytic liquefaction was 16.6 wt% at 280 °C for 15 min. The bio-oil yield increased to 29.3 wt% with ZSM-5 catalyst (15.0 wt%) at 280 °C. The chemical components and functional groups present in the bio-oils are identified by GC-MS, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and elemental analysis techniques. Higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil (32.2–34.8 MJ/kg) obtained when catalyst was used compared to the non-catalytic reaction (21.2 MJ/kg). The higher de-oxygenation occurred in the case of ZSM-5 catalytic liquefaction reaction compared to the other catalyst such as Y-zeolite and mordenite. The maximum percentage of the aromatic proton was observed in bio-oil of ZSM-5 (29.7%) catalyzed reaction and minimum (1.4%) was observed in the non-catalyst reaction bio-oil. The use of zeolites catalyst during the liquefaction, the oxygen content in the bio-oil reduced to 17.7%. Aqueous phase analysis exposed that presence of valuables nutrients.