Physicochemical characteristics and stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by OSA starch

Starch hydrophobically modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA starch) has strong surface activity and capability to modify viscosity of continuous phase. The influences of OSA starch, used as emulsifier, on stability, disperse and rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions were examined in this work. The oil content in emulsions varied from 5 to 60% and OSA starch concentrations were 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16% expressed relative to the water mass.     

玉米醇溶蛋白/乳清蛋白纤维核复合纳米粒稳定 Pickering乳液的制备与性质

以玉米醇溶蛋白和乳清蛋白为原料,利用反溶剂共沉淀法制备玉米醇溶蛋白/乳清蛋白纤维核复合纳米粒,并与玉米油高速剪切制备Pickering乳液。探究了复合纳米粒在不同pH下的乳化性,以及复合纳米粒添加量对Pickering乳液粒径、微观形貌、储藏稳定性及流变学特性的影响。结果表明：玉米醇溶蛋白与乳清蛋白纤维核复合后乳化性显著提高,制备的Pickering乳液类型为水包油型;随着复合纳米粒添加量的增加,Pickering乳液粒径先减小后稍增大,添加量大于3 g（100 mL玉米油）后无显著性差异;在复合纳米粒添加量为4 g（100 mL玉米油）时,Pickering乳液油滴大小均一,储藏稳定性最好;Pickering乳液为假塑性流体,随复合纳米粒添加量的增加,表观黏度先减小后增大。     

Comparison of properties of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by coconut cream proteins with those stabilized by whey protein isolate

Coconut cream protein (CCP) fractions were isolated from coconuts using two different isolation procedures: isoelectric precipitation (CCP1-fraction) and freeze–thaw treatment (CCP2-fraction). The ability of these protein fractions to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions was compared with that of whey protein isolate (WPI). Protein solubility was a minimum at ∼pH 4, 4.5 and 5 for CCP1, CCP2, and WPI, respectively, and decreased with increasing salt concentration (0–200 mM NaCl) for the coconut proteins. All of the proteins studied were surface active, but WPI was more surface active than the two coconut cream proteins. The two coconut cream proteins were used to prepare 10 wt% corn oil-in-water emulsions (pH 6.2, 5 mM phosphate buffer). CCP2 emulsions had smaller mean droplet diameters (d₃₂ ≈ 2 μm) than CCP1 emulsions (d₃₂ ≈ 5 μm). Corn oil-in-water emulsions (10 wt%) stabilized by 0.2 wt% CCP2 and WPI were prepared with different pH values (3–8), salt concentrations (0–500 mM NaCl) and thermal treatments (50–90 °C for 30 min). Considerable droplet flocculation occurred in the emulsions near the isoelectric point of the proteins: CCP2 (pH ∼ 4.3); WPI (pH ∼ 4.8). Emulsions with monomodal particle size distributions, small mean droplet diameters, and good creaming stability could be produced at pH 7 for WPI, but CCP2 produced bimodal distributions at this pH. The CCP2 and WPI emulsions remained relatively stable to droplet aggregation and creaming at NaCl concentrations ⩽50 and ⩽100 mM, respectively. In the absence of salt, both CCP2 and WPI emulsions were quite stable to thermal treatments (50–90 °C for 30 min).     

酯化改性淀粉纳米晶稳定的Pickering乳液及其油脂氧化稳定性

通过辛烯基琥珀酸酐（OSA）与淀粉纳米晶（SNC）的酯化反应获得OSA改性淀粉纳米晶（OSA-SNC）,以OSA-SNC为乳化剂,橄榄油为油相,制备出Pickering乳液,并探讨了OSA-SNC浓度、水相p H对乳液稳定性的影响。此外,通过与Tween-20稳定的乳液进行对比,研究了乳化剂浓度、水相p H对乳液油脂氧化稳定性的影响。研究表明,Pickering乳液的稳定性随着乳化剂浓度或者水相p H的增加而得到提高。OSA-SNC稳定乳液的油脂氧化稳定性显著优于Tween-20稳定的乳液;随着乳化剂浓度的增加,Tween-20稳定乳液的POV升高,而OSA-SNC稳定乳液的POV降低;Tween-20稳定乳液的POV随着水相p H的增大先降低再升高,而OSA-SNC稳定乳液的POV随着水相p H的增大而升高。      

Protein‐stabilized foams and emulsions

This review is a survey of studies on protein‐stabilized foams and emulsions in relatively simple, well‐defined systems (rather than in food products per se). The emphasis is on the extent of basic understanding developed, particularly in terms of the physicochemical properties involved. The stability of the system, its formation, and its rheology are covered. Unfortunately, much work is of limited fundamental value because of poorly designed experimental approaches and the failure to measure key parameters. Reasonable generalizations can be made concerning the effects of a number of variables, particularly protein solubility, pH, protein structure and the presence of small molecule surfactants. However, several possible explanations of these effects in terms of surface properties remain tenable. A number of observations can fairly confidently be ascribed to the influence of rheology on flow processes within foams and emulsions.     

Influence of chitosan and NaCl on physicochemical properties of low-acid tuna oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by non-ionic surfactant

An influence of low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan on physicochemical properties and stability of low-acid (pH 6) tuna oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80) was studied. The mean droplet diameter, droplet charge (ζ-potential), creaming stability and microstructure of emulsions (5 wt% oil) were evaluated. The added chitosan was adsorbed on the surface of oil droplets stabilized by Tween 80 through electrostatic interactions. Such addition of chitosan at different concentrations (0–10 wt%) to emulsions showed slight effect on the mean droplet diameter. However, the degree of flocculation was a function of chitosan concentration assessed by emulsions' microstructure and creaming index. The impact of chitosan on the strength of the colloidal interaction between the emulsion droplets increased with increasing chitosan concentration. The mean diameter of droplet in emulsions increased with increasing NaCl because of the electrostatic screening effect. The addition of LMW chitosan could be performed to create tuna oil emulsions with low-acid to neutral character, as well as various physicochemical and stability properties suitable for health food products.     

大豆异黄酮对玉米淀粉老化的影响及体系水分迁移研究

花青素类化合物包括原花青素、花青素、花色苷等。其中,原花青素是一种聚多酚类化合物,花青素和花色苷均属黄酮类化合物。当在酸性介质中加热时,原花青素可产生花青素,花青素可通过糖苷键与糖相结合可产生花色苷。在深色谷物、浆果及蔬菜中,原花青素、花青素、花色苷广泛分布,均具有多种功效。淀粉价格低廉、来源丰富,具有多种功能特性,淀粉基食品的感官品质及营养价值主要由淀粉糊化性质、热力学性质、流变学性质、老化性质及消化性质等变化所决定。对于淀粉与其他化合物共存能够改善淀粉原本性质已有很多研究,但关于花青素类化合物对淀粉性质影响的概述较少。因此,本文综述了花青素类化合物提高淀粉的糊化温度,降低淀粉的糊化焓值,进而影响淀粉的热力学性质,同时降低淀粉的老化焓以及老化率,降低淀粉的消化速率等对淀粉糊化特性、热力学特性、流变学特性、老化特性和消化性质影响的最新研究进展,为利用花青素类化合物等改善淀粉基食品的加工性能、感官和营养品质提供指导。

     

应用蛋白质与多糖分子间的相互作用制备食品乳状液

作为食品体系中两类重要的生物大分子,蛋白质和多糖在食品工业中得到了广泛应用。应用蛋白质及多糖分子间的相互作用,可以构建具有不同特性的蛋白质多糖混合物,从而应用于各种食品、制药等领域。主要介绍了蛋白质及多糖分子间的共价与非共价相互作用机制及其在食品乳状液制备中的应用进展。     

Heat-induced changes in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with soy protein isolate

The physicochemical properties of soy proteins stabilized oil-in-water emulsions were studied after heating at two different temperatures, 75 and 95 °C. The effect of changing the order of the process (heating the solution before emulsification, or heating the emulsion) was also studied. The heating temperatures were chosen as they are known to selectively cause denaturation of the two major proteins present in the soy protein isolate: β-conglycinin and glycinin. The thermal transitions observed for soy proteins adsorbed at the interface were different from those measured in protein solutions, suggesting that some changes occur in the structure of the soy proteins upon adsorption on the oil droplet. Heating induces aggregation of the oil droplets, as shown by an increase of the particle size and the bulk viscosity of the emulsions, with a more prominent effect after heating at 95 °C. Transmission electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrate that heating induces the formation of large protein aggregates at the interface. In addition, the composition of the protein present at the interface changes depending on the order of heating and homogenization. While heating the solutions before emulsification results in all the protein subunits to be present at the interface in an aggregated form, when heating is applied after emulsification, a portion of the α and the α′ subunit of β-conglycinin as well as the acidic subunits of glycinin remain unadsorbed.     

Viscoelastic characterization of fluid and gel like food emulsions stabilized with hydrocolloids

Food emulsions exhibit a great diversity of rheological characteristics; hydrocolloids are usually added to deal with creaming instability. Viscoelastic measurements provide information about the microstructure of the system. The objectives of this work were: a) to determine the viscoelastic behavior of two different low in fat oil-in-water food emulsions: a gel like and a fluid type emulsions stabilized with hydrocolloids (gellan gum and xanthan-guar mixtures respectively) b) to model and predict the mechanical relaxation spectrum for both emulsions and continuous aqueous phases. Low-in-fat oil-in-water emulsions (20 g/100 g) were prepared using sunflower oil and Tween 80 (1 wt.%). Fluid emulsions containing xanthan and guar gums were formulated using a synergistic ratio 7:3, with total hydrocolloid concentration ranging between 0.5 to 2 wt%. The aqueous phases contained NaCl (2 wt.%) and acetic acid (2 wt.%). The effect of hydrocolloids was studied using oscillatory measurements (G’ and G” vs. frequency) within the linear viscoelastic range previously determined by stress-sweeps. Time-Concentration Superposition principle was applied to find the master curves that describe the mechanical spectra of the viscoelastic materials. Superposition allows to obtain a wide spectrum of nearly ten decades of frequencies in emulsions containing xanthan–guar mixtures, whereas gellan gum systems did not show a significant frequency displacement. Viscoelastic behavior of the systems was satisfactorily modeled using Baumgaertel-Schausberger-Winter (BSW) equation. This empirical model was used to predict the mechanical relaxation spectrum for both emulsions and continuous aqueous phases. Validation of the predicted spectra was carried out through creep compliance data for emulsion-filled gels and steady-state flow curves for emulsions containing xanthan–guar mixtures.     

Sodium caseinate–maltodextrin conjugate stabilized double emulsions: Encapsulation and stability

The potential food applications of water-in-oil-in-water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsions are great, including the encapsulation of flavours or active ingredients. However, the stability of these emulsions restricts their applications in food systems. Sodium caseinate (NaCN)–maltodextrin (Md40 or Md100) conjugates were investigated for their potential to improve the stability of W₁/O/W₂ double emulsions compared to NaCN. NaCN–Md40 and NaCN–Md100 conjugates were prepared by a Maillard-type reaction by dry heat treatment of mixtures of NaCN–Md40 or NaCN–Md100 at 60 °C and 79% relative humidity for 4 days. Water-in-oil-in-water (W₁/O/W₂) double emulsions with NaCN, NaCN–Md40 or NaCN–Md100 as outer aqueous phase containing emulsifier were prepared using a two-step emulsification process. General emulsion stability was characterised by determining the droplet size distribution, viscosity characteristics and by confocal microscopy of the W₁/O/W₂ double emulsions on formation and after their storage under accelerated shelf life testing conditions at 45 °C for up to 7 days. Inner phase encapsulation and stability were characterised by monitoring the level of entrapped Vitamin B₁₂ in the inner aqueous phase on formation of the double emulsions and after storage at 45 °C for up to 7 days. Conjugate stabilized emulsions were more generally stable than NaCN stabilized emulsions. In comparison to NaCN stabilized emulsions, conjugate stabilized emulsions showed improved Vitamin B₁₂ encapsulation efficiency in the inner aqueous phase on emulsion formation and improved encapsulation stability following storage of the emulsions.     

Linear viscoelastic assessment of cold gel-like emulsions stabilized with bovine gelatin

Gel-like oil-in-water emulsions with low lipid content, stabilized with bovine gelatin of different molecular weights were analyzed. Mean droplet size and droplet size distribution of the emulsions were determined by static light scattering. The emulsions were characterized for their rheological properties using dynamic oscillatory and creep-recovery tests in the linear viscoelastic region. Most of the systems exhibited gel-like properties even the samples were not submitted to thermal treatment and the temperature was maintained below 30 °C; this viscoelastic characteristic led to a delay of the phase-separation exceeding one month. Creep-compliance data were fitted to a four parameters Burgers model. The continuous relaxation spectra were estimated from the experimental values of G′ and G″ considering the Baumgaertel - Schausberger - Winter generalized model. Discrete relaxation moduli and relaxation times were derived from the continuous spectra. The effect of molecular weight of the protein and the stability during the storage at 20 °C was analyzed in order to interpret the structural characteristics of these emulsions.     

生物来源的固体颗粒制备Pickering乳液的研究进展

天然来源、可再生和可生物降解的固体颗粒用于制备Pickering乳液已成为研究热点。本文综述了固体颗粒的种类、制备方法与性质表征,重点介绍了生物来源的有机颗粒如多糖和蛋白质对Pickering乳液的稳定作用,并总结了影响Pickering乳液稳定性的因素,同时阐述了Pickering乳液在生命科学领域的潜在应用。      

Rheology and stability of whey protein stabilized emulsions with high CaCl2 concentrations

The influence of pH and CaC1₂ on the rheology and physical stability of emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI) has been studied. The particle size, creaming index and shear viscosity of 10 wt% soy bean oil-in-water emulsions (d=0.55 μm) were measured with varying pH (3, 5 and 7) and CaC1₂ concentration (0–150 mM). In the absence of CaCl₂ extensive droplet aggregation occurred around the isoelectic point of the whey proteins (4<pH<6) because of their low electrical charge. In the presence of CaC1₂, extensive droplet aggregation, viscosity enhancement and creaming instability occurred at pH 7 for CaC1₂>3 mM. These effects were much less pronounced in emulsions at pH 3 even at 150 mM CaC1₂. Droplet aggregation, creaming and viscosity of emulsions at pH 5 were fairly independent of CaC1₂ concentration. Droplet aggregation was induced by CaC1₂ probably because of the reduction in electrostatic repulsion between droplets. Re-stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions at high CaC1₂ concentrations was not observed in this study.     

Rheological properties of whey protein isolate stabilized emulsions with pectin and guar gum

Dynamic oscillatory and steady-shear rheological tests were carried out to evaluate the rheological properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized emulsions with and without hydrocolloids (pectin and guar gum) at pH 7.0. Viscosity and also consistency index of emulsions increased with hydrocolloid concentration. At γ = 20 s⁻¹, the value of viscosity of the emulsion with 0.5% (w/v) pectin was about fivefold higher than that of the emulsion without pectin. Flow curves were analyzed using power law model through a fitting procedure. Flow behaviour index of all emulsions except for containing 0.5% (w/v) guar gum was approximately in the range of 0.9–1.0, which corresponds to near-Newtonian behaviour. The shear thinning behaviour of emulsions containing 0.5% (w/w) guar gum was confirmed by flow behaviour index, n, of 0.396. Both storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased with an increase in frequency. Emulsions behaved like a liquid with G″ > G′ at lower frequencies; and like an elastic solid with G′ > G″ at higher frequencies. Effect of guar gum was more pronounced on dynamic properties. Phase angle values decreased from 89 to <10° with increasing frequency and indicated the viscoelasticity of WPI-stabilized emulsions with and without pectin/guar gum.     

Formation of sunflower oil emulsions stabilized by whey proteins with high-pressure homogenization (up to 350 MPa): effect of pressure on emulsion characteristics

A new ultra-high-pressure homogenizer was used to make very fine oil in water emulsions. The effect of pressures up to 350 MPa on sunflower oil (20%) in water emulsions was studied. The emulsifier used was whey protein concentrate (1.5%). The properties of the emulsions were characterized by laser light scattering (droplet size distribution) and coaxial cylinders rheometry (rheological behaviour). The protein adsorption fraction was obtained by a spectrophotometric method using bicinchoninic acid reagent.
Significant modifications in the structure and the texture of the emulsions were observed as the pressure increased. No change was revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the whey protein within the pressure range studied. Microdifferential scanning calorimetry scans indicated that the changes of the structural and textural properties may be because of changes in the protein conformation.     

黄原胶辅助干热改性淀粉纳米颗粒的理化特性研究

以玉米淀粉纳米颗粒为原料,通过黄原胶辅助对其进行干热改性,以便改善淀粉纳米颗粒的加工特性,扩大其应用范围。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、流变仪、X-衍射分析仪、透射电镜(TEM)等对干热处理前后的纳米颗粒与黄原胶共混物的热特性、流变特性以及微观结构进行了研究。结果表明,经黄原胶辅助干热处理后,淀粉纳米颗粒的糊化温度和焓值显著增加,表明纳米颗粒的结构增强,热稳定性增加。与未经干热处理的样品相比,干热混合物的储能模量(G')值显著升高、而损失因子(tanδ)明显降低,表明干热处理后,淀粉纳米颗粒乳液的凝胶性增强,呈现更加偏向于类固体的性质。TEM结果显示,淀粉纳米颗粒的直径在100 nm左右,与黄原胶混合干热后,有聚集现象,且颗粒有缩小的趋势。本研究可作为淀粉纳米颗粒物理改性的一种新方法,为生产改性淀粉纳米颗粒提供参考。     

Quinoa starch granules: a candidate for stabilising food-grade Pickering emulsions

BACKGROUND: Particle‐stabilised emulsions, so‐called Pickering emulsions, are known to possess many beneficial properties, including being extremely stable. Starch granules isolated from quinoa have been used as emulsion stabilising particles. The granules were intact, 1–3 µm in diameter and modified with octenyl succinic anhydride to increase their hydrophobicity. Starch granules, as opposed to most other particles used to generate Pickering emulsions, are edible, abundant and derived from natural sources. RESULTS: Emulsions produced by high shear homogenisation had droplet sizes of 9–70 µm depending on the starch‐to‐oil ratio. Droplet size decreased with increasing starch‐to‐oil ratio, but was unaffected by the oil phase volume over a range of 5–33% oil (v/v). Although the drops were large and subject to creaming, their size remained unchanged over a period of 7 days. By adjusting the starch‐to‐oil ratio drops could be made to be buoyancy neutral to prevent creaming. Rheological characterisation indicated a gel structure with an elastic modulus in the range 200–2000 Pa depending on droplet size. CONCLUSION: This work has demonstrated the successful use of starch granules to stabilise emulsions which may find applications beyond that of food, for example in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bulk and interfacial viscoelasticity in concentrated emulsions: The role of the surfactant

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare bulk and interfacial viscoelasticity of emulsions stabilized with two surfactants of a markedly different nature: the ionic phospholipids mixture Epikuron 145V and the steric emulsifier Pluronic F68. Emulsions of olive oil in water were prepared by high-pressure homogenization using only one of these surfactants. The impact of the surfactant used on the final linear viscoelastic properties was investigated by means of small-amplitude dynamic oscillatory shear tests, obtaining the values of the storage and loss moduli as a function of frequency, as well as by retardation and relaxation essays. Our results show that for concentrated emulsions, the viscoelastic properties are considerably different depending on which surfactant is used, i.e., the employed surfactant influences to a major extent the bulk rheological properties. In order to explain these differences, an interfacial study of the adsorbed surfactant layers has been carried out, measuring interfacial tension and dilatational viscoelasticity by means of the pendant drop technique. A correlation between the results obtained in bulk and interface has been found.