麦麸加酸挤压改性及对其理化特性的影响

以麦麸为原料,酸为催化剂,采用挤压加工技术,研究了加酸挤压改性麦麸膳食纤维的工艺条件及对其主要理化特性的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为物料粒度50目、水添加量27.5%、盐酸浓度0.035mol/L、膨化温度115℃和转速225 r/min。在该工艺条件下加酸与未加酸相比挤压麦麸的可溶性膳食纤维含量、持水力、结合水力和膨胀力分别提高80.93%、42.39%、55.53%和66.97%,挤压改性后的麦麸理化特性得到改善。     

Effect of Different Extrusion Parameters on Dietary Fiber in Wheat Bran and Rye Bran

Wheat bran and rye bran are mostly used as animal feed today, but their high content of dietary fiber and bioactive components are beneficial to human health. Increased use of bran as food raw material could therefore be desirable. However, bran mainly contains unextractable dietary fiber and deteriorates the sensory properties of products. Processing by extrusion could increase the extractability of dietary fiber and increase the sensory qualities of bran products. Wheat bran and rye bran were therefore extruded at different levels of moisture content, screw speed and temperature, in order to find the optimal setting for increased extractability of dietary fiber and positive sensory properties. A water content of 24% for wheat bran and 30% for rye bran, a screw speed of 400 rpm, and a temperature of 130 °C resulted in the highest extractability of total dietary fiber and arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylan extractability increased from 5.8% in wheat bran to 9.0% in extruded wheat bran at those settings, and from 14.6% to 19.2% for rye bran. Total contents of dietary fiber and arabinoxylan were not affected by extrusion. Content of β‐glucan was also maintained during extrusion, while its molecular weight decreased slightly and extractability increased slightly. Extrusion at these settings is therefore a suitable process for increasing the use of wheat bran and rye bran as a food raw material.     

燕麦麸皮与挤压燕麦麸皮特性比较

对燕麦麸皮和挤压燕麦麸皮进行碱法和酶法水解,并研究最优条件。通过碱解和酶解发现,燕麦麸皮的碱解液和酶解液中的蛋白质含量和β-葡聚糖含量都要高于挤压燕麦麸皮。另外通过傅里叶红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜对燕麦麸皮和挤压燕麦麸皮的微观结构进行分析,发现两者微观结构差别很大,燕麦麸皮的微观结构简单分散,表面平滑平整,而挤压燕麦麸皮的微观结构层次复杂,挤压特征明显,表面粗糙。最后对两者进行美拉德反应,对反应后的提取液进行气相色谱分析,发现燕麦麸皮含有28 种不同芳香物质,挤压燕麦麸皮含有29 种,二者主要芳香物质含量差别较大。     

Integration of ileum cannulated pigs and in vitro fermentation to quantify the effect of diet composition on the amount of short‐chain fatty acids available from fermentation in the large intestine

Using cannulated pigs and a standardised in vitro fermentation system the effect of diet and non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) on the amount of energy available from microbial fermentation in the large intestine could be predicted. The available energy was calculated from the amounts of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced. Three diets were investigated: a low fibre diet based essentially on wheat flour (56 g NSP kg⁻¹ feed) and two high fibre diets with added oat bran (93 g NSP kg⁻¹ feed) or wheat bran (102 g NSP kg⁻¹ feed). Colonic fermentation was estimated by in vitro fermentation of freeze‐dried ileal effluent collected from cannulated pigs. The in vitro fermentation method was optimised to use 10 g ileum content litre⁻¹ incubated at pH 6.0 in a fermentor containing faecal slurry consisting of anaerobic mineral salts medium and 50 g litre ⁻¹ faeces from pigs fed the same diets as the cannulated pigs. The results demonstrate that it is very important to compensate for the faecal SCFA contribution when calculating the amount of SCFA produced from ileal digesta during in vitro fermentation. The amount of NSP digested in vitro was compared with data obtained from in vivo studies and there was a good agreement between in vivo and in vitro data. We concluded that the integrated in vivo–in vitro method is a valuable technique to estimate the effect of diet and NSP on the amount of SCFA produced in the large intestine and when fed the three diets the microbial fermentation in the large intestine provided between 2.4–6.4% of the total available energy. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

挤压米糠发酵生产γ-氨基丁酸的工艺条件优化

米糠经双螺杆挤压机挤压处理后作为原料,以米曲霉为菌种,采用液体和固体两种发酵方法生产γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),研究米糠挤压处理工艺对GABA产量的影响。结果表明：米糠经不同挤压条件处理后进行发酵生产,其产物中γ-氨基丁酸的含量也不同。米糠的最适挤压处理条件为：物料米糠含水率20%、螺杆转速200r/min、挤压温度150℃,使用该条件处理得到的米糠进行发酵生产γ-氨基丁酸,液体发酵产物中γ-氨基丁酸含量为118.6mg/100g,固体发酵产物所得γ-氨基丁酸含量为121.1mg/100g。     

Effect of semolina and absorption level on extrusion of spaghetti containing non‐traditional ingredients

Specific mechanical energy (SME), mechanical energy, extrusion rate and temperature of extruded spaghetti were monitored to determine the effects of semolina, hydration level and non‐traditional ingredients on pasta extrusion using a semi‐commercial pasta press with a fixed screw speed of 25 rpm. SME transferred to the dough during extrusion and the temperature of extruded spaghetti were greater with strong than with weak gluten semolina and at low than at high absorption levels. When compared with semolina hydrated to 300 g kg^?1 absorption, SME transferred to the dough was 13 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) bran flour, 47 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with flaxseed (Linum usitativissimum L.) flour and 7 kJ kg^?1 lower for semolina mixed with wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.) bran. Weak gluten semolina, high absorption levels and non‐traditional ingredients reduced the mechanical energy required for extrusion more than they reduced extrusion rate. The target temperature for extruded spaghetti was 45 °C. The temperature of extruded spaghetti containing flaxseed flour was below 45 °C whereas the temperature of spaghetti containing wheat bran was above 45 °C, regardless of semolina type or absorption level. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Germination and Extrusion on Physicochemical Properties and Nutritional Qualities of Extrudates and Tortilla from Wheat

Wheat is the most common grain in the temperate region. Modifying its constituent through food processing improves its functionality and nutrient access. In this study, the combined effect of germination and extrusion on physicochemical properties and nutritional qualities of extrudates and tortilla from wheat was evaluated. Results showed that germination significantly increased (P <0.05) the γ‐aminobutyric acid content in germinated whole wheat (GW) and extruded germinated whole wheat (EGW) as compared to the control of whole wheat (WW). Germination also significantly increased the protein content, reducing sugar and total soluble sugar content in GW, while extrusion had much increasing impact on reducing sugar content in extruded samples. Specific mechanical energy during extrusion was reduced as feed moisture content increased from 20 to 30%. Higher extruder screw speed (350 rpm) led to better expansion ratio at low moisture content (20%) as compared to low screw speed (200 rpm). Extrusion significantly increased the starch digestibility but decreased the protein digestibility in extrudates. Tortilla made from 100% WW had about the same physical characteristics, namely color and rollability, with tortilla made from 85% WW with 15% GW, 85% WW with 15% extruded whole wheat (EW), and 85% WW with 15% EGW. Tortilla made from 85% WW with 15% GW showed the largest diameter, thinnest thickness and least extensibility. A 15% extruded germinated wheat (350 rpm) addition in 85% WW showed significant increase of γ‐aminobutyric acid content in tortilla compared to the control (100% WW).     

小麦麸皮膳食纤维挤压加工工艺研究

以小麦麸皮膳食纤维为原料,采用双螺杆挤压机对其进行挤压加工,以提高小麦麸皮膳食纤维中可溶性膳食纤维的含量。研究了挤压温度、物料含水量和螺杆转速对原料中可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响,研究结果表明:麸皮含水量20%,挤压温度170℃,主机转速185 r/min时,麸皮原料中可溶性膳食纤维含量由3.22%提高到10.14%。通过高效液相色谱、扫描电镜检测及持水力与膨胀力试验显示,加压处理可以有效地增加可溶性膳食纤维的含量,以及改变麸皮的表面结构。     

Effect of extrusion conditions on resistant starch formation from pastry wheat flour

Pastry wheat flour was extruded under various conditions of feed moisture (20%, 40%, and 60%) and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm), at constant barrel temperature profile (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 °C, feed port to exit die). The extruded samples were stored at 4 °C for 0, 7, or 14 days, at which times resistant starch (RS) formation was analyzed. Thermal and pasting properties of extruded samples stored for 14 days were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter and rapid visco analyzer (RVA), respectively. The RS content increased after extrusion compared to non-extruded pastry wheat flour. High significant positive correlations of feed moisture (P < 0.01) and storage period (P < 0.05) with RS formation were observed. The RS derived from extrusion and storage showed higher thermal stability with decreasing feed moisture and screw speed. Statistically significant differences in pasting properties were observed with feed moisture or screw speed. In particular, the setback value from RVA of the sample was significantly increased with increasing feed moisture. These results indicate that feed moisture and storage time were both important factors for the formation of RS from pastry wheat flour during extrusion.     

Bestimmung der Aktivitäten von Lipase,Lipoxygenase und Peroxidase in nativen und extrudierten Getreidekleien

To avoid fat deterioration in grain products during storage the cereal inherent enzymes lipase, lipoxygenase and peroxidase have to be inactivated. Known methods for the determination of the enzymes activity are tested and their applicability evaluated. Own optimized methods are presented. In laboratory and semiindustrial extrusion tests (laboratory single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, short screw extruder) the degree of enzyme inactivation of wheat bran, rye and maize bran, and oat bran is determined in dependence on the extrusion parameters. The enzymes mentioned already had been inactivated at mild extrusion conditions (temperature <20° C, moisture 20%, low mechanical stress). Only in brans of high fat content (10–14%) or high moisture (>25%) minor residual activities of peroxidase and lipase were observed.     

挤出处理对碎米粉中可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量的影响

将精白米加工过程中产生的碎米粉进行挤出处理,通过正交试验对影响碎米粉中可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量的主要因素进行研究和分析。结果表明：各因素对可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量影响强弱次序为水分含量＞螺杆转速＞挤出温度;碎米粉双螺杆挤出的最佳条件为含水量25%、挤出温度140℃、螺杆转速240r/min,在此条件下,碎米粉挤出物中可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量分别为39.88%、7.90%,分别是未挤出处理样的1.53倍、3.64倍。采用高效液相色谱法,对最佳挤出条件处理的碎米粉中可溶性糖进行检测,其中果糖275.124mg/100g、葡萄糖891.632mg/100g、蔗糖853.144mg/100g、麦芽糖516.576mg/100g、麦芽三糖353.266mg/100g。     

The Effect of Extrusion Conditions on the Fermentability of Wheat Straw and Corn Silage

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) straw and corn (Zea mays L) silage were extruded under variable conditions of temperature and screw speed. The resulting extrudates were then tested for their fermentability according to cumulative production of gas, and compared with each other and with the untreated material. VFA analysis was carried out at the end of fermentation, to assess the pattern of fermentation. Analysis of the cumulative gas curves showed significant differences between substrates. Extrusion treatment also led to significant differences, though the effect of screw speed and temperature were not always consistent. However, most differences in cumulative gas production were negative, particularly for wheat straw, which suggests that, under the conditions used, extrusion actually reduced the fermentability of the fibres. © 1997 SCI.     

Response surface methodology in the control of thermoplastic extrusion of starch

Effect of extrusion temperature, screw speed and moisture content on the gelatinisation properties of extruded corn starch using a single-screw extruder were studied using response surface methodology. The degree of gelatinisation can be effectively controlled by controlling the moisture content of the raw material and the extrusion temperature; control by manipulation of screw speed is also possible when the raw material has a high moisture content. The extrudate produced from starch with a low moisture content exhibited a very low retrogradation capacity, which was independent of the screw speed. It was evident that variation of operating conditions permits the production of an extrudate with various technological characteristics to meet varying food and industrial applications, and the use of response surface analysis seems to be an effective means of studying and optimising these conditions for extrusion technology.     

Processing of rye bran influences both the fermentation of dietary fibre and the bioconversion of lignans by human faecal flora in vitro

Plant lignans are converted to mammalian forms, enterodiol and enterolactone, in the colon. Enhanced plasma or urinary enterolactone levels have been associated with lowered risk of cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer. Processed rye bran and its fractions were compared to ascertain the fermentation rates of fermentable carbohydrates and the bioconversion of lignans. Rye bran was extruded and treated with a food‐grade xylanase. Part of the xylanase‐treated rye bran was separated into a soluble rye bran extract and an insoluble residue, and a part of the xylanase‐treated rye bran was freeze‐dried without separation. All the samples were digested by pepsin and pancreatin and subsequently fermented with a human faecal inoculum in vitro. The consumption of carbohydrates, the productions of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), enterodiol and enterolactone were followed as a function of time. The soluble rye bran extract showed the fastest fermentation rate and the highest extent of fermentation determined as the consumption of neutral sugar residues (arabinose, xylose and glucose), the production of SCFA and the formation of enterodiol and enterolactone. Xylanase treatment enhanced the fermentation rate of extruded rye bran. An even a higher fermentation rate was observed for rye bran extract containing soluble carbohydrates. The amount of enterolactone precursors in rye seemed to be too low for enterolactone formation using an amount of substrate suitable for carbohydrate fermentation. However, xylanase treatment enhanced the availability of plant lignans from rye bran, as enterodiol formation was increased by the use of xylanase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Reduction of ochratoxin A in extruded barley meal

The objective of this work was to determine the effects of extrusion cooking on the stability of ochratoxin A (OTA) in an artificially contaminated hulled barley meal (0.73-mm grain diameter) using a single screw extruder. The extrusion cooking parameters were temperature (140, 160, and 180 degrees C), initial moisture content of barley meal (24, 27 and 30%), and residence time (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 s). Both unextruded and extruded samples were analyzed for OTA by high-performance liquid chromatography. Extrusion cooking variables significantly affected the stability of OTA (P < 0.05). Greater OTA reductions were achieved at higher residence time (70 s), medium temperature level (160 degrees C), and either high (30%) or low moisture (24%) content of samples. The amount of OTA destroyed during the extrusion process ranged from 17 to 86% depending on the studied parameters. The decrease in the amount of OTA after extrusion cooking followed first-order kinetics, showing that the fastest treatment in OTA reduction was that at 140 degrees C and 24% of moisture content.     

挤压膨化对豆渣可溶性膳食纤维的影响

以豆渣为原料,采用挤压膨化法对豆渣可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)进行研究。通过预实验,确定加入质量分数为20%的淀粉膨润剂。以挤压前后豆渣SDF的增量作为评定指标,研究豆渣含水率、物料温度及螺杆转速对豆渣SDF增加率的影响。结果表明：采用挤压膨化处理后,豆渣中戊糖较己糖、糖醛酸增幅大。通过正交试验,对工艺参数进行优化,结果表明：当含水率17%、螺杆转速150r/min、温度180℃时,SDF增加率可达到199.64%。此时,豆渣膳食纤维持水力为1430%、溶胀力为16.7mL/g,分别比豆渣原料提高了94%和125%。     

Effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables and physical properties of fish, rice-based snacks

A formulation containing rice flour, fish powder, menhaden oil and vitamin E was extruded at a feed rate of 10 kg/h using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Primary extrusion (independent) variables were temperature (125-145 °C), screw speed (150-300 rpm) and feed moisture (19-23 g/100 g db). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables (product temperature, pressure at the die, motor torque, specific mechanical energy input and mean residence time) and physical properties of the extrudates. Second-order polynomial models were computed and used to generate contour plots. Increasing feed moisture and screw speed decreased pressure at the die. Increased screw speed increased product temperature at the die but increased feed moisture lowered it. Increased barrel temperature, feed moisture and screw speed decreased motor torque. Increased screw speed increased specific mechanical energy, while increased feed moisture reduced it. Longer mean residence times were observed at lower screw speeds. Product density increased as feed moisture increased, but decreased with screw speed. Increased feed moisture decreased radial expansion.     

Stability of zearalenone during extrusion of corn grits

The effects of extrusion cooking on the stability of zearalenone (ZEN) in spiked (4.4 microg/g) food-grade corn grits were investigated using a twin screw extruder. A ground rice culture material containing a high level of ZEN was used to spike the corn grits. The extrusion variables were screw type (mixing and nonmixing), temperature (120, 140, and 160 degrees C), and moisture content (18, 22, and 26%). Both unextruded and extruded samples were analyzed for ZEN by high-performance liquid chromatography. Extrusion cooking of the corn grits resulted in significant reductions of ZEN in grits extruded with either mixing screws or nonmixing screws, but use of mixing screws was somewhat more effective (66 to 83%) overall than nonmixing screws (65 to 77%). Greater reduction of ZEN was observed at either 120 or 140 degrees C than at 160 degrees C. The moisture content of corn grits was not a significant factor affecting reduction of ZEN during extrusion with either mixing or nonmixing screws.     

膨化营养杂粮粉的挤压制备工艺研究

分别以80目玉米粉、糙米粉、燕麦粉、麦麸粉作为营养杂粮粉生产原料,研究物料含水量、螺杆转速、机筒温度对产品品质指标径向膨化度、糊化度和吸水性指数的影响,在此基础上设计正交试验,确定挤压技术制备膨化营养杂粮粉的最佳工艺参数为物料含水量15%、螺杆转速130r/min、机筒温度160℃,此时产品径向膨化度为3.26,糊化度为91.87%,吸水性指数为491.8%。     

挤压参数对酿造酱油原料糊化度的影响

利用挤压技术对酿造酱油的芝麻粕和面粉等原料进行预处理,可以起到淀粉糊化的作用。在单因素试验的基础上,以挤出物 糊化度为考察指标,以挤压温度、螺杆转速、面粉含量、含水量为挤压参数,运用Box-Behnken试验设计对挤压芝麻粕酿造酱油中挤压 参数进行优化。 结果表明,最佳挤压参数为挤压温度90 ℃,螺杆转速200 r/min,面粉含量26%,含水量21%。 在此最优条件下,挤出物 的糊化度为91.23%。