Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method

Many challenges are associated with the integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with models in specific applications. One of them is adapting models to the environment of GISs. Unique aspects of water resource management problems require a special approach to development of GIS data structures. Expanded development of GIS applications for handling water resources management analysis can be assisted by use of an object oriented approach. In this paper, we model a river basin water allocation problem as a collection of spatial and thematic objects. A conceptual GIS data model is formulated to integrate the physical and logical components of the modeling problem into an operational framework, based on which, extended GIS functions are developed to implement a tight linkage between the GIS and the water resources management model. Through the object-oriented approach, data, models and users interfaces are integrated in the GIS environment, creating great flexibility for modeling and analysis. The concept and methodology described in this paper is also applicable to connecting GIS with models in other fields that have a spatial dimension and hence to which GIS can provide a powerful additional component of the modeler’s tool kit.     

基于COM组件技术的GIS空间模型库研究

已有的研究表明 ,空间分析功能是 GIS区别于其他系统的本质特征之一 ,然而当前大多数的 GIS都没有空间模型库 ,这在一定程度上制约了 GIS空间分析能力的实现 ,而对于 GIS中相同或相似的空间分析功能 ,在许多应用系统中则又分别进行了重复或二次开发 .这样的重复工作 ,显然是对人力物力资源的浪费 .通过引入软件工程的 COM组件技术 ,在研究空间模型库构建的基础上 ,设计了空间模型组件库的总体框架 ,探讨了空间模型组件的实现技术 .研究表明 ,基于 COM组件技术的空间模型组件库 ,在增强 GIS组件复用性的同时 ,也有助于 GIS的空间分析功能的实现 .     

论GIS应用软件的发展与应用

地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）是用于采集、模拟、处理、检索、分析和表达地理空间数据的计算机信息系统。作为一种通用技术,GIS针对特定的应用任务,存储事物的空间数据和属性数据,记录事物之间的关系和演变过程。它可根据事物的地理坐标对其进行管理、检索、评价、分析、结果输出等处理,提供决策支持、动态模拟、统计分析、预测预报等服务。其应用覆盖工业、农业、交通运输、环保、国防、公安等诸多领域,其应用几乎涉及人类生活的各个方面。     

Office GIS中图文控制流与数据流的集成设计和表达

通过分析传统软件工程设计方法在城市规划管理类的图文办公信息系统设计应用方面存在的问题及不足,在分析借鉴控制流与数据流集成表达的基础上,针对城市规划管理图文办公信息系统中图形与文本集成处理的具体特点,提出了基于层次结构的图文控制与数据流集成设计及表达的方法。该方法不仅在常州市规划国土管理局图文办公信息系统的设计与集成中得到了成功应用,而且极大地提高了系统的设计水平及开发效率,其应用效果证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

Green urban garden landscape simulation platform based on high-resolution image recognition technology and GIS

Green urban garden landscape architects, primarily for large-scale applications, such as planning and managing the local environment, ecology and natural resources, have been using a Geographic Information System (GIS). GIS applications explore an urban landscape of the block with the local community analysis is very difficult. Geographic Information System (GIS) provides a means to collect and use geographic data to support the development of agricultural technology. The proposed Support Geographic Regression (SGR) algorithm is responsible for assessing the conditions and global growth estimate crop area, yield and production of crops, cereals, oilseeds and cotton. Digital map is usually higher than printed on paper. The digital version can be used for the analysis presented in combination with other information data sources in much the same map graphics. GIS software, in combination with the management of another information layer to be synthesized in large quantities a variety of data, can get the data more effectively. GIS, to serve them better farmers and breeding community, provides a powerful means of agriculture. The proposed SGR and GIS determine the production, estimate the yield and area extraction procedure, several different satellite data sources, and use the climate data crop model and data.     

Matlab和C语言集成下的Oracle Spatial空间插值方法研究

基于Matlab提供的CAPI函数以及OracleSpatial空间数据管理模型,论文给出了在VisualC++环境下利用Matlab的插值函数对OracleSpatial下的离散点进行空间插值的详细步骤和应用实例。作者认为将C语言和Matlab结合起来实现对OracleSpatial空间对象的管理和操作,是实现快速开发GIS应用程序的一条有效途径。     

Urban environmental management: monitoring, GIS, and modeling

Urban environmental management must integrate the spatial, structural features of a city, typically captured in geographical information systems (GIS), and the dynamics of environmental quality indicators that can be obtained by monitoring. To provide decision-relevant information supporting planning and management, these components are integrated in models for scenario analysis and optimisation tasks. The paper describes some results from an environmental Telematics project (ECOSIM) and two Esprit projects (HITERM, SIMTRAP), as well as a EUREKA EUROENVIRON project (AIDAIR), and applications in cities such as Vienna, Berlin, Geneva, Basel, Milano, Athens, Gdansk, and Izmir. Strategies for the integration of monitoring, GIS, and modeling are presented, that use a common client–server architecture, an object-oriented design, embedded expert systems technology, and a multi-media user interface to support easy access, and easy use of complex analytical tools for urban environmental management.     

A grid-based spatial data model for the simulation and analysis of individual behaviours in micro-spatial environments

As crowd simulation in micro-spatial environment is more widely applied in urban planning and management, the construction of an appropriate spatial data model that supports such applications becomes essential. To address the requirements necessary to building a model of crowd simulation and people–place relationship analysis in micro-spatial environments, the concept of the grid as a basic unit of people–place data association is presented in this article. Subsequently, a grid-based spatial data model is developed for modelling spatial data using Geographic Information System (GIS). The application of the model for crowd simulations in indoor and outdoor spatial environments is described. There are four advantages of this model: first, both the geometrical characteristics of geographic entities and behaviour characteristics of individuals within micro-spatial environments are involved; second, the object-oriented model and spatial topological relationships are fused; third, the integrated expression of indoor and outdoor environments can be realised; and fourth, crowd simulation models, such as Multi-agent System (MAS) and Cellular Automata (CA), can be further fused for intelligent simulation and the analysis of individual behaviours. Lastly, this article presents an experimental implementation of the data model, individual behaviours are simulated and analysed to illustrate the potential of the proposed model.     

AVTOP: a full integration of TOPMODEL into GIS

The integration of environmental models and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) usually takes two approaches: loose coupling and tight coupling. This paper, however, presents a full coupling approach within a GIS environment that is achieved by developing the existing hydrological models with the macro language of GIS. Such an approach makes it easy to capitalize on the GIS visualization and spatial analysis functions, thereby significantly supporting the dynamic simulation process of hydrological modelling. The full coupling approach is illustrated by AVTOP — a realization of TOPMODEL (TOPography-based hydrological MODEL) with the macro language Avenue of ArcView — within which all stages of model building are undertaken, from the initial parameter input and transformation of datasets, to the visualization of intermediate maps and the final presentation of results in various graphical formats in their geographic context. Furthermore, this approach provides a convenient and single environment for users to visually interact with the model, e.g. by adjusting parameters and observing the corresponding results simultaneously, which significantly facilitates users in exploratory data analysis and decision making in relation to the model applications.     

System dynamics in software project management: towards the development of a formal integrated framework

Successful software development is becoming increasingly important to many companies. However, most projects fail to meet their targets, highlighting the inadequacies of traditional project management techniques in this unique setting. Despite breakthroughs in software engineering, management methodologies have not improved, and the major opportunities for better results are now in this area. Poor strategic management and related human factors have been cited as a major cause for failures, which traditional techniques cannot incorporate explicitly. System dynamics (SD) aims to model the behaviour of complex socio-economic systems; there has been a number of applications to software project management. SD provides an alternative view in which the major project influences are considered and quantified explicitly. Grounded on a holistic perspective it avoids consideration of the detail required by traditional tools, looking at the key aspects of the general project behaviour. However, if SD is to play a key role in software project management it needs to be embedded within the traditional decision-making framework. The authors developed a conceptual integrated model, the SYDPIM, which has been tested and improved within a large on-going software project. Such a framework specifies the roles of SD models, how they are to be used within the traditional management process, how they exchange information with the traditional models, and a general method to support model development.     

Building a geodatabase for mapping hydrogeological features and 3D modeling of groundwater systems: Application to the Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean region, Canada

Understanding and managing groundwater resources require the integration of a large amount of high-quality data from a variety of sources. Due to the limitations in accessing information related to groundwater and subsurface conditions, the gathering of available existing information is of crucial importance when conducting a successful hydrogeological study. Here, we present an approach for the development of an exhaustive and comprehensive groundwater database through (1) the gathering of relevant sources of information relating to groundwater, and (2) the application of a quality control process in order to screen the data for accuracy and quality. This hydrogeological database is then implemented within a GIS (geographic information system) framework coupled to a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) as a personal geodatabase (ESRI format) GIS technology. Once established, the spatial database allows a user to request the relevant data required for a specific hydrogeological study. In addition, stratigraphic data stored within the spatial database may be utilized for constructing 3D subsurface hydrostructural models. In order to achieve this objective, the software Arc Hydro Groundwater combined with the ArcGIS spatial database is shown to be appropriate for the 3D structural representation of aquifers (groundwater reservoirs). The innovative contribution of this approach in building 3D hydrostructural subsurface models from a spatial database resides in simplifying the required step-by-step processes by considering a unified compatible combination of “RDBMS-ArcGIS-Arc Hydro Groundwater” technologies. The proposed methodology is illustrated using data from an ongoing project aimed at developing an inventory of the groundwater resources of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region, Quebec (Canada).     

基于GIS的空间过程模拟建模方法研究

ＧＩＳ空间过程建模分析功能是ＧＩＳ走向广泛应用的基础,为了实现这一目标,不公要求ＧＩＳ的数据模型能够充分表达过程模型所需的基本数据集和模拟模模型的输出数据集,还要求ＧＩＳ提供更加丰富的空间分析功能,尤其是多时相空间分析功能。     

万维网地理信息系统发展及前景

万维网地理信息系统是地理信息系统和万维网相结合的产物,和传统的地理信息系统相比具有很多优越性,近几年来,国内外软件厂商开发了很多万维网地理信息系统平台软件,也在各行各业得到广泛的应用,万维网地理信息系统主要的构造方法有：CGI方法,服务器应用程序接口方法,插件法,Java Applet方法和ActiveX方法。WebGIS的构造模型包括浏览器／服务器三层和多层结构体系,WebGIS之间的互操作为空间信息共享提供了技术基础,OpenGIS提出了万维网地理信息系统的互操作模型,本文对WebGIS发展进行了综述,并分析了总结了WebGIS的发展趋势。     

Generating and updating multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagrams for point,line and polygon features in GIS

A Voronoi diagram is an interdisciplinary concept that has been applied to many fields. In geographic information systems (GIS), existing capabilities for generating Voronoi diagrams normally focus on ordinary (not weighted) point (not linear or area) features. For better integration of Voronoi diagram models and GIS, a raster-based approach is developed, and implemented seamlessly as an ArcGIS extension using ArcObjects. In this paper, the methodology and implementation of the extension are described, and examples are provided for ordinary or weighted point, line, and polygon features. Advantages and limitations of the extensions are also discussed. The extension has the following features: (1) it works for point, line, and polygon vector features; (2) it can generate both ordinary and multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagrams in vector format; (3) it can assign non-spatial attributes of input features to Voronoi cells through spatial joining; and (4) it can produce an ordinary or a weighted Euclidean distance raster dataset for spatial modeling applications. The results can be conveniently combined with other GIS datasets to support both vector-based spatial analysis and raster-based spatial modeling.     

Integration of remotely-sensed raster data with a vector-based geographical information system for land-use change detection

Methods of land-use change detection are different for raster and vector data types because of the differences in structures of the two data types. Since large amounts of land-use data (derived from existing maps and aerial photographs) are stored in vector format in a Geographical Information System (GIS), there is a need to develop a change detection algorithm for use with vector-formatted data. Since remotely-sensed images are increasingly being used to derive land-use data, it is necessary to integrate raster data with large volumes of vector data already available in a GIS. This necessitates an efficient and effective data integration technique using which raster data are to be integrated with a vector-based GIS. This paper presents a methodology of data integration of remotely-sensed raster data with vector data. A new approach is developed for land-use change detection for use with vector data in a GIS environment. The approach is based on the mathematical concepts of Sets and Groups, and is successfully implemented for the analysis of historical land-use change from 1931 to 1989 in the River Glen catchment, U.K. Algorithms have been developed for automatic derivation of dynamic statistics of land-use. It is shown that this approach can be efficiently adopted for operational use incorporating products derived from both coarse- and fine-resolution remotely-sensed satellite images once these are integrated with the vector-based GIS.     

A dynamic data model for mobile GIS

A fast response time is a major objective for Mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. This study provides a solution for improving the performance of response time by a dynamic data model. A conceptual dynamic data model is proposed, which covers (a) “position” information of selected geographic objects relevant to the GIS user's interest within his current location, (b) the selected attribute information in which the mobile GIS user is interested. In this approach, first, the attribute information is selected through a validating process making use of the temporal and attribute filters. Second, a specially designed dynamic database is employed to enable the implementation of the conceptual dynamic data model. This dynamic database is continually updated in accordance with the spatial, temporal and attribute constraints specified for the conceptual model. This design of a dynamic data model increases the availability of spatial data to mobile GIS users by providing up to date accurate information relevant to the area of interest, in a limited communication bandwidth. Third, an experimental study has been conducted and the results demonstrate that by using a dynamic database the response time can be reduced to one-third of that of a conventional database. The response time performance can be further improved as the size of the database is increased.     

Approximate analysis of binary topological relations between geographic regions with indeterminate boundaries

 The development of formal models of spatial relations is a topic of great importance in spatial reasoning, geographic information systems (GIS) and computer vision, and has gained much attention from researchers across these research areas during the past two decades. In recent years significant achievements have been made on the development of models of spatial relations between spatial objects with precisely defined boundaries. However, these models cannot be directly applied to spatial objects with indeterminate boundaries which are found in many applications in geographic analysis and image understanding. This article develops a method for approximately analyzing binary topological relations between geographic regions with indeterminate boundaries based upon previous work on topological spatial relations and fuzzy sets. In addition, examples are given to demonstrate the method and related concepts. It is shown that the eight binary topological relations between regions in a two-dimensional space can be easily determined by the method.     

空间方向关系描述模型及其GIS应用分析

空间方向关系建模是一个属于空间认知范畴的研究问题。近20年来,该研究问题受到来自计算机、人工智能、机器人以及地理信息科学等领域的众多学者们关注,提出了许多形式化描述模型。首先阐述了方向关系描述框架、表达形式、基本性质以及影响方向关系描述的主要因素。然后,重点回顾及评价了一些较有代表性的方向关系建模方法及其在GIS空间查询、分析、推理中的应用,指出了其中存在的一些主要问题。最后,展望了方向关系模型及其应用中有待进一步研究的若干相关工作。     

基于数字城市系统平台的GIS Server服务器研究与设计

本文讨论了现有WebGIS系统的缺陷,并提出了新一代网络GIS系统——基于数字系统平台的GIS Server服务器的设计思路和实现方法,以解决服务层面上的地理信息互操作问题提供基础,为数字城市应用提供了GIS开发平台.