喷射沉积过程的理论模型

描述了喷射沉积过程原理以及影响沉积体毛坯形状、组织和性能的关键问题,介绍了喷射沉积过程的理论模型,通过理论模型的描述使我们更加了解喷射沉积过程,以便更好地握各种实验参数,使产品的质量得到更好的提高。     

混凝土桥梁损伤识别的理论与试验研究

针对目前桥梁损伤识别理论受到测量误差、环境随机因素与模型误差等影响识别精度低的缺点,利用数理统计与随机分析的基本理论,提出进行混凝土桥梁裂缝等损伤识别的新理论方法;该方法首先寻找监测响应量的主要影响因素作为原因量,其次建立原因量与响应量的统计模型,最后利用预测模型进行判别是否发生损伤;利用该方法可以有效地考虑环境随机因素、测量误差等不确定因数,避免结构分析的计算模型误差,因而可以有效地提高进行损伤识别的精度;两根钢筋混凝土小梁模型试验证实了本理论的正确性。     

Stationary formulas for computing the response in eddy-current NDE

Stationary or variational formulations have been proven to be useful in a number of electromagnetic problems. This paper presents such a formulation for the response in the eddy-current NDE problem. It thus provides an approach to estimating the response due to arbitrary defects in cases where a reasonable first guess for the current distribution responsible for the scattered fields can be obtained.     

A probabilistic method for the detection of obstructed cracks of beam-type structures using spatial wavelet transform

This paper reports both the theoretical development and the numerical verification of a practical wavelet-based crack detection method, which identifies first the number of cracks and then the corresponding crack locations and extents. The value of the proposed method lies in its ability to detect obstructed cracks when measurement at or close to the cracked region is not possible. In such situations, most nonmodel-based methods, which rely on the abnormal change of certain indicators (e.g., curvature and strain mode shapes) at or close to the cracks, cannot be used. Most model-based methods follow the model updating approach. That is, they treat the crack location and extent as model parameters and identify them by minimizing the discrepancy between the modelled and measured dynamic responses. Most model-based methods in the literature can only be used in single- or multi-crack cases with a given number of cracks. One of the objectives of this paper is to develop a model-based crack detection method that is applicable in a general situation when the number of cracks is not known in advance.

To explicitly handle the uncertainties associated with measurement noise and modelling error, the proposed method uses the Bayesian probabilistic approach. In particular, the method aims to calculate the posterior (updated) probability density function (PDF) of the crack locations and the corresponding extents.

The proposed wavelet-based crack detection method is verified and demonstrated through a comprehensive series of numerical case studies, in which noisy data were generated by a Bernoulli–Euler beam with semi-rigid connections. The results show that the method can correctly identify the number of cracks even when the crack extent is small. The effects of the number of cracks and the crack extents on the results of crack detection are also studied and discussed in this paper.     

非晶态合金晶化过程的微观机理探讨

本文对非晶态合金的晶化过程提出了一种新的成核机制,从而对非晶态 Fe-B 系合金的晶化温度 Tcr 与类金属 B 含量的关系及 Fe-Ni 基合金的晶化起始温度 Tg 与淬火速率的关系等重要实验规律,作出了相当合理的理论模型解释。     

Investigation of pedestrian crashes on two-way two-lane rural roads in Ethiopia

Understanding pedestrian crash causes and contributing factors in developing countries is critically important as they account for about 55% of all traffic crashes. Not surprisingly, considerable attention in the literature has been paid to road traffic crash prediction models and methodologies in developing countries of late. Despite this interest, there are significant challenges confronting safety managers in developing countries. For example, in spite of the prominence of pedestrian crashes occurring on two-way two-lane rural roads, it has proven difficult to develop pedestrian crash prediction models due to a lack of both traffic and pedestrian exposure data. This general lack of available data has further hampered identification of pedestrian crash causes and subsequent estimation of pedestrian safety performance functions. The challenges are similar across developing nations, where little is known about the relationship between pedestrian crashes, traffic flow, and road environment variables on rural two-way roads, and where unique predictor variables may be needed to capture the unique crash risk circumstances. This paper describes pedestrian crash safety performance functions for two-way two-lane rural roads in Ethiopia as a function of traffic flow, pedestrian flows, and road geometry characteristics. In particular, random parameter negative binomial model was used to investigate pedestrian crashes. The models and their interpretations make important contributions to road crash analysis and prevention in developing countries. They also assist in the identification of the contributing factors to pedestrian crashes, with the intent to identify potential design and operational improvements.     

Reentrant Interface Depinning from Rough Walls

Depinning of an interface from a rough self-affine wall delimiting an attractive substrate is described in terms of directed paths on a square lattice. Short range interactions are assumed and the phase diagram is determined by transfer matrix methods for several values of _W, the roughness exponent of the wall. For all _W the following scenario is observed. At a very low temperature T, the interface is not pinned for wall attraction energies below a certain _W-dependent, nonzero threshold. This contrasts with the case of smooth walls, for which the threshold is zero. In a range of attraction energies just below the threshold, a pinning transition first occurs, as T increases, followed by a depinning one (reentrant depinning). This unusual reentrance phenomenon, in which, upon increasing T, dewetting is followed by wetting, is peculiar of self-affine roughness and does not occur, e.g., with a periodic substrate corrugation. The nature of both wetting and dewetting transitions is determined by the value of _W. As found in related work, the two transitions are both continuous or both first-order, according to whether _W;l/2, or _W>l/2, respectively. The border value ₀=1/2 coincides with the intrinsic roughness of the interface in the bulk.     

四种制冷剂重力再循环蒸发器的理论计算与实验研究

本文建立了均相流模型,对四种制冷剂重力再循环蒸发器进行理论分析,并搭建重力再循环制冷系统实验台,在不同工况下对比了实验结果与理论计算结果。以R404A为例,当保温体内空气温度从0℃下降到-25℃时,传热系数的理论值与实验值的偏差从15.91%逐渐减小到3.01%,制冷量的理论值与实验值的偏差从14.43%逐渐减小到2.07%。保温体内空气温度越低,偏差的幅度越小,重力再循环制冷系统的运行状态和理论运行状态较吻合。应用该模型对四种制冷剂运行状态进行预测,预测结果表明:相比于其他三种制冷剂,当液柱高度较低时,R410A的传热系数和制冷量最大。     

颗粒流动模型研究进展

颗粒流动在自然界中和各种工业过程中广泛存在,但人们对于其机理认识的还不深入。描述颗粒运动的模型有很多,连续介质模型应用简单但准确性比较低,离散微粒学模型是近来人们研究的一个热点,以每个颗粒为考察对象,能够更准确地反应颗粒系统的性质。本文介绍了描述颗粒流动的模型,概述了各模型的理论和应用,通过对多种模型的比较可以看到,每个模型都有一定的使用范围,要更准确、更方便地描述颗粒系统的运动,还要进行深入地研究。     

Wetting of Rough Walls

Quenched geometric disorder of a wall delimiting a spectator phase can have dramatic effects on the nature of critical wetting transitions. We consider self-affine walls in 2D with roughness exponent _W. Transfer matrix results for directed interfacial models with short-range interactions suggest that wetting turns first-order as soon as _W exceeds ₀, the anisotropy index of interface fluctuations in the bulk. Discontinuous interface depinning is best identified by a peculiar two-peak structure in the statistical distributions of wall–interface contacts obtained by sampling over disorder. On the other hand, for _W<₀ wetting remains continuous, most plausibly in the same universality class as with flat walls. This occurs both with ordered (₀ = 1/2) and with bond-disordered (₀ = 2/3) bulk. A precise location of the thresholds at _W = ₀ can be argued on the basis of an analysis of different terms in the interfacial free energy. This analysis elucidates the peculiar role played by the intrinsic interfacial roughness and suggests extensions of the results to 3D and to long-range substrate forces.     

Some effects of the shape of a small defect in eddy-current NDE

Available theoretical models for predicting defect responses in eddy-current NDE apply only to defects of spheroidal shape. In this paper, the boundary-element integral-equation approach is extended to allow for defects of more irregular shape. Sample results for cylindrical and conical voids are presented and discussed.     

A belief-based model for characterizing the spread of awareness and its impacts on individuals' vaccination decisions

During an epidemic, individuals'' decisions on whether or not to take vaccine may affect the dynamics of disease spread and, therefore, the effectiveness of disease control. Empirical studies have shown that such decisions can be subjected to individuals'' awareness about disease and vaccine, such as their perceived disease severity and vaccine safety. The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of individuals'' vaccination behaviour by modelling the spread of awareness in a group of socially connected individuals and examining the associated impacts on their vaccination decision-making. In our model, we examine whether or not individuals will get vaccinated as well as when they would. In doing so, we consider three possible decisions from an individual, i.e. to accept, to reject, and yet to decide, and further associate them with a set of belief values. Next, we extend the Dempster–Shafer theory to characterize individuals'' belief value updates and their decision-making, having incorporated the awareness obtained from their connected neighbours. Furthermore, we examine two factors that will affect individuals'' vaccination decisions: (i) reporting rates of disease- and vaccine-related events, and (ii) fading coefficient of awareness spread. By doing so, we can assess the impacts of awareness spread by evaluating the vaccination dynamics in terms of the number of vaccinated individuals. The results have demonstrated that the former influences the ratio of vaccinated individuals, whereas the latter affects the time when individuals decide to take vaccine.     

混凝土试块比对实验室结果的统计分析

能力验证是保证检验检测机构持续满足资质认定的基本条件和要求,能力验证的结果,需进行结果评价.不同类型的实验室能力验证方案,采取的评价计算模式各有不同.在实际工作中,通常采用以求稳健Z比分数,来评定结果的满意程度.而在实验室采用Z比分数来统计结果,显得十分重要.