INTRINSIC FEATURES OF TURBULENT FLOW IN STRONGLY 3-D SKEW BLADE PASSAGE OF A FRANCIS TURBINE

The turbulent flow, with the Reynolds number of 5.9× 105, in the strongly 3-D skew blade passage of a true Francis hydro turbine was simulated by the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of the fully developed turbulence in the passage with strongly 3-D complex geometry. The simulations show that the strong three-dimensionality of the passage has a great amplification effect on the turbulence in the passage, and the distributions of the turbulence are diversely nonuniform, for instance, the rise of turbulent kinetic energy in the lower 1/3 region of the passage is more than 45%, whereas its rise in the upper 1/3 region is less than 1%. With the LES approach, the details of the flow structures at the near-wall surfaces of the blades could be obtained. Several turbulent spots were captured.     

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF THERMALLY-STRATIFIED TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW WITH TEMPERATURE OSCILLATION ON THE BOTTOM WALL

Thermally-stratified shear turbulent channel flow with temperature oscillation on the bottom wall of the channel was investigated with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach coupled with dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) models. The effect of temperature oscillation on the turbulent channel flow behavior was examined. The phase-averaged velocities and temperature, and flow structures at different Richardson numbers and periods of the oscillation was analyzed.     

AN IMPROVED DYNAMIC SUBGRID-SCALE STRESS MODEL

1 .　INTRODUCTIONFlowsincurvedductsoccurindiverseapplicationssuchascentrifugalpumps,turbines ,aircraftintakes,riverbends ,andsoon .Acharacteristic ,whichdistin guishessuchflowsfromthoseinstraightducts ,isthegenerationofstreamwisevorticity ,orsecondarymo tion ,resultinginapressurelossandthespatialredis tributionofstreamwisevelocitywithintheduct .Sore searchesonflowsthroughbendsaremoremeaningfulforengineeringapplications .AsaresultoftherapidadvancementofcomputercapabilityandComputationalFl…     

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF PULSATING TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Pulsating turbulent open channel flow has been investigated by the u.se of I.arge Eddy Simulation (I.ES) technique coupled with dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) model for turbulent SGS stress to closure the governing equations.Three-dimensional filtered Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved by a fractional-- step method. The objective of this study is to deal with the behavior of the pulsating turbulent open channel flow and to examine the reliability of the I.ES approach for predicting the pulsating turbulent flow. In this study, the Reynolds number (Re,) is chosen as 180 based on the friction velocity and the channel depth, The frequency of the driving pressure gradient for the pulsating turbulent flow ranges low, medium and high value, Statistical turbulence quantities as well as the flow structures are analyzed.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNEL FLOWS BY LARGE EDDY SIMULATION

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of fully developed turbulent channel flow with heat transfer was performed to investigate the effects of the Reynolds number on the turbulence behavior. In the present study, the bottom wall of the channel was cooled and the top wall was heated. The Reynolds numbers, based on the central mean-velocity and the half-width of the channel, were chosen as 4000, 6000, 104 and 2×104, and the Prandtl number as 1.0. To validate our calculations, the present results were compared with available data obtained by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), which proves to be in good agreement with each other. To reveal the effects of the Reynolds number, some typical quantities, including the velocity fluctuations, temperature fluctuation, heat fluxes and turbulent Prandtl number, were studied.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON AIR FLOW AROUND AN OPENING WITH LARGE EDDY SIMULATION

Jet characteristics of air supply opening in a ventilating or an air-conditioning system is primarily decided by the folw state in the duct connected to the opening. It is valuable to study the opening jet characteristics and the flow state in a duct. In this study, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique combined with the Tarlor-Galerkin Finite Element Method ( FEM) in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to the problem. The 3-D flow fields in ducts around air supply opening under typical conditions were investigated by numerical simulation as well as experimental measurements. Numerical results agree well with the available experimental data. It indicates that the LES method is available under the conditions with complicated boundaries and inner accompanied by anisotropic large-scale eddies, and it is credible to predict the jet deflection characteristics around an opening.     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VORTICAL STRUCTURES FOR AN IMPINGING TRANSVERSE JET IN THE NEAR REGION

The three-dimensional vortical structures for an impinging transverse jet in the near region were numerically investigated by means of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). The LES results reproduced the skewed jet shear layer vortices close to the jet nozzle and the scarf vortex in the near-wall zone, in good agreement with the experimental observations. Different vortical modes in the skewed jet shear layer close to the jet nozzle were identified depending upon the velocity ratio between jet and crossflow, namely changing from an approximately axisymmetric mode to a helical one with the velocity ratios varying from 20 to 8. Moreover, the scarf vortex wrapped around the impinging jet in the near-wall zone showed distinct asymmetry with regard to its bilateral spiral legs within the near region. And the entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluids by the scarf vortex in the near-wall zone was appreciably influenced by its asymmetry and in a large part occurred on the surface of the spiral roller structures in the course of spreading downstream.     

A LARGE EDDY SIMULATION TURBULENCE MODEL FOR COASTAL SEAS AND SHALLOW WATER PROBLEMS

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LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN FULLY DEVELOPED VERTICAL TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW

Fully developed vertical turbulent channel flow with particle transport was investigated by use of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach coupled with dynamic the SubGrid Scale (SGS) model. It was assumed that the motion of each particle is followed in a Lagrangian frame of reference driven by the forces exerted by fluid motion and gravity under the condition of one-way coupling. The goal of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the I.ES technique for predicting particle transport in turbulent flow and the behavior of particle-laden turbulent channel flow for three kinds of particles at different Stokes numbers. To depict the behavior of particle-laden turbulent channel flow, statistical quantities including particle fluctuation and fluid-particle velocity correlation, and visualization of the particle number density field were analyzed.     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW CONSIDERING INFLOW WAKES IN A FRANCIS TURBINE BLADE PASSAGE

Turbulent flow in a 3-D blade passage of a Francis hydro turbine was simulated with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of the turbulence when strongly distorted wakes in the inflow sweep over the passage. In a suitable consideration of the energy exchanging mechanism between the large and small scales in the complicated passage with a strong 3-D curvature,one-coefficient dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) stress model was used in this article. The simulations show that the strong wakes in the inflow lead to a flow separation at the leading zone of the passage,and to form a primary vortex in the span-wise direction. The primary span-wise vortex evolves and splits into smaller vortex pairs due to the constraint of no-slip wall condition,which triggers losing stability of the flow in the passage. The computed pressures on the pressure and suction sides agree with the measured data for a working test turbine model.     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF FLOW AROUND CYLINDER ARRAYS AT A SUBCRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER

The complex three-dimensional turbulent flows around a cylinder array with four cylinders in an in-line square configuration at a subcritical Reynolds number of 1.5 × 10^4 with the spacing ratio at L/D = 1.5 and 3.5 were investigated using the Large Eddy Simulation （LES）. The full field vorticity and velocity distributions as well as turbulent quantities were calculated in detail and the near wake structures were presented. The results show that the bi-stable flow nature was observed at L/D = 1.5 and distinct vortex shedding of the upstream cylinders occurred at L/D = 3.5 at Re = 1.5 × 10^4. The techniques of Laser Doppler Anemometry （LDA） and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry （DPIV） are also employed to validate the present LES method. The results show that the numerical predictions are in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. Therefore, the full field instantaneous and mean quantities of the flow field, velocity field and vorticity field can be extracted from the LES results for further study of the complex flow characteristics.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent flow around a forced moving circular cylinder on cut cells

Fixed and forced moving circular cylinders in turbulent flows are studied by using the Large Eddy Simulation （LES） and two-equation based Detached Eddy Simulation （DES） turbulence models. The Cartesian cut cell approach is adopted to track the body surface across a stationary background grid covering the whole computational domain. A cell-centered finite volume method of second-order accuracy in both time and space is developed to solve the flow field in fluid cells, which is also modified accordingly in cut cells and merged cells. In order to compare different turbulence models, the current flow past a fixed circular cylinder at a moderate Reynolds number, Re = 3 900, is tested first. The model is also applied to the simulation of a forced oscillating circular cylinder in the turbulent flow, and the influences of different oscillation amplitudes, frequencies and free stream velocities are discussed. The numerical results indicate that the present numerical model based on the Cartesian cut cell approach is capable of solving the turbulent flow around a body undergoing motions, which is a foundation for the possible future study on wake induced oscillation and vortex induced vibration.     

Large-eddy simulation of suspended sediment transport in turbulent channel flow

The numerical simulation of the non-cohesive sediment transport in a turbulent channel flow with a high concentration is a challenging but practical task. A modified coherent dynamic eddy model of the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with a pick-up function is used in the present study to simulate the sediment erosion and the deposition in a turbulent channel flow. The rough wall model is used instead of the LES with the near-wall resolution to obtain the reasonable turbulent flow characteristics while avoiding the high costs in the computation. Good results are obtained, and are used to analyze the sediment transport properties. The results show that the streamwise vortices play an important role in the riverbed erosion and the sediment pick-up, which may serve as guidelines for the sediment management and the water environment protection engineering.     

Large-Eddy simulation of three-dimensional turbulent flow around a circular pier

1. INTRODUCTION The local scouring around a circular pier occurs rather frequently in engineering, which is closely related to the flow field and the movable bed. The flow field is a complex three-dimensional unsteady flow. The complexity is further magnified due to the interaction between the flow and the movable bed during scouring. Hitherto, there have been a number of investigations on the problem, but most of the studies focused on the formation of the maximum scouring depth based on…     

LES NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CAVITATION BUBBLE SHEDDING ON ALE 25 AND ALE 15 HYDROFOILS

A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE 15 or ALE 25 at an angle of attack of 8° and cavitation number σ = 2.3 with a 2 × 10⁶, meshing system. With the time-marching, the cavitation bubble gradually grows to a steady lump shape and then produces an irregular small bubble behind the main cavitation bubble, finally shedding from the leading edge of the cloud cavitation structure. The calculated results including velocity field and pressure field are consistent with experiment data at the same Reynolds number and cavitation number. The vortex and reverse flow are observed on the hydrofoil surface.     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY FOR HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OSCILLATING HYDROFOIL

The present article reports the experimental Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） investigation and the corresponding numerical simulation results about the water flow over the oscillating hydrofoil and its unsteady dynamic characters. The experimental study focuses on the effect of mean angles of attack. The comparison between the PIV results and numerical prediction about the flow field using Fluent well demonstrates the capability of CFD on the simulation of the water flow around the pitching hydrofoil. The numerical results indicate that the forced oscillating frequencies have evident effects on the flow separation and vortex shedding. The simulations about the hydrodynamic drag and lift coefficients were also performed.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INTAKE MODEL WITH CROSS FLOW

The hydrodynamics of a pump sump consisting of a main channel,pump sump,and intake pipe is examined using Truchas,a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver,with a Large Eddy Simulation(LES) turbulence model.The numerical results of streamwise velocity profiles and flow patterns are discussed and compared with experimental data of Ansar and Nakato.Fairly good agreement is obtained.Furthermore,unlike Ansar et al.'s inviscid solution,the proposed numerical model includes the effect of fluid viscosity and consid...     

TURBULENT MIXING AND EVOLUTION IN A STABLY STRATIFIED FLOW WITH A TEMPERATURE STEP

Large-Eddy Simulation(LES)is applied to examine the turbulent mixing and evolution in a stably stratified flow with a thermally sharp interface.Turbulent velocity intensities and turbulent kinetic energy are analyzed by considering the mean shear and stratification effects.The evolution of turbulent mixing layer and turbulent structures are mainly investigated.The results show that the streamwise intensities are much larger than the vertical intensities,and vertical fluctuations decay more rapidly at the presence of stratification.The qualitatively computational results suggest that the mixing layer,defined by the mean temperature,inclines to the side with small inlet velocity.The evolution of the half-width of the mixing layer shows two different slopes.The turbulent structure with high vorticity is restricted in the mixing layer especially in strong stratified cases.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DIFFUSION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH CONCENTRATION JET FLOW IN NEAR REGION

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LARGE-EDDY AND DETACHED-EDDY SIMULATIONS OF THE SEPARATED FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

The separated turbulent flow around a circular cylinder is investigated using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES), Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES, or hybrid RANS/LES methods), and Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS). The purpose of this study is to examine some typical simulation approaches for the prediction of complex separated turbulent flow and to clarify the capability of applying these approaches to a typical case of the separated turbulent flow around a circular cylinder. Several turbulence models, i.e. dynamic Sub-grid Scale (SGS) model in LES, the DES-based Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) and k ? ω Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) models in DES, and the S-A and SST models in URANS, are used in the calculations. Some typical results, e.g., the mean pressure and drag coefficients, velocity profiles, Strouhal number, and Reynolds stresses, are obtained and compared with previous computational and experimental data. Based on our extensive calculations, we assess the capability and performance of these simulation approaches coupled with the relevant turbulence models to predict the separated turbulent flow.