并联混合动力汽车复合电源控制策略的研究

通过对复合电源在混合动力汽车(HEV)中应用的研究,设计了针对某款并联式混合动力汽车的复合电源结构,并对其效率特性进行了分析,提出了复合电源的功率分配控制策略以及电池给超级电容充电策略,基于MATALAB/Simulink,建立了复合能量存储系统模型,并嵌入ADVISOR软件中,在城市道路循环UDDS工况下进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,通过采用该复合电源控制策略,可以充分发挥超级电容和蓄电池各自的优点,改善整车储能系统的存储效率,提高制动能量的回收效率。     

并联式混合动力电动汽车多模式能量管理策略与D2P实时仿真

针对并联式混合动力电动汽车的能量控制问题进行了研究,提出了一种多模式能量管理策略.建立了整车模型,以负载力矩、电池荷电状态(SOC)和车速作为控制依据设计了多个工作模式间的切换逻辑,将模式切换状态作为控制变量引入到力矩分配算法中,实现了多工况下对发动机与电机的优化控制.结合US06、UDDS和EUDC等工况进行了Simulink系统仿真,结果表明所提出的能量管理策略较传统功率跟随策略相比可以提高燃油经济性约1.91％,且对于不同的工况具有良好的普遍适用性;基于D2P系统构建了硬件在环仿真平台,采用真实的驾驶员输入设备和控制器进行实时仿真,进一步表明所提出的能量管理策略合理有效且算法具有良好的实时性.     

ISG型中混合动力汽车镍氢电池管理系统的研制

以ISG型中混合动力汽车(HEV)用镍氢动力电池组为控制对象,设计了以数字信号处理器(DSP)为控制核心的电池管理系统(BMS)。该系统应用复杂逻辑控制器件和光耦开关阵列,实现了各路模块电压和总电压的分时、周期性采集。在电流和温度的采样方面,以简便、实用的硬件电路对传感器信号进行转换,并进行软件滤波处理,得到准确的采样值。在采样准确的基础上,实现了基于查表-线性插值算法的电池组最大充放电功率的估算,并应用卡尔曼滤波方法对电池荷电状态(SOC)进行了预估,从而准确地反映出电池的能量状态,使整车能更好地分配能量的使用。     

插电式混合动力汽车车载复合电源功率分配策略研究

将原有插电式混合动力汽车单一电源系统改造成复合电源系统,根据整车性能要求及所用循环工况对车载电源的能量和功率需求解耦,完成动力电池和超级电容的参数匹配;在Matlab/simulink中建立复合电源功率分配策略,仿真结果表明,采用复合电源能减少动力电池循环充电次数,有效避免大电流对动力电池的冲击,充分发挥超级电容的高比功率特性,与改造前相比,燃油经济性提高3.4％,纯电动行驶里程增加1.3％.     

基于改进深度强化学习的HEV能量分配策略研究

以并联式混合动力汽车(HEV)为研究对象，建立整车需求功率及动力系统模型，提出一种基于改进深度强化学习(DRL)的能量分配策略。通过改进DRL中的双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3)算法，引入双重回放缓冲区，提出DRB-TD3算法以提升原算法的采样效率。设计了基于规则的约束控制器并嵌入到DRL结构中，以消除不合理的转矩分配。在UDDS行驶工况下，以基于动态规划(DP)的能量分配策略性能作为基准进行仿真实验。实验结果表明，与深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法以及传统TD3算法相比，DRB-TD3算法收敛性能最佳，收敛效率分别提高了61.2%和31.6%;所提出的能量分配策略相比于基于DDPG和基于TD3的能量分配策略，平均燃油消耗分别降低了3.3%和2.3%,燃油经济性达到基于DP的95.2%,效果最佳，且电池荷电状态(SOC)能够保持在一个较好的水平，有助于延长电池的使用寿命。     

基于Stacking融合模型的PHEV复合储能系统实时能量分配策略

为了解决插电式混合动力汽车单一电池低比功率、无法响应暂态功率需求的问题,设计了电池和超级电容并联式复合储能系统。同时针对采用动态规划法优化负载电流分配时缺乏实时性的问题,利用不同驱动工况下动态规划优化的结果构成训练集进行训练,并综合GRU网络以及XGBoost算法,提出了一种Stacking集成学习框架下多模型融合的能量分配策略。仿真结果表明,与仅使用单一电池的储能系统相比,基于Stacking融合模型的实时能量分配系统在UDDS和US06两种循环工况下,电池峰值电流分别降低了48.7%和50.8%,有效削弱了电池的峰值电流,提升了电池的整体性能。     

太阳能LED路灯的智能设计

介绍具有MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tacking)最大功率点跟踪和脉宽调制(PWM)的太阳能LED路灯的智能化设计,采用三段式算法去监控蓄电池剩余荷电容量(SOC)的充电/放电法,在放电过程中象控制器在充电过程中一样,在不同的阶段用不同宽度的PWM删信号输出控制,有效避免过充和过放.根据蓄电池剩余荷电容量(SOC)的数学模型实时检测蓄电池的剩余容量而自动调整LED负载.半导体LED照明与太阳能的有机结合,使太阳能LED路灯更具独特的优势和良好的应用前景.     

苯胺-SrTi(C2O4)2颗粒制备及其电流变性能

用沉淀法制备了苯胺-草酸氧钛锶（SrTi（C₂O₄）₂）颗粒。FTIR分析表明,苯胺已引入到SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒的表面;XRD分析表明,苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒为含少量结晶的无定形态。采用SEM观察颗粒的形貌,结果表明,随反应体系中苯胺与钛原子物质的量比n_aniline/n_Ti的增大,苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒由近似球状（n_aniline/n_Ti =0）变为多面体状（n_aniline/n_Ti =2）,而后变为棒状与团簇状颗粒的混合体系（n_aniline/n_Ti =3）。以苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂颗粒为分散相制备颗粒质量分数为66.7%电流变液,电流变性能测试结果表明,在n_aniline/n_Ti =2时,电流变液具有较高的剪切应力和剪切屈服强度、较大的漏电流密度。苯胺在颗粒制备过程中起控制颗粒形貌的作用,在电流变液体系中起极性分子的作用,其对苯胺-SrTi（C₂O₄）₂电流变液性能的影响是两种效应综合作用的结果。     

纯电动汽车制动力分配策略的建模与仿真

为了在保证车辆制动安全的同时提高能量回收效率,在分析了常用制动力分配策略基础上,设计了一种基于模糊逻辑控制的制动力分配策略,即根据制动强度的大小采取不同的制动力分配曲线,利用Matlab/Simulink建立了制动控制仿真模型并将其嵌入到ADVISOR软件中进行仿真分析。结果表明,本文设计的制动策略在制动能量回收效率方面优于ADVISOR软件自带的制动控制策略。     

混合动力客车锂离子动力电池管理系统

根据混合动力客车锂离子动力电池组单体只数多、分布比较分散的特点,设计了基于双CAN总线的分布式电池管理系统（BMS）。该系统由若干采样模块和一个主控模块组成,与动力电池之间的连线数量少,可扩展性强,而且采用复杂可编程逻辑器件（CPLD）技术实现了串联电池组单体电压的采样方法,实现了温度的低成本采样方法,建立了基于“预测．修正”方法的动力电池荷电状态（SOC）的估算方法,可以实时地修正SOC估计的误差和可靠地实现对动力电池运行时状态参数的监测,提高电池SOC的估算精度。     

Design optimization and optimal control for hybrid vehicles

In the context of growing environmental concerns, hybrid-electric vehicles appear to be one of the most promising technologies for reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. This paper presents a parametric study focused on variations of the size of the powertrain components, and optimization of the power split between the engine and electric motor with respect to fuel consumption. To take into account the ability of the engine to be turned off, and the energy consumed to start the engine, we consider a second state to represent the engine: this state permits to obtain a more realistic engine model than it is usually done. Results are obtained for a prescribed vehicle cycle thanks to a dynamic programming algorithm based on a reduced model, and furnish the optimal power repartition at each time step regarding fuel consumption under constraints on the battery state of charge, and may then be used to determine the best components of a given powertrain. To control the energy sources in real driving conditions, when the future is unknown, a real-time control strategy is used: the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). In this strategy, the battery is being considered as an auxiliary reversible fuel reservoir, using a scaling parameter which can be deduced from dynamic programming results. Offline optimization results and ECMS are compared for a realistic hybrid vehicle application.     

Multi-objective component sizing of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for optimal energy management

This paper presents a methodology for component sizing optimization of a parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle by considering it as a multi-objective optimization problem. In this approach, two objective functions are defined to minimize the drivetrain cost, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions simultaneously. Also, the driving performance requirements are considered as constraints. In addition, fuzzy logic controller including blended control strategy is developed for the PHEV. Finally, by means of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, the best choices of components are selected for 32 miles of the both TEH-CAR and UDDS driving cycles. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the approach, which prepare different optimal component sizes with various drivetrain costs, equivalent fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions.     

Optimal design and dispatch of a system of diesel generators,photovoltaics and batteries for remote locations

Renewable energy technologies, specifically, solar photovoltaic cells, combined with battery storage and diesel generators, form a hybrid system capable of independently powering remote locations, i.e., those isolated from larger grids. If sized correctly, hybrid systems reduce fuel consumption compared to diesel generator-only alternatives. We present an optimization model for establishing a hybrid power design and dispatch strategy for remote locations, such as a military forward operating base, that models the acquisition of different power technologies as integer variables and their operation using nonlinear expressions. Our cost-minimizing, nonconvex, mixed-integer, nonlinear program contains a detailed battery model. Due to its complexities, we present linearizations, which include exact and convex under-estimation techniques, and a heuristic, which determines an initial feasible solution to serve as a “warm start” for the solver. We determine, in a few hours at most, solutions within 5% of optimality for a candidate set of technologies; these solutions closely resemble those from the nonlinear model. Our instances contain real data spanning a yearly horizon at hour fidelity and demonstrate that a hybrid system could reduce fuel consumption by as much as 50% compared to a generator-only solution.     

基于混合田口遗传算法的磁流变半主动悬架模糊控制

针对磁流变悬架的非线性以及动力学模型的不确定性,提出一种基于混合田口遗传算法的磁流变半主动悬架整车模糊控制策略。首先建立了基于磁流变减振器的整车动力学模型,并将车辆的振动控制分解垂向振动、俯仰、侧倾三个基本任务设计模糊控制器,进而设计了隶属函数和模糊控制规则;接着引入混合田口遗传算法实现对模糊控制器的隶属函数和模糊控制规则同时优化;最后进行实车道路试验来验证控制策略的有效性。试验结果表明,基于混合田口遗传算法的模糊控制能够降低确定路面激励下车身加速度峰峰值,降低随机路面激励下的加速度均方根值,显著提高车辆的平顺性,其控制效果要优于优化前的模糊控制策略。     

纯电动汽车冬季冷启动阶段热管理策略影响续驶里程分析

针对纯电动汽车冬季续驶里程严重衰减的问题,本文通过建立以电池产热、空调负荷为参数的汽车续驶里程数学模型,仿真分析冬季冷启动时,美国高速公路燃料经济性测试工况(HWFET)、新欧洲行驶工况(NEDC)、中国乘用车行驶工况(CLTC-P)三种行驶工况下热泵供暖及环境温度(AT)、舱内温度(CT)对整车续驶里程和车载电池的影响。经与实测数据进行对比,仿真与实验匹配度较好。研究结果表明:三种工况下,AT下降、CT上升均使续驶里程逐渐衰减;AT为0℃,CT为15、20、25℃时,CLTC-P工况续驶里程分别衰减21.46%、27.74%、33.19%;纯电动汽车冷启动时,三种热量分配策略对续驶里程影响不同,当热泵热量全部用于加热电池时能适当恢复电池电量,在NEDC和CLTC-P工况下,电池最大荷电状态(SOC)相比初始SOC增加了1.52%、2.03%,使用热泵能增加一定的续航里程。     

Principle, design and experimental validation of a flywheel-battery hybrid source for heavy-duty electric vehicles

The design and the integration of an electromechanical storage system into an electric vehicle power train are discussed. The objective of this study is to highlight the interest of sources hybridisation for heavy-duty vehicles with discontinuous mission profiles as garbage collection. This behaviour is characterised by a high peak-to-average battery power ratio. A solution to increase vehicle performances is to maintain the battery power within rated levels for charges and discharges with an auxiliary peak-power source which supplies or recovers the energy during acceleration or braking, respectively. In this case, the battery can be considered as an energy source. The authors have focused on a hybrid source made of a battery and an electromechanical storage system, which behaves as a power source. This principle has been verified with the help of simulations through Matlab/Simulink^reg. To validate the simulation results, an experimental test bench including the hybrid source has been designed. This test bench allows to recreate the dynamic vehicle behaviour on a given mission profile. Experimental results are shown and discussed.     

电动汽车和相关电源材料的现状与前景

论述了电动汽车（EV）、电动汽车用镍氢电池、锂离子电池、质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）及相关材料的研发现状、产业化前景，指出以电动汽车代替燃油内燃机汽车，以氢能代替碳基燃料，是当前运输业的主要发展方向。     

太阳能光伏发电最大功率点跟踪控制器设计

为提高光伏发电系统的效率,设计一种太阳能光伏发电最大功率点跟踪控制器。该控制器采用升降压式DCDC变换电路,利用变步长占空比扰动法实现最大功率点跟踪。设计以超级电容和蓄电池混合储能的充电方式,该方法在太阳光强较弱时用小电流继续对蓄电池充电,实现对蓄电池实时充电。对太阳能充电进行相关实验,结果表明:设计的最大功率点跟踪控制器可以在任何光照条件下完成充电,超级电容与蓄电池混合充电比蓄电池单独充电时的充电电流增加了29.1%,提高光伏发电系统的效率。     

风、光、油互补控制器的设计

本文设计开发的一款基于风、光、油互补的充电控制器,可以实现风能和光能转化为蓄电池电能,在无风、无光照的条件下,且蓄电池的能量不足,可以启动油机进行发电,并对蓄电池进行充电。从而实现对可再生能源的充分利用,在保障设备供电的前提下,最大限度的节省燃油。