基于虚拟储能的综合能源系统分布式电源功率波动平抑策略

针对含分布式可再生能源的热电联供综合能源系统,提出一种基于虚拟储能技术的热电联供综合能源系统联络线功率波动平抑策略。分析了综合能源系统中热电联供系统的结构特点与电热耦合方式。热电联供综合能源系统中的可控设备包括微型燃气轮机、热泵、蓄电池和超级电容。虚拟储能系统是基于建筑物蓄热特性的模型。引入可控设备及虚拟储能系统状态指标,采用加权滑动平均滤波算法确定联络线目标平滑功率;将联络线波动功率在可控设备间分配,并基于设备状态映射表,引入设备修正系数以确定其最终出力。在上海某高校"中意绿色能源实验中心"进行验证,结果表明,所提策略能够实现电热耦合协调,保证功率波动平抑效果,在满足虚拟储能状态约束的前提下,保证客户的舒适度,延长可控设备的使用寿命,并充分发掘热电联供综合能源系统的控制灵活性,增强分布式可再生能源的综合消纳能力。     

分布式能源系统：联产和联供

分布式冷热电联供系统是冷热电联产的进一步发展。本文从联产比例与终端需求比例的矛盾着眼，分析从热电联产发展为冷热电联供的必然规律。从建筑物用能需求特点和优化配置的分析指出了建筑物分布式冷热电三联供系统的特色、理论基础和技术基础，并指出了工业能源终端利用系统发展冷热电联供的潜力；最后指出了大力发展清洁能源的冷热电三联供系统是天然气下游市场发展的需要。     

坚持科学发展观，大力谨慎推动燃气冷热电三联供技术的发展《论文摘编》

分布式能源系统以其靠近用户、能源梯级利用、能源利用率高、环境友好、有利于能源供应的安全可靠等诸多优势，正受到各国政府、企业界和能源科技工作者的广泛关注。分布式能源系统在许多国家和地区已经发展成为一种成熟的能源综合应用技术。分布式能源系统可有多种形式，诸如燃气冷热电三联供、燃气热电联产、可再生能源电站等等。燃气冷热电三联供是城市能源结构改革的一种重要和优良的技术解决方案，它既可实现能源的梯级利用，还能有效的调节城市燃气、电力的季节性峰谷差，因而也是城市能源结构的不可缺少的补充。燃气冷热电三联供也是解决城市区域性或建筑群或大中型建筑、公共建筑或工业企业的能源供应的一种节能效果显著、运行经济效益良好的优良方式。燃气冷热电三联供分布式能源系统在我国已遵入工程实施的起步阶段。因此，如何正确把握燃气冷热电三联供这一能源利用模式？如何准确把握燃气冷热电三联供的节能、经济和环保效益？如何在不同条件下准确把握燃气三联供核心设备（系统）的配置？等等，这些较深层次的问题的深入研究就变得十分迫切和必要。为坚持科学发展观，大力谨慎地推动燃气三联供技术在我国的顺利、健康发展。本刊编辑部将不定期地陆续刊出一些《论文摘编》，传达一些学者、专家和能源科技工作者的不同观点、论证和经验，供读者参考。     

燃气冷热电三联供系统在数据中心的应用

阐述了天然气内燃发电机组冷热电三联供(CCHP)能源系统及其发电机组设备特性,并以实际工程中发电机组参数为基础,在不同工况下,用发电性能、供热性能、环保特性等指标评价天然气内燃发电机组供能系统。结果表明,以天然气内燃发电机组为动力系统的冷热电三联供系统在数据中心中具有较好的热电特性,可达到较高的综合能源利用效率,并且具有降低耗煤量和污染物排放水平的环保效益。     

上海在“十二五”规划期间积极发展热电联产与分布式供能系统

分布式功能系统是指在用户端或靠近用户现场独立输出电热(冷)能的系统,该系统既能发电,又能利用余热制冷、供暖、供应热水,使用的能源包括天然气、沼气及可再生能源等清洁能源。近年来,分布式功能系统迅速发展,不少发达国家积极推动,主要用于工业园区、公共设施和住宅等领域。我国积极鼓励这种供能方式,上海自2004年起开始推动发展,主要针对以天然气、沼气等为燃料的小型供能系统(单机1万千瓦以下),出台了支持     

坚持科学发展观，大力谨慎推动燃气冷热电三联供技术的发展。《论文摘编》

分布式能源系统以其靠近用户、能源梯级利用、能源利用率高、环境友好、有利于能源供应的安全可靠等诸多优势，正受到各国政府、企业界和能源科技工作者的广泛关注。分布式能源系统在许多国家和地区已经发展成为一种成熟的能源综合应用技术。分布式能源系统可有多种彤式，诸如燃气冷热电三联供、燃气热电联产、可再生能源电站等等。燃气冷热电三联供是城市能源结构改革的一种重要和优丧的技术解决方案，它既可实现能源的梯级利用，还能有效的调节城市燃气、电力的季节性峰谷差，因而也是城市能源结构的不可缺少的补充。燃气冷热电三联供也是解决城市区域性或建筑群或史中型建筑、公共建筑或工业企业的能源供应的一种节能效果显著、运行经济效益丧好的优丧方式。燃气冷热电三联供分布式能源系统在我国已进入工程实施的起步阶段。因此，如何正确把握燃气冷热电三联供这一能源利用模式？如何准确把握燃气冷热电三联供的节能、桎济和环保效益？如何在不同条件下准确把握燃气三联供挂心设备（系统）的配置？等等，这些较深层次的问题的深入研究就变得十分迫切和必要。为坚持科学发展观，土力谨慎地推动燃气三联供技术在我国的顺利、健康发展。本刊编辑部将不定期地陆续刊出一些《论文摘编》，传达一些学者、专家和能源科技工作者的不同观点、论证和经验，供读者参考。[编者按]     

多能互补分布式综合供能系统及典型开发方案研究

多能互补分布式综合供能具有绿色、低碳和高效等典型特征,已经成为国内外能源领域研究与发展的重点。论述了多能互补分布式综合供能系统的基本概念、主要技术特征、系统主要构成与关键技术等,并以国内某典型科技创新园为例,分析其负荷需求和资源禀赋,开发了"五化一体"综合供能实施方案。该方案以燃气分布式、分布式光伏、分布式风电、污水源热泵和储能为供能主体,构建了电力、热力、冷煤水、燃气和中水等能源网络,并借助智能化技术实现供能系统的优化运行,满足不同用能主体用能需求。最后,针对我国多能互补分布式综合供能系统发展现状与存在的问题给出相关建议。     

燃料电池在建筑热电冷三联供中的应用分析

分析了燃料电池的工作原理、种类、性能参数及主要特点,认为燃料电池将有可能发展成为供热、供冷系统的主要热源方式之一,燃料电池热电冷三联供系统是建筑节能的有效途径;介绍了燃料电池在某建筑热电冷三联供系统的应用情况,并分析指出燃料电池在暖通空调领域的研究方向.     

建设工业园区冷热电联供的能源系统

本文重点阐述热电联产与分布式冷热电联供能源利用技术,在国外发展情况及国内发展中存在的问题;发展国内工业园区能源集成供应系统的重大意义和条件以及发展国内工业园区能源集成供应系统的推进机制和政府责任。     

区域供冷与分布式冷热电联供系统

本文介绍了近年来快速发展的区域供冷系统（DCS），论述了DCS与分布式热电联供系统的结合使后者得以扩大规模，使两者结合的系统的能源利用效率和经济性进一步提高。由于现有空调系统的一次能源以电为主，因而与集中供热相比，区域供冷不仅提高能源的终端利用效率，而且有帮助电网调峰的功能。在中国人口众多、居住密集的条件下，分布式能源系统与集中供热、区域供冷结合，将会促进10-100MW规模的第二代城市能源供应系统的迅速发展；使我国建筑物能源利用效率有较大幅度提高。     

Ceramic Materials for Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells are ceramic fuel cells that convert chemical into electrical energy at temperatures between 650 °C and 1000 °C. Today, this type of fuel cell is receiving ever‐increasing attention due to its principle capability to provide electricity from both fossil and renewable fuel sources. Systems are currently under development for a variety of applications, including small and large‐scale stationary combined heat and power systems, and power generation systems in the automotive area. Materials involved in advanced SOFC cells and their fabrication techniques are described in this contribution. The trends to enable lowering of the SOFC operating temperatures to around 800 °C and the resulting materials, as well as concept‐related solutions, are addressed in particular.     

Sustainable multi-period electricity planning for Iskandar Malaysia

This paper presents the current situation and projected planning of the electricity generation sector for Iskandar Malaysia by implementing a model to optimise the cost, utilise the usage of available renewable energy sources, and achieve carbon dioxide reduction targets. This Mixed Integer Linear Programming model was developed with the main objective of minimising the total cost of electricity generation, taking into consideration energy demand, reserve margin, electricity generation, peak and base generation, resource availability, and CO₂ emission. Data for the year 2013 were forecasted until 2025 to illustrate the analysis for this study, and are represented via four scenarios. This optimal model is capable of balancing types of fuel and switching coal plants to natural gas power plants. It also enhances the use of renewable energy (RE) to meet CO₂ emission targets. The model is further integrated with several other considerations related to energy systems, such as suitability of power plants as peak or base plants, RE resource availability, intermittency of solar power, losses during transmission, fuel selection for biomass, decision to retrofit existing coal power plant to NG power plant, and construction lead time of power plants. The results for this study determined that the optimal scenario is Scenario 3 (CS3). This research proves that Iskandar Malaysia can reduce CO₂ emission by 2025 via utilisation of RE. This model is generic and can be applied to any case study, which would be useful for assisting government policy-making.     

适合分布式冷热电联供系统的中小型发电装置

分布式冷热电联供（combined cooling,heating and power,CCHP）系统是一种小型、临近用户的新型供能方式,可避免能量长距离传输过程损失,同时具有灵活、高效、环保特点,成为大规模、集中式供能方式的重要补充。中小型发电装置是分布式冷热电联供系统的核心,制冷和制热也都围绕发电装置余热展开。对适合分布式冷热电联供系统的2类中小型发电装置的基本工作原理、热力性能和相关研究进展进行综述。一类是以化石燃料为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括微型燃气轮机、燃气内燃机、小型燃气轮机和燃料电池;另一类是以发电装置余热或太阳能集热等其他热源为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括有机朗肯循环、正逆耦合循环、热声发电机等。最后,对2类中小型发电装置的优缺点进行对比分析,为分布式供能系统的发电装置选型、系统方案设计等提供参考。     

质子交换膜燃料电池关键材料的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

燃料电池是一种非常有前景的新能源体系。燃料电池不使用热力发动机,利用电极和电解质界面发生的化学反应直接将燃料的化学能转换成电能,反应不受卡诺循环限制,因此,具有高的能量转换效率。在燃料电池中,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)在便携式设备、交通运输以及固定装置领域具有重要的应用前景。然而,目前的PEMFC还存在一些问题,主要包括高成本、功率不足、稳定性差等问题,限制了其大规模商业化应用。这些问题的根本原因在于PEMFC中阴极催化剂、气体扩散层、质子交换膜和双极板等关键材料的成本和性能还不能满足PEMFC商业化的要求。要实现PEMFC的大规模应用,需要开发先进的阴极催化剂、气体扩散层、质子交换膜和双极板等关键材料。针对PEMFC对低成本、高性能先进材料的需求,本文综述了阴极催化剂、气体扩散层、质子交换膜和双极板等关键材料的研究进展以及应用面临的问题,并指出了未来的发展方向:加强铂合金催化剂以及金属-氮-碳(M-N-C)化合物催化剂的规模化制备工艺的探索;制备兼具高质子传导率和优异力学性能的质子交换膜;详细研究改性气体扩散层在不同的工况条件下对PEMFC性能的影响;开发具有优良耐蚀性和导电性的涂层或新型金属材料用于双极板。     

Green energy?

The UK gets nearly all its energy from the fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas etc.) and nuclear power, approximately 15% being consumed in the form of electricity. It is now well known that the burning of fossil fuels is accompanied by atmospheric pollution in the form of acid rain, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Renewable energy sources, e.g. wind, solar, tidal, wave, hydroelectric and geothermal power do not at present contribute significantly to the UK energy supply and are also accompanied by adverse effects on the environment. The best hope for meeting future energy needs may lie in containing energy consumption, increased generation efficiency and an expanded nuclear power programme. The author discusses the problems of acid rain and the greenhouse effect and describes several forms of renewable energy: wind energy, solar energy, tidal power, wave power, hydroelectricity, biomass geothermal power and nuclear power     

Approach for natural gas to be a primary energy source in China

This work reveals the positioning of natural gas in the evolution of world energy and the general law of its development. In the long-term adjustment of energy structure, natural gas has gradually become the primary energy source because of five factors: policy, resources, technology, facilities, and market. To expedite the revolution of energy production and consumption, China must urgently expand the use of natural gas toward a more positive role in complementing coal and renewable energy and prioritize its usage in three areas, namely, urban gas, power generation, and industrial fuel. Natural gas is expected to account for approximately 15% of China’s total energy consumption in the future. For natural gas to be the primary energy, the exploitation of gas resources must be expanded, resource access must be improved, a flexible trade system must be set up, infrastructure investment must be increased, and the security system must be enhanced.     

Fabrication–microstructure–performance relationships of reversible solid oxide fuel cell electrodes–review

Abstract

A reversible solid oxide fuel cell system can act as an energy storage device by storing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, buffering intermittent supplies of renewable electricity such as tidal and wave generation. The most widely used electrodes for the cell are lanthanum strontium manganate–yttria stabilised zirconia and Ni–yttria stabilised zirconia. Their microstructure depends on the fabrication techniques, and determines their performance. The concept and efficiency of reversible solid oxide fuel cells are explained, along with cell geometry and microstructure. Electrode fabrication techniques such as screen printing, dip coating and extrusion are compared according to their advantages and disadvantages, and fuel cell system commercialisation is discussed. Modern techniques used to evaluate microstructure such as three-dimensional computer reconstruction from dual beam focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy or X-ray computed tomography, and computer modelling are compared. Reversible cell electrode performance is measured using alternating current impedance on symmetrical and three electrode cells, and current/voltage curves on whole cells. Fuel cells and electrolysis cells have been studied extensively, but more work needs to be done to achieve a high performance, durable reversible cell and commercialise a system.     

Design and dispatch optimization of a solid-oxide fuel cell assembly for unconventional oil and gas production

This paper presents design and dispatch optimization models of a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) assembly for unconventional oil and gas production. Fuel cells are galvanic cells which electrochemically convert hydrocarbon-based fuels to electricity. The Geothermic Fuel Cell (GFC) concept involves utilizing heat from fuel cells during electricity generation to provide thermal energy required to pyrolyze kerogen into a mixture of oil, hydrocarbon gas and carbon-rich shale coke. We formulate a continuous, non-convex nonlinear program (NLP) in A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) to analyze the techno-economic characteristics of the GFC system. The problem is separated into a design model \(({{\mathcal {D}}})\) and a dispatch model \(({{\mathcal {O}}})\). The GFC design problem determines the size and configuration of a single heater well. Specifically, we optimize the heater length and number of SOFC stacks in each assembly such that the maximum volume of oil shale is heated per well. Using the resulting design from \(({{\mathcal {D}}})\), the dispatch model \(({{\mathcal {O}}})\) determines daily GFC operating conditions through variation in electric current, fuel utilization, and stoics of excess air. We optimize the system operating costs and the combined-heat-and-power efficiency, subject to geology heating demands, auxiliary component electric power demands and GFC system performance characteristics. Solutions to the design and dispatch problems are obtained using the IPOPT and KNITRO solvers. A case study shows that the optimal well-head cost of oil and gas produced using the GFC technology is about $39 bbl\(^{-1}\), which is comparable to that from other unconventional crude oil extraction techniques. The optimal dispatch strategy results in a maximum heating efficiency of 43% and a combined-heat-and-power efficiency of 79%. The Geothermic Fuel Cell’s performance is better than current in situ upgrading technologies that rely on electricity supplied from the grid at generation-and-transmission efficiencies near 33%.     

Thermodynamic performance analysis of three solid oxide fuel cell and gas microturbine hybrid systems for application in auxiliary power units

In this study, three different configurations of a solid oxide fuel cell and gas microturbine hybrid system are evaluated for application in auxiliary power units. The first configuration is a common hybrid system in auxiliary power units, utilizing a fuel cell stack in the structure of the gas turbine cycle. The other configurations use two series and parallel fuel cell stacks in the structure of the gas turbine cycle. The main purpose of this research is thermodynamic analysis, evaluation of the performance of the proposed hybrid systems in similar conditions, and selection of an appropriate system in terms of efficiency, power generation, and entropy generation rate. In this study, the utilized fuel cells were subjected to electrochemical, thermodynamic, and thermal analyses and their working temperatures were calculated under various working conditions. Results indicate that the hybrid system with two series stacks had maximum power generation and efficiency compared with the other two cases. Moreover, the simple hybrid system and the system with two parallel stacks had relatively equal pure power generation and efficiency. According to the investigations, hybrid system with two series fuel cell stacks, which had 3424 and 1712 cells, respectively, can achieve the electrical efficiency of over 48%. A hybrid system with two parallel fuel cell stacks, in which each stack had 2568 cells, had the electrical efficiency of 46.3%. Findings suggested that maximum electrical efficiency occurred between the pressure ratios of 5–6 in the proposed hybrid systems.     

Self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system from combining hydrovoltaic,gas sensing and photocatalytic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles

A new self-powered/self-cleaned atmosphere monitoring system has been fabricated from TiO2 nanopar-ticles through combining hydrovoltaic,gas sensing and photocatalytic effects.The TiO2 nanoparticle film can convert natural thermal energy into electricity(hydrovoltaic effect)by the spontaneous water evaporation.The hydrovoltaic/gas-sensing coupling effect of TiO2 nanoparticle offers the water-evaporation-powered gas detection performance,and the outputting voltage/current has a good response to the surrounding gas atmosphere,directly acting as the gas sensing signal.The zeta potential of TiO2 is changed by the surface adsorption of gas molecules,and thus affects the electricity output of the system.The outputting electricity can directly power a wireless transmitter for transmitting the sensing infor-mation to external platform,and the whole system can work independently without electricity power supply.The rainwater can be used as the fuel of the system,and thus the system can be used outdoors without scheduled maintenance.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 can effectively degrade the organic pollutants on the film under photo illumination,leading to a self-clean behavior of the system.The system can probably promote the development of green sensing techniques with evaporation-induced ability.